Table 1. Baseline characteristics by self-report TV viewing time. Values are numbers and percentages unless otherwise stated.
|
|
|
Total TV viewing time
|
|
Total
|
≤1 hour per day
|
1-≤3 hours per day
|
3-≤5 hours per day
|
>5 hours/day
|
|
No./mean
|
%/SD
|
No./mean
|
%/SD
|
No./mean
|
%/SD
|
No./mean
|
%/SD
|
No./mean
|
%/SD
|
Total participants
|
470 578
|
100.0%
|
97 419
|
20.7%
|
236 988
|
50.4%
|
110 334
|
23.5%
|
25 837
|
5.5%
|
Self-report total screen time (hours/day; mean/SD)
|
3.9
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
1.5
|
3.5
|
1.4
|
5.3
|
1.4
|
7.9
|
2.4
|
Time spent watching TV (hours/day; mean/SD)
|
2.8
|
1.7
|
0.7
|
0.4
|
2.5
|
0.5
|
4.3
|
0.5
|
6.9
|
1.8
|
Time spent using computers (hours/day; mean/SD)
|
1.1
|
1.4
|
1.2
|
1.5
|
1.1
|
1.3
|
1.0
|
1.3
|
1.1
|
1.7
|
IPAQ physical activity (mean/SD)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minutes of walking
|
314.0
|
325.6
|
297.3
|
309.3
|
320.9
|
330.6
|
321.7
|
331.4
|
280.9
|
311.9
|
Minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity
|
234.5
|
304.4
|
226.5
|
294.8
|
238.3
|
307.4
|
242.4
|
310.6
|
195.1
|
281.1
|
Minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity
|
83.2
|
146.7
|
90.3
|
143.7
|
85.9
|
147.5
|
76.3
|
148.6
|
58.4
|
138.0
|
Age at baseline (mean/SD)
|
56.3
|
8.1
|
54.2
|
8.0
|
55.9
|
8.1
|
58.5
|
7.6
|
59.0
|
7.6
|
Height (m) (mean/SD)
|
1.7
|
0.1
|
1.7
|
0.1
|
1.7
|
0.1
|
1.7
|
0.1
|
1.7
|
0.1
|
Sex
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female
|
253 188
|
53.8%
|
53 500
|
54.9%
|
127 135
|
53.7%
|
59 553
|
54.0%
|
13 000
|
50.3%
|
Male
|
217 390
|
46.2%
|
43 919
|
45.1%
|
109 853
|
46.4%
|
50 781
|
46.0%
|
12 837
|
49.7%
|
Ethnicity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
|
443 484
|
94.6%
|
90 405
|
93.3%
|
224 142
|
94.9%
|
104 922
|
95.4%
|
24 015
|
93.3%
|
Black
|
7505
|
1.6%
|
1549
|
1.6%
|
3358
|
1.4%
|
1846
|
1.7%
|
752
|
2.9%
|
South Asian
|
9395
|
2.0%
|
2582
|
2.7%
|
4721
|
2.0%
|
1639
|
1.5%
|
453
|
1.8%
|
Chinese
|
1501
|
0.3%
|
465
|
0.5%
|
717
|
0.3%
|
266
|
0.2%
|
53
|
0.2%
|
Mixed background or others
|
7069
|
1.5%
|
1949
|
2.0%
|
3299
|
1.4%
|
1354
|
1.2%
|
467
|
1.8%
|
Townsend deprivation quintile
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 (Least deprived)
|
94 590
|
20.1%
|
19 860
|
20.4%
|
51 164
|
21.6%
|
20 497
|
18.6%
|
3069
|
11.9%
|
2
|
93 950
|
20.0%
|
18 854
|
19.4%
|
49 804
|
21.0%
|
21 691
|
19.7%
|
3601
|
14.0%
|
3
|
94 166
|
20.0%
|
18 857
|
19.4%
|
48 706
|
20.6%
|
22 379
|
20.3%
|
4224
|
16.4%
|
4
|
94 118
|
20.0%
|
20 209
|
20.8%
|
46 505
|
19.7%
|
22 081
|
20.0%
|
5323
|
20.6%
|
5 (Most deprived)
|
93 165
|
19.8%
|
19 530
|
20.1%
|
40 495
|
17.1%
|
23 561
|
21.4%
|
9579
|
37.1%
|
Education
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
University degree
|
153 223
|
33.1%
|
52 250
|
54.3%
|
79 041
|
33.9%
|
19 257
|
17.8%
|
2675
|
10.6%
|
A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ
|
83 315
|
18.0%
|
15 934
|
16.6%
|
44 649
|
19.1%
|
18 921
|
17.5%
|
3811
|
15.1%
|
GCSE/O-level/CSE
|
124 765
|
26.9%
|
17 518
|
18.2%
|
66 180
|
28.3%
|
34 257
|
31.6%
|
6810
|
27.0%
|
Other
|
24 018
|
5.2%
|
4230
|
4.4%
|
12 530
|
5.4%
|
6091
|
5.6%
|
1167
|
4.6%
|
None
|
78 028
|
16.8%
|
6346
|
6.6%
|
31 125
|
13.3%
|
29 800
|
27.5%
|
10 757
|
42.7%
|
Smoking statusa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never
|
257 696
|
55.0%
|
58 981
|
60.7%
|
132 976
|
56.3%
|
54 858
|
49.9%
|
10 881
|
42.4%
|
Former light smoker
|
119 085
|
25.4%
|
24 556
|
25.3%
|
61 147
|
25.9%
|
27 891
|
25.4%
|
5491
|
21.4%
|
Former heavy smoker
|
42 251
|
9.0%
|
5350
|
5.5%
|
19 256
|
8.2%
|
13 521
|
12.3%
|
4124
|
16.1%
|
Current light smoker
|
27 794
|
5.9%
|
5535
|
5.7%
|
13 706
|
5.8%
|
6646
|
6.1%
|
1907
|
7.4%
|
Current heavy smoker
|
22 082
|
4.7%
|
2735
|
2.8%
|
9094
|
3.9%
|
6972
|
6.3%
|
3281
|
12.8%
|
Alcohol intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never
|
20 749
|
4.4%
|
4873
|
5.0%
|
9428
|
4.0%
|
4868
|
4.4%
|
1580
|
6.1%
|
Former drinker
|
16 659
|
3.5%
|
3330
|
3.4%
|
7128
|
3.0%
|
4342
|
3.9%
|
1859
|
7.2%
|
Current drinker: <once/week
|
106 020
|
22.6%
|
19 466
|
20.0%
|
50 958
|
21.5%
|
27 939
|
25.3%
|
7657
|
29.7%
|
Current drinker: ≥once/week
|
326 759
|
69.5%
|
69 676
|
71.6%
|
169 324
|
71.5%
|
73 089
|
66.3%
|
14 670
|
56.9%
|
Dietary intake (mean/SD)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fruits and vegetables (portion/day)
|
4.7
|
3.1
|
5.1
|
3.2
|
4.7
|
3.0
|
4.5
|
3.0
|
4.2
|
3.3
|
Red meat (portion/week)
|
2.1
|
1.5
|
2.0
|
1.4
|
2.1
|
1.4
|
2.2
|
1.5
|
2.4
|
1.7
|
Processed meat (portion/week)
|
1.5
|
1.4
|
1.3
|
1.4
|
1.5
|
1.4
|
1.6
|
1.4
|
1.9
|
1.6
|
Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) (mean/SD)
|
27.4
|
4.8
|
26.0
|
4.3
|
27.3
|
4.6
|
28.5
|
4.9
|
29.7
|
5.8
|
Body Mass Index (Kg/m2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<18.5
|
2418
|
0.5%
|
825
|
0.9%
|
1113
|
0.5%
|
352
|
0.3%
|
128
|
0.5%
|
18.5-<25
|
152 533
|
32.6%
|
44 075
|
45.5%
|
77 507
|
32.9%
|
26 157
|
23.8%
|
4794
|
18.8%
|
25-<30
|
199 212
|
42.6%
|
37 528
|
38.7%
|
103 141
|
43.7%
|
48 586
|
44.3%
|
9957
|
39.1%
|
30+
|
113 922
|
24.3%
|
14 489
|
15.0%
|
54 197
|
23.0%
|
34 626
|
31.6%
|
10 610
|
41.6%
|
Body fat percentage (mean/SD)
|
31.3
|
8.5
|
28.9
|
8.3
|
31.1
|
8.4
|
33.2
|
8.4
|
34.3
|
8.8
|
Waist:hip ratiob
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Waist:hip ratio (mean/SD)
|
0.9
|
0.1
|
0.9
|
0.1
|
0.9
|
0.1
|
0.9
|
0.1
|
0.9
|
0.1
|
Below IDF guideline
|
202 545
|
43.2%
|
54 750
|
56.4%
|
104 482
|
44.2%
|
36 717
|
33.4%
|
6596
|
25.7%
|
Above IDF guideline
|
266 443
|
56.8%
|
42 333
|
43.6%
|
131 829
|
55.8%
|
73 249
|
66.6%
|
19 032
|
74.3%
|
Health status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diabetesc
|
24 347
|
5.2%
|
3085
|
3.2%
|
10 404
|
4.4%
|
7687
|
7.0%
|
3171
|
12.4%
|
Gastro-oesophageal refluxd
|
22 495
|
4.8%
|
3233
|
3.3%
|
10 672
|
4.5%
|
6648
|
6.0%
|
1942
|
7.5%
|
Family historye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prostate cancer
|
37 225
|
8.0%
|
8431
|
8.8%
|
18 607
|
8.0%
|
8332
|
7.7%
|
1855
|
7.3%
|
Breast cancer
|
49 524
|
10.7%
|
10 520
|
10.9%
|
24 986
|
10.7%
|
11 360
|
10.5%
|
2658
|
10.5%
|
Lung cancer
|
59 042
|
12.7%
|
9596
|
10.0%
|
29 218
|
12.5%
|
16 107
|
14.9%
|
4121
|
16.3%
|
Bowel cancer
|
52 109
|
11.2%
|
10 181
|
10.6%
|
25 851
|
11.1%
|
12 943
|
11.9%
|
3134
|
12.4%
|
Use of sun/UV protection
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never/rarely/sometimes
|
203 968
|
43.7%
|
43 450
|
44.9%
|
99 121
|
42.1%
|
48 286
|
44.1%
|
13 111
|
51.4%
|
Most of the time/always
|
260 241
|
55.7%
|
52 699
|
54.5%
|
135 033
|
57.4%
|
60 493
|
55.3%
|
12 016
|
47.1%
|
Do not go out in sunshine
|
2770
|
0.6%
|
538
|
0.6%
|
1136
|
0.5%
|
717
|
0.7%
|
379
|
1.5%
|
Aspirin use
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Regularly uses aspirinf
|
64 822
|
14.0%
|
9711
|
10.1%
|
29 908
|
12.9%
|
19 246
|
17.8%
|
5957
|
23.7%
|
HRT useg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ever used HRT
|
95 369
|
37.8%
|
14 791
|
27.8%
|
46 587
|
36.8%
|
27 639
|
46.6%
|
6352
|
49.1%
|
Oral contraceptive useg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ever taken oral contraceptive pill
|
205 528
|
81.4%
|
44 285
|
83.0%
|
104 772
|
82.7%
|
46 695
|
78.7%
|
9776
|
75.6%
|
Number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births)g(mean/SD)
|
1.8
|
1.2
|
1.8
|
1.2
|
1.8
|
1.2
|
1.9
|
1.2
|
2.0
|
1.3
|
Age at menarche (mean/SD)g
|
13.0
|
1.6
|
13.0
|
1.6
|
13.0
|
1.6
|
13.0
|
1.7
|
13.0
|
1.7
|
Age at menopause (mean/SD)g
|
49.8
|
5.1
|
50.0
|
4.7
|
49.9
|
5.0
|
49.6
|
5.4
|
49.0
|
5.8
|
Menopausal statusg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Had menopause
|
151 101
|
59.8%
|
27 736
|
51.9%
|
74 075
|
58.4%
|
40 399
|
68.0%
|
8891
|
68.6%
|
Not had menopause
|
62 570
|
24.8%
|
18 659
|
34.9%
|
33 174
|
26.1%
|
9075
|
15.3%
|
1662
|
12.8%
|
Unsure
|
39 065
|
15.5%
|
7002
|
13.1%
|
19 684
|
15.5%
|
9969
|
16.8%
|
2410
|
18.6%
|
Hysterectomy statusg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Had hysterectomy
|
17 530
|
7.8%
|
2458
|
5.0%
|
8193
|
7.2%
|
5483
|
10.6%
|
1396
|
12.7%
|
Not had hysterectomy/unsure
|
207 953
|
92.2%
|
46 846
|
95.0%
|
105 238
|
92.8%
|
46 232
|
89.4%
|
9637
|
87.4%
|
CSE: Certificate of Secondary Education; GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education; HNC: Higher National Certificate; HND: Higher National Diploma; HRT: hormone-replacement therapy; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; MVPA: moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity; NVQ: National Vocational Qualifications; UV: ultraviolet.
aDefined in terms of pack-years: light (<20 pack-years), heavy (≥20 pack-years).
bBased on IDF criteria (waist circumference >94cm in men; >80cm in women).
cDiagnosed by doctor.
dSelf-reported.
eBased on self-reported illnesses of father, mother and siblings.
fRegular use defined as most days of the week for the last 4 weeks.
gFemale participants only.
Table 2. Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report TV viewing time and cancer incidence
|
|
1 hour increase in TV viewing time
|
p-value
|
≤1 hour
|
1-≤3 hours (reference)
|
3-≤5 hours
|
>5 hours
|
|
Person-years
|
|
3 526 324
|
|
736 537
|
1 781 542
|
818 674
|
189 571
|
|
Skin, melanoma
|
Cases
|
1635
|
|
315
|
831
|
404
|
85
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.95 1.01)
|
0.24**
|
0.99 (0.87 1.12)
|
1.00
|
0.96 (0.85 1.08)
|
0.84 (0.67 1.06)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.97 1.04)
|
0.74
|
0.99 (0.87 1.13)
|
1.00
|
1.004 (0.89 1.14)
|
1.01 (0.80 1.29)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a
|
1.004 (0.97 1.04)
|
0.84
|
1.01 (0.88 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.001 (0.88 1.13)
|
1.02 (0.81 1.30)
|
|
Oropharyngeal
|
Cases
|
557
|
|
86
|
263
|
148
|
60
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.12 (1.08 1.17)
|
<0.001
|
0.83 (0.65 1.06)
|
1.00
|
1.17 (0.96 1.43)
|
1.99 (1.50 2.63)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.06 (1.02 1.11)
|
0.009
|
0.83 (0.64 1.07)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.87 1.32)
|
1.48 (1.09 2.01)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.06 (1.02 1.11)
|
0.009
|
0.83 (0.64 1.07)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.87 1.32)
|
1.48 (1.09 2.01)
|
|
Lung
|
Cases
|
2076
|
|
236
|
901
|
656
|
283
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.17 (1.14 1.19)
|
<0.001**
|
0.74 (0.64 0.86)
|
1.00
|
1.29 (1.17 1.43)
|
2.28 (1.99 2.61)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.995 1.04)
|
0.12**
|
0.87 (0.75 1.01)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.88 1.09)
|
1.09 (0.93 1.26)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
1.02 (0.997 1.05)
|
0.09**
|
0.85 (0.73 0.997)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.88 1.09)
|
1.09 (0.94 1.27)
|
|
Breast (female only)
|
Cases
|
5702
|
|
1097
|
2903
|
1386
|
316
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.99 1.02)
|
0.43
|
0.93 (0.87 1.002)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.91 1.03)
|
1.003 (0.89 1.13)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.003 (0.98 1.02)
|
0.77**
|
0.94 (0.88 1.01)
|
1.00
|
0.96 (0.90 1.03)
|
0.99 (0.87 1.12)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)b, h
|
1.01 (0.99 1.03)
|
0.59**
|
0.92 (0.85 0.996)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.88 1.02)
|
1.01 (0.87 1.16)
|
|
Uterus
|
Cases
|
872
|
|
151
|
411
|
264
|
46
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.04 (0.999 1.08)
|
0.053
|
0.97 (0.81 1.17)
|
1.00
|
1.21 (1.03 1.41)
|
0.95 (0.70 1.28)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.97 (0.93 1.02)
|
0.21
|
1.05 (0.86 1.27)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.89 1.24)
|
0.63 (0.44 0.88)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)c
|
0.97 (0.93 1.02)
|
0.24
|
1.03 (0.84 1.27)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.87 1.24)
|
0.61 (0.42 0.88)
|
|
Ovary
|
Cases
|
578
|
|
105
|
287
|
155
|
31
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.002 (0.95 1.05)
|
0.93
|
0.95 (0.76 1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.84 1.24)
|
0.91 (0.63 1.32)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.96 1.08)
|
0.53
|
0.90 (0.71 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.84 1.27)
|
0.93 (0.63 1.38)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.02 (0.96 1.08)
|
0.53
|
0.90 (0.71 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.84 1.27)
|
0.93 (0.63 1.38)
|
|
Prostate
|
Cases
|
5979
|
|
1116
|
2957
|
1562
|
344
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.96 (0.95 0.98)
|
<0.001**
|
1.08 (1.01 1.15)
|
1.00
|
0.96 (0.90 1.02)
|
0.81 (0.73 0.91)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.99 (0.97 1.004)
|
0.12**
|
1.05 (0.98 1.13)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.94 1.07)
|
0.94 (0.83 1.06)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
0.99 (0.97 1.01)
|
0.17**
|
1.04 (0.97 1.12)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.95 1.08)
|
0.95 (0.84 1.07)
|
|
Oesophagus
|
Cases
|
541
|
|
70
|
246
|
176
|
49
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.10 (1.05 1.15)
|
<0.001
|
0.80 (0.61 1.04)
|
1.00
|
1.30 (1.07 1.58)
|
1.44 (1.06 1.96)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.03 (0.98 1.08)
|
0.31**
|
0.85 (0.64 1.13)
|
1.00
|
1.09 (0.89 1.34)
|
1.02 (0.73 1.42)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
1.02 (0.97 1.08)
|
0.34**
|
0.86 (0.65 1.14)
|
1.00
|
1.09 (0.88 1.34)
|
1.02 (0.73 1.42)
|
|
Stomach
|
Cases
|
356
|
|
36
|
164
|
121
|
35
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.14 (1.08 1.20)
|
<0.001
|
0.61 (0.43 0.88)
|
1.00
|
1.34 (1.06 1.70)
|
1.55 (1.08 2.24)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.06 (1.001 1.13)
|
0.045
|
0.66 (0.45 0.97)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.87 1.44)
|
1.03 (0.69 1.53)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.06 (1.001 1.13)
|
0.045
|
0.66 (0.45 0.97)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.87 1.44)
|
1.03 (0.69 1.53)
|
|
Oesophagus and stomach
|
Cases
|
891
|
|
105
|
405
|
297
|
84
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.12 (1.08 1.15)
|
<0.001
|
0.73 (0.59 0.90)
|
1.00
|
1.33 (1.15 1.55)
|
1.50 (1.19 1.90)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.04 (1.005 1.09)
|
0.03
|
0.78 (0.62 0.98)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.95 1.31)
|
1.04 (0.81 1.34)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.04 (1.005 1.09)
|
0.03
|
0.78 (0.62 0.98)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.95 1.31)
|
1.04 (0.81 1.34)
|
|
Hepatobiliary tract
|
Cases
|
456
|
|
74
|
203
|
130
|
49
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.08 (1.03 1.14)
|
0.002
|
1.02 (0.78 1.33)
|
1.00
|
1.15 (0.93 1.44)
|
1.77 (1.30 2.43)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.96 1.07)
|
0.62
|
1.08 (0.82 1.43)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.78 1.24)
|
1.26 (0.90 1.77)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.96 1.07)
|
0.62
|
1.08 (0.82 1.43)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.78 1.24)
|
1.26 (0.90 1.77)
|
|
Pancreatic
|
Cases
|
615
|
|
97
|
283
|
187
|
48
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.07 (1.02 1.11)
|
0.004
|
0.96 (0.76 1.21)
|
1.00
|
1.19 (0.99 1.43)
|
1.25 (0.92 1.70)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.04 (0.99 1.09)
|
0.15
|
0.99 (0.78 1.27)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.92 1.36)
|
1.07 (0.77 1.49)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)d
|
1.03 (0.98 1.08)
|
0.20
|
0.996 (0.78 1.27)
|
1.00
|
1.11 (0.92 1.36)
|
1.03 (0.74 1.44)
|
|
Kidney
|
Cases
|
779
|
|
113
|
390
|
206
|
70
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.06 (1.02 1.10)
|
0.007
|
0.79 (0.64 0.98)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.83 1.17)
|
1.37 (1.06 1.76)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.996 (0.95 1.04)
|
0.86**
|
0.92 (0.74 1.14)
|
1.00
|
0.88 (0.74 1.05)
|
1.08 (0.82 1.42)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.996 (0.95 1.04)
|
0.86**
|
0.92 (0.74 1.14)
|
1.00
|
0.88 (0.74 1.05)
|
1.08 (0.82 1.42)
|
|
Bladder
|
Cases
|
677
|
|
92
|
295
|
221
|
69
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.10 (1.05 1.14)
|
<0.001
|
0.90 (0.71 1.14)
|
1.00
|
1.32 (1.10 1.57)
|
1.62 (1.25 2.11)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.04 (0.99 1.09)
|
0.13**
|
1.04 (0.81 1.32)
|
1.00
|
1.21 (1.002 1.45)
|
1.29 (0.97 1.73)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.04 (0.99 1.09)
|
0.13**
|
1.04 (0.81 1.32)
|
1.00
|
1.21 (1.002 1.45)
|
1.29 (0.97 1.73)
|
|
Colorectal
|
Cases
|
3358
|
|
538
|
1643
|
936
|
241
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.03 (1.01 1.05)
|
0.001**
|
0.90 (0.82 0.99)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.97 1.14)
|
1.11 (0.97 1.28)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.999 1.04)
|
0.07**
|
0.93 (0.84 1.03)
|
1.00
|
1.03 (0.94 1.12)
|
1.05 (0.90 1.22)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
1.02 (0.995 1.04)
|
0.13**
|
0.93 (0.83 1.03)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.93 1.11)
|
1.03 (0.88 1.20)
|
|
Colon
|
Cases
|
2155
|
|
329
|
1041
|
614
|
171
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.05 (1.02 1.08)
|
<0.001**
|
0.87 (0.77 0.99)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.98 1.19)
|
1.24 (1.05 1.45)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.04 (1.01 1.07)
|
0.007**
|
0.92 (0.81 1.05)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.94 1.17)
|
1.19 (1.003 1.42)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
1.04 (1.01 1.06)
|
0.02**
|
0.93 (0.81 1.06)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.94 1.16)
|
1.17 (0.98 1.41)
|
|
Rectum
|
Cases
|
1127
|
|
196
|
556
|
307
|
68
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.53**
|
0.96 (0.81 1.13)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.90 1.20)
|
0.94 (0.73 121)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.996 (0.96 1.04)
|
0.84**
|
0.98 (0.82 1.16)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.89 1.20)
|
0.84 (0.63 1.11)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g
|
0.99 (0.95 1.03)
|
0.67
|
0.96 (0.81 1.14)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.87 1.18)
|
0.82 (0.62 1.10)
|
|
Brain tumours
|
Cases
|
463
|
|
82
|
237
|
114
|
30
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.03 (0.98 1.08)
|
0.29
|
0.92 (0.72 1.19)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.74 1.16)
|
1.003 (0.69 1.47)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.04 (0.98 1.10)
|
0.20
|
0.87 (0.66 1.13)
|
1.00
|
0.92 (0.73 1.17)
|
0.96 (0.63 1.46)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.04 (0.98 1.10)
|
0.20
|
0.87 (0.66 1.13)
|
1.00
|
0.92 (0.73 1.17)
|
0.96 (0.63 1.46)
|
|
Thyroid
|
Cases
|
242
|
|
48
|
124
|
57
|
13
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.99 (0.91 1.07)
|
0.75
|
0.95 (0.68 1.32)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.70 1.33)
|
0.97 (0.55 1.73)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.001 (0.92 1.09)
|
0.98
|
0.92 (0.65 1.30)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.66 1.32)
|
1.14 (0.63 2.06)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.001 (0.92 1.09)
|
0.98
|
0.92 (0.65 1.30)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.66 1.32)
|
1.14 (0.63 2.06)
|
|
Haematological malignancies
|
Cases
|
2468
|
|
438
|
1208
|
652
|
170
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.52
|
0.995 (0.89 1.11)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.90 1.09)
|
1.06 (0.91 1.25)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.002 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.89
|
0.97 (0.87 1.09)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.88 1.08)
|
0.97 (0.82 1.16)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.002 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.89
|
0.97 (0.87 1.09)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.88 1.08)
|
0.97 (0.82 1.16)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
Cases
|
1193
|
|
197
|
586
|
337
|
73
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.44
|
0.92 (0.78 1.08)
|
1.00
|
1.06 (0.93 1.21)
|
0.95 (0.74 1.21)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.48
|
0.89 (0.75 1.05)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.93 1.24)
|
0.85 (0.65 1.11)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.48
|
0.89 (0.75 1.05)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.93 1.24)
|
0.85 (0.65 1.11)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer
|
Cases
|
28 992
|
|
4971
|
14 105
|
7856
|
2060
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.03 (1.02 1.03)
|
<0.001**
|
0.96 (0.92 0.99)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (1.01 1.07)
|
1.13 (1.08 1.19)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.999 1.01)
|
0.07**
|
0.98 (0.94 1.01)
|
1.00
|
1.003 (0.97 1.03)
|
1.02 (0.97 1.07)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a, b, c, d, e, g, h
|
1.01 (0.999 1.02)
|
0.07**
|
0.97 (0.94 1.01)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.97 1.04)
|
1.01 (0.96 1.07)
|
|
*Models adjusted for age and sex (total observations=470 578).
†Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (<5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [<20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [<20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week]).
aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine).
bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no).
eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week).
fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (>94cm in men, >80cm in women).
gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different.
hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history).
**Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p<0.05).
Table 3. Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report TV viewing time and cancer incidence (excluding cancers diagnosed within the first 2 years following baseline).
|
|
1 hour increase in TV viewing time
|
p-value
|
≤1 hour
|
1-≤3 hours (reference)
|
3-≤5 hours
|
>5 hours
|
|
Skin, melanoma
|
Cases
|
1,192
|
|
222
|
613
|
299
|
58
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a
|
1.02(0.98,1.06)
|
0.39**
|
0.93(0.80,1.09)
|
1.00
|
1.04(0.90,1.20)
|
1.004(0.76,1.33)
|
|
Oropharyngeal
|
Cases
|
410
|
|
69
|
197
|
105
|
39
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.04(0.99,1.10)
|
0.12
|
0.90(0.68,1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.02(0.80,1.30)
|
1.27(0.89,1.84)
|
|
Lung
|
Cases
|
1,461
|
|
165
|
638
|
467
|
191
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
1.02(0.99,1.05)
|
0.21**
|
0.87(0.73,1.03)
|
1.00
|
0.97(0.86,1.10)
|
1.10(0.93,1.30)
|
|
Breast (female only)
|
Cases
|
3,288
|
|
657
|
1,724
|
756
|
151
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)b, h
|
1.004(0.98,1.03)
|
0.76**
|
0.90(0.82,0.99)
|
1.00
|
0.96(0.87,1.04)
|
0.94(0.79,1.11)
|
|
Uterus
|
Cases
|
567
|
|
102
|
270
|
165
|
30
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)c
|
0.98(0.93,1.04)
|
0.56**
|
1.05(0.83,1.33)
|
1.00
|
1.06(0.87,1.29)
|
0.75(0.50,1.10)
|
|
Ovary
|
Cases
|
404
|
|
69
|
204
|
109
|
22
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.02(0.95,1.09)
|
0.60
|
0.88(0.67,1.16)
|
1.00
|
1.01(0.80,1.29)
|
0.93(0.59,1.46)
|
|
Prostate
|
Cases
|
4,235
|
|
804
|
2,127
|
1,069
|
235
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
0.99(0.97,1.01)
|
0.34**
|
1.02(0.94,1.10)
|
1.00
|
0.98(0.91,1.06)
|
0.94(0.82,1.08)
|
|
Oesophagus
|
Cases
|
392
|
|
46
|
182
|
125
|
39
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
1.04(0.98,1.10)
|
0.20**
|
0.79(0.57,1.10)
|
1.00
|
1.08(0.86,1.37)
|
1.11(0.77,1.60)
|
|
Stomach
|
Cases
|
250
|
|
24
|
125
|
78
|
23
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.06(0.99,1.14)
|
0.09
|
0.57(0.37,0.89)
|
1.00
|
0.996(0.74,1.33)
|
0.96(0.60,1.53)
|
|
Oesophagus and stomach
|
Cases
|
638
|
|
70
|
303
|
203
|
62
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.05(1.011.10)
|
0.03**
|
0.71(0.54,0.92)
|
1.00
|
1.07(0.89,1.28)
|
1.07(0.80,1.42)
|
|
Hepatobiliary tract
|
Cases
|
348
|
|
51
|
156
|
100
|
41
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.03(0.97,1.10)
|
0.29
|
0.9999(0.72,1.38)
|
1.00
|
1.001(0.77,1.29)
|
1.36(0.94,1.95)
|
|
Pancreatic
|
Cases
|
463
|
|
75
|
215
|
140
|
33
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)d
|
1.01(0.95,1.06)
|
0.85
|
1.02(0.78,1.33)
|
1.00
|
1.09(0.88,1.36)
|
0.91(0.62,1.34)
|
|
Kidney
|
Cases
|
583
|
|
90
|
280
|
161
|
52
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.99(0.94,1.04)
|
0.75
|
1.02(0.80,1.30)
|
1.00
|
0.95(0.77,1.15)
|
1.11(0.81,1.51)
|
|
Bladder
|
Cases
|
461
|
|
57
|
208
|
155
|
41
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.03(0.98,1.09)
|
0.25**
|
0.88(0.65,1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.19(0.96,1.47)
|
1.10(0.77,1.55)
|
|
Colorectal
|
Cases
|
2,281
|
|
383
|
1,118
|
621
|
159
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
1.03(0.998,1.05)
|
0.07**
|
0.95(0.85,1.07)
|
1.00
|
1.03(0.93,1.14)
|
1.10(0.93,1.31)
|
|
Colon
|
Cases
|
1,478
|
|
246
|
712
|
407
|
113
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
1.04(1.01,1.07)
|
0.02**
|
0.97(0.84,1.13)
|
1.00
|
1.05(0.92,1.19)
|
1.22(0.99,1.50)
|
|
Rectum
|
Cases
|
754
|
|
134
|
373
|
201
|
46
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g
|
1.000(0.96,1.05)
|
0.995
|
0.98(0.80,1.20)
|
1.00
|
1.03(0.87,1.23)
|
0.99(0.72,1.36)
|
|
Brain tumours
|
Cases
|
333
|
|
58
|
178
|
80
|
17
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.03(0.96,1.11)
|
0.38
|
0.85(0.62,1.15)
|
1.00
|
0.89(0.68,1.17)
|
0.81(0.48,1.35)
|
|
Thyroid
|
Cases
|
161
|
|
32
|
85
|
35
|
9
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.99(0.89,1.09)
|
0.78
|
0.91(0.60,1.38)
|
1.00
|
0.88(0.59,1.32)
|
0.998(0.49,2.03)
|
|
Haematological malignancies
|
Cases
|
1,786
|
|
315
|
888
|
470
|
113
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.003(0.97,1.03)
|
0.86**
|
0.96(0.84,1.10)
|
1.00
|
0.98(0.87,1.10)
|
0.95(0.78,1.17)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
Cases
|
886
|
|
138
|
431
|
254
|
43
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.02(0.98,1.07)
|
0.26
|
0.84(0.69,1.02)
|
1.00
|
1.12(0.95,1.31)
|
0.78(0.57,1.08)
|
|
All cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer
|
Cases
|
18190
|
|
3,213
|
9,003
|
4,802
|
1,172
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a, b, c, d, e, g, h
|
1.01(0.999,1.02)
|
0.07**
|
0.96(0.92,1.001)
|
1.00
|
1.01(0.97,1.04)
|
1.002(0.94,1.07)
|
|
aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine).
bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no).
eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week).
fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (>94cm in men, >80cm in women).
gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different.
hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history).
**Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p<0.05).
Table 4. Results of isotemporal substitution models showing the impact on cancer incidence of replacing a 1-hour of total daily TV viewing time with the same amount of daily moderate activity, daily vigorous activity or daily walking time, holding the other activities constant.
|
|
|
|
|
|
1-hour increase in daily moderate activity
|
1-hour increase in daily vigorous activity
|
1-hour increase in daily walking time
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
|
Skin melanoma
[cases=1256]a
|
0.98 (0.89, 1.09)
|
0.97 (0.81, 1.17)
|
1.03 (0.94, 1.12)
|
|
Oropharyngeal
[cases=411]
|
0.91 (0.77, 1.08)
|
0.86 (0.63, 1.18)
|
0.79 (0.67, 0.92)
|
|
Lung
[cases=1355]h
|
1.0003 (0.92, 1.09)
|
0.84 (0.71, 1.004)
|
0.89 (0.82, 0.97)
|
|
Breast (female only)
[cases=3454]b h
|
0.90 (0.85, 0.96)
|
1.02 (0.89, 1.16)
|
0.99 (0.94, 1.05)
|
|
Uterus
[cases=570]c
|
1.001 (0.86, 1.17)
|
1.05 (0.76, 1.46)
|
0.99 (0.86, 1.13)
|
|
Ovary
[cases=405]
|
1.09 (0.93, 1.28)
|
1.12 (0.81, 1.55)
|
0.97 (0.83, 1.13)
|
|
Prostate
[cases=4629]h
|
1.01 (0.96, 1.06)
|
1.05 (0.97, 1.15)
|
0.9997 (0.95, 1.05)
|
|
Oesophagus
[cases=386]f
|
1.09 (0.93, 1.28)
|
1.06 (0.80, 1.42)
|
0.91 (0.77, 1.06)
|
|
Stomach
[cases=264]
|
1.06 (0.87, 1.29)
|
0.77 (0.52, 1.15)
|
0.91 (0.76, 1.10)
|
|
Oesophagus and stomach
[cases=644]
|
1.08 (0.95, 1.22)
|
0.94 (0.74, 1.18)
|
0.90 (0.80, 1.02)
|
|
Hepatobiliary tract
[cases=331]
|
0.84 (0.69, 1.02)
|
1.01 (0.71, 1.43)
|
1.03 (0.87, 1.21)
|
|
Pancreatic
[cases=467]d
|
1.07 (0.92, 1.24)
|
0.92 (0.69, 1.23)
|
0.95 (0.82, 1.09)
|
|
Kidney
[cases=559]
|
1.01 (0.88, 1.17)
|
1.12 (0.87, 1.44)
|
0.95 (0.83, 1.09)
|
|
Bladder
[cases=502]
|
0.98 (0.85, 1.13)
|
0.83 (0.62, 1.09)
|
1.03 (0.90, 1.17)
|
|
Colorectal
[cases=2405]e g f (males)
|
0.92 (0.86, 0.99)
|
0.997 (0.87, 1.14)
|
1.01 (0.95, 1.08)
|
|
Colon
[cases=1530]e g f (males)
|
0.87 (0.79, 0.95)
|
0.96 (0.81, 1.14)
|
1.001 (0.92, 1.09)
|
|
Rectum
[cases=821]e g
|
0.99 (0.88, 1.12)
|
1.06 (0.86, 1.30)
|
1.01 (0.90, 1.12)
|
|
Brain tumours
[cases=345]
|
0.85 (0.70, 1.03)
|
0.85 (0.59, 1.23)
|
1.04 (0.88, 1.23)
|
|
Thyroid
[cases=181]
|
0.94 (0.72, 1.23)
|
0.80 (0.46, 1.40)
|
1.07 (0.85, 1.35)
|
|
Haematological malignancies
[cases=1794]
|
0.98 (0.90, 1.06)
|
1.07 (0.93, 1.24)
|
0.99 (0.92, 1.07)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
[cases=864]
|
0.99 (0.88, 1.11)
|
1.07 (0.87, 1.32)
|
0.95 (0.85, 1.06)
|
|
All cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer [cases=19 167]a b c d e g h
|
0.97 (0.95, 0.99)
|
1.001 (0.96, 1.05)
|
0.98 (0.96, 1.01)
|
|
All models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (<5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [<20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [<20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week]).
aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine).
bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no).
eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week).
fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (>94cm in men, >80cm in women).
gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different.
hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history).
Table 5. Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report computer use time and cancer incidence
|
|
1 hour increase in computer use time
|
p-value
|
None
|
≤1 hour (reference)
|
1-≤3 hours
|
>3 hours
|
|
Person-years
|
|
3 498 487
|
|
969 721
|
1 744 785
|
582 168
|
201 813
|
|
Skin, melanoma
|
Cases
|
1621
|
|
404
|
852
|
276
|
89
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.43**
|
0.77 (0.68 0.86)
|
1.00
|
0.90 (0.79 1.04)
|
0.92 (0.74 1.14)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.97 1.05)
|
0.72
|
0.90 (0.79 1.02)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.85 1.12)
|
0.99 (0.79 1.24)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a
|
1.01 (0.97 1.05)
|
0.73
|
0.91 (0.80 1.03)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.85 1.12)
|
0.996 (0.79 1.25)
|
|
Oropharyngeal
|
Cases
|
561
|
|
209
|
239
|
88
|
25
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.90 (0.84 0.97)
|
0.004
|
1.56 (1.29 1.88)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.76 1.23)
|
0.81 (0.54 1.23)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.93 (0.87 0.998)
|
0.04
|
1.27 (1.03 1.56)
|
1.00
|
0.91 (0.71 1.17)
|
0.77 (0.51 1.17)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.93 (0.87 0.998)
|
0.04
|
1.27 (1.03 1.56)
|
1.00
|
0.91 (0.71 1.17)
|
0.77 (0.51 1.17)
|
|
Lung
|
Cases
|
2040
|
|
894
|
700
|
316
|
130
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.97 (0.93 1.003)
|
0.08**
|
1.84 (1.66 2.03)
|
1.00
|
1.17 (1.03 1.34)
|
1.68 (1.39 2.03)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.99 1.06)
|
0.16**
|
1.10 (0.99 1.23)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.88 1.16)
|
1.33 (1.10 1.62)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
1.02 (0.99 1.06)
|
0.16**
|
1.11 (0.99 1.24)
|
1.00
|
0.996 (0.87 1.15)
|
1.36 (1.12 1.65)
|
|
Breast (female only)
|
Cases
|
5650
|
|
1728
|
2931
|
762
|
229
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.99 1.03)
|
0.27**
|
0.93 (0.88 0.99)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.94 1.10)
|
0.997 (0.87 1.14)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.003 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.83**
|
0.97 (0.91 1.04)
|
1.00
|
0.999 (0.92 1.08)
|
1.001 (0.87 1.15)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)b, f, h
|
1.01 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.57**
|
0.96 (0.90 1.04)
|
1.00
|
0.998 (0.91 1.09)
|
1.03 (0.89 1.20)
|
|
Uterus
|
Cases
|
863
|
|
315
|
389
|
127
|
32
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.95 1.07)
|
0.74
|
1.18 (1.02 1.38)
|
1.00
|
1.25 (1.03 1.53)
|
1.12 (0.78 1.60)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.96 (0.90 1.02)
|
0.20
|
1.18 (0.999 1.39)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.84 1.28)
|
0.91 (0.63 1.33)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)c
|
0.98 (0.92 1.04)
|
0.47
|
1.16 (0.98 1.37)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.87 1.35)
|
0.95 (0.64 1.40)
|
|
Ovary
|
Cases
|
567
|
|
211
|
266
|
63
|
27
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.91 1.05)
|
0.51
|
1.16 (0.96 1.39)
|
1.00
|
0.91 (0.69 1.19)
|
1.36 (0.91 2.02)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.96 (0.89 1.04)
|
0.36
|
1.23 (1.01 1.50)
|
1.00
|
0.91 (0.69 1.21)
|
1.36 (0.91 2.04)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.96 (0.89 1.04)
|
0.36
|
1.23 (1.01 1.50)
|
1.00
|
0.91 (0.69 1.21)
|
1.36 (0.91 2.04)
|
|
Prostate
|
Cases
|
5933
|
|
1543
|
2699
|
1298
|
393
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.005 (0.99 1.02)
|
0.61**
|
0.91 (0.85 0.97)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.91 1.03)
|
0.97 (0.87 1.07)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.998 (0.98 1.02)
|
0.85**
|
0.98 (0.92 1.06)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.93 1.06)
|
0.9998 (0.90 1.12)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
0.997 (0.98 1.02)
|
0.73**
|
0.99 (0.92 1.06)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.93 1.06)
|
0.99 (0.89 1.11)
|
|
Oesophagus
|
Cases
|
530
|
|
174
|
221
|
108
|
27
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.97 (0.90 1.03)
|
0.32
|
1.20 (0.98 1.47)
|
1.00
|
1.13 (0.90 1.42)
|
0.94 (0.63 1.41)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.97 (0.90 1.04)
|
0.37
|
0.99 (0.79 1.23)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.81 1.30)
|
0.78 (0.51 1.19)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
0.97 (0.90 1.04)
|
0.35
|
0.99 (0.79 1.23)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.80 1.30)
|
0.77 (0.51 1.18)
|
|
Stomach
|
Cases
|
349
|
|
133
|
133
|
61
|
22
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.90 1.06)
|
0.60
|
1.50 (1.18 1.92)
|
1.00
|
1.09 (0.80 1.47)
|
1.30 (0.83 2.05)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.98 (0.91 1.07)
|
0.71
|
1.16 (0.88 1.51)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.72 1.35)
|
1.04 (0.64 1.69)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.98 (0.91 1.07)
|
0.71
|
1.16 (0.88 1.51)
|
1.00
|
0.98 (0.72 1.35)
|
1.04 (0.64 1.69)
|
|
Oesophagus and stomach
|
Cases
|
873
|
|
305
|
352
|
168
|
48
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.97 (0.92 1.02)
|
0.25
|
1.31 (1.12 1.53)
|
1.00
|
1.11 (0.93 1.34)
|
1.06 (0.79 1.44)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.97 (0.92 1.03)
|
0.33
|
1.05 (0.89 1.25)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.83 1.22)
|
0.86 (0.62 1.19)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
0.97 (0.92 1.03)
|
0.32
|
1.05 (0.89 1.25)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.83 1.22)
|
0.86 (0.62 1.19)
|
|
Hepatobiliary tract
|
Cases
|
451
|
|
170
|
168
|
91
|
22
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.97 (0.90 1.04)
|
0.42
|
1.49 (1.20 1.85)
|
1.00
|
1.38 (1.07 1.79)
|
1.14 (0.73 1.77)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.99 (0.92 1.06)
|
0.74
|
1.21 (0.95 1.53)
|
1.00
|
1.30 (0.997 1.69)
|
1.02 (0.65 1.61)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.99 (0.92 1.06)
|
0.74
|
1.21 (0.95 1.53)
|
1.00
|
1.30 (0.997 1.69)
|
1.02 (0.65 1.61)
|
|
Pancreatic
|
Cases
|
606
|
|
189
|
276
|
114
|
27
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.92 1.05)
|
0.62
|
1.01 (0.83 1.21)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.86 1.34)
|
0.87 (0.59 1.29)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.98 (0.92 1.05)
|
0.62
|
0.90 (0.73 1.11)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.84 1.31)
|
0.76 (0.50 1.15)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)d
|
0.98 (0.92 1.05)
|
0.61
|
0.90 (0.73 1.10)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.84 1.31)
|
0.76 (0.50 1.14)
|
|
Kidney
|
Cases
|
783
|
|
251
|
333
|
149
|
50
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.96 1.07)
|
0.60
|
1.17 (0.995 1.39)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.92 1.36)
|
1.23 (0.91 1.66)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.97 1.08)
|
0.39**
|
1.04 (0.87 1.25)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.86 1.29)
|
1.19 (0.88 1.61)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.02 (0.97 1.08)
|
0.39**
|
1.04 (0.87 1.25)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.86 1.29)
|
1.19 (0.88 1.61)
|
|
Bladder
|
Cases
|
670
|
|
227
|
271
|
142
|
30
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.93 1.04)
|
0.54
|
1.22 (1.02 1.46)
|
1.00
|
1.18 (0.96 1.44)
|
0.85 (0.59 1.25)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.97 (0.92 1.04)
|
0.41**
|
1.09 (0.89 1.32)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.87 1.33)
|
0.76 (0.51 1.13)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.97 (0.92 1.04)
|
0.41**
|
1.09 (0.89 1.32)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.87 1.33)
|
0.76 (0.51 1.13)
|
|
Colorectal
|
Cases
|
3312
|
|
1059
|
1512
|
556
|
185
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.99 (0.96 1.02)
|
0.45**
|
1.07 (0.99 1.16)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.87 1.05)
|
1.05 (0.90 1.23)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.99 (0.96 1.01)
|
0.31**
|
1.08 (0.99 1.18)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.86 1.05)
|
1.03 (0.88 1.21)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
0.98 (0.96 1.01)
|
0.28**
|
1.06 (0.97 1.16)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.86 1.05)
|
1.02 (0.87 1.20)
|
|
Colon
|
Cases
|
2124
|
|
681
|
980
|
348
|
115
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.99 (0.96 1.03)
|
0.63**
|
1.04 (0.94 1.15)
|
1.00
|
0.94 (0.83 1.06)
|
1.04 (0.86 1.26)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.99 (0.95 1.02)
|
0.50**
|
1.04 (0.93 1.15)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.82 1.06)
|
1.02 (0.83 1.24)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
0.99 (0.95 1.02)
|
0.42**
|
1.03 (0.92 1.14)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.82 1.06)
|
1.02 (0.83 1.25)
|
|
Rectum
|
Cases
|
1115
|
|
354
|
501
|
195
|
65
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.94 1.03)
|
0.42**
|
1.12 (0.98 1.29)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.82 1.14)
|
1.04 (0.80 1.35)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.97 (0.93 1.02)
|
0.28
|
1.20 (1.03 1.39)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.82 1.15)
|
1.03 (0.79 1.35)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g
|
0.97 (0.93 1.02)
|
0.28
|
1.16 (0.999 1.36)
|
1.00
|
0.96 (0.81 1.15)
|
0.999 (0.76 1.32)
|
|
Thyroid
|
Cases
|
237
|
|
82
|
106
|
35
|
14
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (0.92 1.12)
|
0.76
|
1.31 (0.98 1.76)
|
1.00
|
1.10 (0.75 1.61)
|
1.32 (0.76 2.31)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.91 1.11)
|
0.86
|
1.36 (0.99 1.87)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.73 1.59)
|
1.28 (0.73 2.25)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.91 1.11)
|
0.86
|
1.36 (0.99 1.87)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.73 1.59)
|
1.28 (0.73 2.25)
|
|
Brain tumours
|
Cases
|
463
|
|
130
|
221
|
87
|
25
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (0.95 1.09)
|
0.62
|
0.95 (0.77 1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.79 1.31)
|
0.93 (0.61 1.40)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.03 (0.96 1.10)
|
0.39
|
0.92 (0.72 1.17)
|
1.00
|
1.03 (0.80 1.34)
|
0.96 (0.63 1.47)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
1.03 (0.96 1.10)
|
0.38
|
0.92 (0.72 1.17)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.80 1.34)
|
0.97 (0.63 1.48)
|
|
Haematological malignancies
|
Cases
|
2446
|
|
714
|
1137
|
445
|
150
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.03 (0.998 1.06)
|
0.06
|
0.95 (0.87 1.05)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.92 1.14)
|
1.14 (0.96 1.36)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.99 1.05)
|
0.24
|
0.95 (0.86 1.06)
|
1.00
|
0.997 (0.89 1.12)
|
1.11 (0.93 1.32)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.02 (0.99 1.05)
|
0.24
|
0.95 (0.86 1.06)
|
1.00
|
0.997 (0.89 1.12)
|
1.11 (0.93 1.32)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
Cases
|
1182
|
|
349
|
545
|
225
|
63
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (0.98 1.06)
|
0.37
|
0.97 (0.85 1.11)
|
1.00
|
1.09 (0.94 1.28)
|
1.02 (0.78 1.32)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.97 1.06)
|
0.65
|
0.996 (0.86 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.91 1.26)
|
1.03 (0.79 1.34)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.97 1.06)
|
0.65
|
0.996 (0.86 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.91 1.26)
|
1.03 (0.79 1.34)
|
|
All cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer
|
Cases
|
28 697
|
|
9012
|
13 124
|
4992
|
1569
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.0004 (0.99 1.01)
|
0.92**
|
1.06 (1.03 1.09)
|
1.00
|
1.03 (0.99 1.06)
|
1.06 (1.01 1.12)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.998 (0.99 1.01)
|
0.65**
|
1.03 (0.996 1.06)
|
1.00
|
1.002 (0.97 1.04)
|
1.02 (0.97 1.08)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a, b, c, d, e, g, h
|
0.998 (0.99 1.01)
|
0.73**
|
1.02 (0.99 1.06)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.96 1.03)
|
1.03 (0.97 1.09)
|
|
*Models adjusted for age and sex (total observations=467 656).
†Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (<5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [<20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [<20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week]).
aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine).
bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no).
eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week).
fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (>94cm in men, >80cm in women).
gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different.
hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history).
**Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p<0.05).
Table 6. Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report total screen time and cancer incidence
|
|
1 hour increase in total screen time
|
p-value
|
≤1 hour
|
1-≤4 hours (reference)
|
4-≤8 hours
|
>8 hours
|
|
Person-years
|
|
3 474 425
|
|
254 147
|
2 111 765
|
997 699
|
110 815
|
|
Skin, melanoma
|
Cases
|
1614
|
|
101
|
960
|
504
|
49
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.99 (0.97 1.02)
|
0.64**
|
0.93 (0.76 1.14)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.91 1.13)
|
0.98 (0.73 1.30)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.62
|
0.97 (0.78 1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.96 1.20)
|
1.06 (0.78 1.44)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a
|
1.01 (0.98 1.03)
|
0.70
|
0.99 (0.80 1.22)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.95 1.19)
|
1.07 (0.79 1.45)
|
|
Oropharyngeal
|
Cases
|
552
|
|
24
|
312
|
191
|
25
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.05 (1.01 1.09)
|
0.009
|
0.69 (0.46 1.05)
|
1.00
|
1.18 (0.99 1.42)
|
1.39 (0.92 2.09)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.98 1.06)
|
0.41
|
0.69 (0.45 1.04)
|
1.00
|
1.10 (0.91 1.32)
|
1.09 (0.71 1.67)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.02 (0.98 1.06)
|
0.41
|
0.69 (0.45 1.04)
|
1.00
|
1.10 (0.91 1.32)
|
1.09 (0.71 1.67)
|
|
Lung
|
Cases
|
2014
|
|
119
|
995
|
774
|
126
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.11 (1.09 1.13)
|
<0.001**
|
1.13 (0.93 1.37)
|
1.00
|
1.37 (1.25 1.50)
|
2.49 (2.07 3.00)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (1.003 1.04)
|
0.03**
|
1.13 (0.92 1.38)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.95 1.16)
|
1.42 (1.16 1.72)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
1.03 (1.004 1.05)
|
0.02**
|
1.12 (0.91 1.37)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (0.95 1.16)
|
1.45 (1.19 1.77)
|
|
Breast (female only)
|
Cases
|
5609
|
|
418
|
3526
|
1522
|
143
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.996 1.02)
|
0.16**
|
0.91 (0.82 1.004)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.92 1.04)
|
1.08 (0.91 1.27)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.003 (0.99 1.02)
|
0.64**
|
0.94 (0.85 1.04)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.90 1.02)
|
1.08 (0.91 1.29)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)b, h
|
1.01 (0.99 1.02)
|
0.37**
|
0.93 (0.83 1.04)
|
1.00
|
0.97 (0.90 1.04)
|
1.11 (0.92 1.34)
|
|
Uterus
|
Cases
|
856
|
|
70
|
504
|
264
|
18
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.03 (0.99 1.06)
|
0.14
|
1.11 (0.87 1.43)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.96 1.30)
|
0.99 (0.62 1.58)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.97 (0.93 1.004)
|
0.08
|
1.15 (0.88 1.50)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.80 1.09)
|
0.57 (0.33 0.97)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)c
|
0.97 (0.94 1.01)
|
0.17
|
1.16 (0.89 1.53)
|
1.00
|
0.93 (0.79 1.09)
|
0.66 (0.38 1.12)
|
|
Ovary
|
Cases
|
561
|
|
44
|
354
|
149
|
14
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.99 (0.95 1.04)
|
0.75
|
0.99 (0.72 1.35)
|
1.00
|
0.90 (0.74 1.09)
|
1.08 (0.63 1.85)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.997 (0.95 1.04)
|
0.91
|
0.98 (0.71 1.35)
|
1.00
|
0.90 (0.74 1.11)
|
1.14 (0.66 1.95)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.997 (0.95 1.04)
|
0.91
|
0.98 (0.71 1.35)
|
1.00
|
0.90 (0.74 1.11)
|
1.14 (0.66 1.95)
|
|
Prostate
|
Cases
|
5898
|
|
335
|
3340
|
2032
|
191
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.98 (0.97 0.99)
|
<0.001**
|
1.07 (0.95 1.19)
|
1.00
|
0.96 (0.91 1.01)
|
0.86 (0.74 0.99)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.99 (0.98 1.004)
|
0.16**
|
1.06 (0.94 1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.95 1.07)
|
0.94 (0.81 1.10)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)h
|
0.99 (0.98 1.005)
|
0.21**
|
1.05 (0.93 1.18)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.95 1.07)
|
0.94 (0.81 1.10)
|
|
Oesophagus
|
Cases
|
528
|
|
28
|
272
|
216
|
12
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.05 (1.02 1.10)
|
0.006
|
1.02 (0.69 1.50)
|
1.00
|
1.34 (1.12 1.60)
|
0.75 (0.42 1.34)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.003 (0.96 1.05)
|
0.89
|
1.13 (0.77 1.68)
|
1.00
|
1.13 (0.94 1.36)
|
0.54 (0.29 0.99)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
1.001 (0.96 1.04)
|
0.95
|
1.15 (0.77 1.69)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.93 1.36)
|
0.54 (0.29 0.99)
|
|
Stomach
|
Cases
|
348
|
|
14
|
177
|
141
|
16
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.08 (1.04 1.13)
|
<0.001
|
0.77 (0.45 1.33)
|
1.00
|
1.37 (1.09 1.71)
|
1.58 (0.95 2.63)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.03 (0.98 1.08)
|
0.19
|
0.75 (0.43 1.32)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.89 1.42)
|
1.07 (0.61 1.85)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.03 (0.98 1.08)
|
0.19
|
0.75 (0.43 1.32)
|
1.00
|
1.12 (0.89 1.42)
|
1.07 (0.61 1.85)
|
|
Oesophagus and stomach
|
Cases
|
870
|
|
42
|
444
|
356
|
28
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.07 (1.04 1.10)
|
<0.001
|
0.93 (0.68 1.28)
|
1.00
|
1.36 (1.18 1.57)
|
1.09 (0.74 1.59)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.31
|
0.99 (0.72 1.36)
|
1.00
|
1.14 (0.98 1.32)
|
0.76 (0.50 1.14)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
1.02 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.34
|
0.99 (0.72 1.37)
|
1.00
|
1.13 (0.98 1.31)
|
0.76 (0.50 1.14)
|
|
Hepatobiliary tract
|
Cases
|
446
|
|
22
|
249
|
156
|
19
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.05 (1.01 1.10)
|
0.02
|
0.84 (0.54 1.29)
|
1.00
|
1.11 (0.90 1.35)
|
1.45 (0.91 2.31)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.96 1.05)
|
0.73
|
0.82 (0.52 1.30)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.77 1.18)
|
1.05 (0.65 1.72)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.96 1.05)
|
0.73
|
0.82 (0.52 1.30)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.77 1.18)
|
1.05 (0.65 1.72)
|
|
Pancreatic
|
Cases
|
604
|
|
30
|
333
|
220
|
21
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.04 (1.004 1.08)
|
0.03
|
0.85 (0.58 1.23)
|
1.00
|
1.17 (0.99 1.39)
|
1.22 (0.78 1.89)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.98 1.06)
|
0.37
|
0.86 (0.58 1.26)
|
1.00
|
1.10 (0.92 1.31)
|
1.01 (0.64 1.60)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)d
|
1.02 (0.98 1.06)
|
0.45
|
0.86 (0.58 1.26)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.91 1.30)
|
0.99 (0.63 1.57)
|
|
Kidney
|
Cases
|
771
|
|
43
|
417
|
279
|
32
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.04 (1.01. 1.08)
|
0.01
|
0.98 (0.71 1.34)
|
1.00
|
1.19 (1.02 1.38)
|
1.38 (0.96 1.98)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.97 1.04)
|
0.67**
|
1.03 (0.74 1.44)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.91 1.25)
|
1.14 (0.79 1.66)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.97 1.04)
|
0.67**
|
1.03 (0.74 1.44)
|
1.00
|
1.07 (0.91 1.25)
|
1.14 (0.79 1.66)
|
|
Bladder
|
Cases
|
662
|
|
24
|
351
|
259
|
28
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.06 (1.02 1.09)
|
0.001
|
0.69 (0.46 1.04)
|
1.00
|
1.21 (1.03 1.42)
|
1.36 (0.93 2.00)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.50**
|
0.76 (0.50 1.16)
|
1.00
|
1.10 (0.93 1.30)
|
0.99 (0.65 1.53)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.98 1.05)
|
0.50**
|
0.76 (0.50 1.16)
|
1.00
|
1.10 (0.93 1.30)
|
0.99 (0.65 1.53)
|
|
Colorectal
|
Cases
|
3290
|
|
180
|
1896
|
1096
|
118
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (1.002 1.04)
|
0.03**
|
0.88 (0.76 1.03)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.97 1.12)
|
1.16 (0.97 1.40)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.99 1.03)
|
0.41**
|
0.92 (0.79 1.08)
|
1.00
|
1.003 (0.93 1.08)
|
1.11 (0.91 1.35)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
1.01 (0.99 1.02)
|
0.58**
|
0.89 (0.76 1.04)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.91 1.07)
|
1.08 (0.88 1.32)
|
|
Colon
|
Cases
|
2110
|
|
111
|
1202
|
721
|
76
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.03 (1.01 1.05)
|
0.003**
|
0.86 (0.70 1.04)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.99 1.19)
|
1.21 (0.96 1.53)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.998 1.04)
|
0.08**
|
0.91 (0.75 1.11)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.95 1.15)
|
1.16 (0.91 1.48)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)
|
1.02 (0.99 1.04)
|
0.15**
|
0.90 (0.73 1.10)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.94 1.15)
|
1.12 (0.88 1.44)
|
|
Rectum
|
Cases
|
1107
|
|
64
|
645
|
358
|
40
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.998 (0.97 1.03)
|
0.89**
|
0.94 (0.73 1.21)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.87 1.13)
|
1.10 (0.80 1.51)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.99 (0.96 1.02)
|
0.38
|
0.95 (0.73 1.25)
|
1.00
|
0.95 (0.83 1.09)
|
1.04 (0.74 1.46)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)e, g
|
0.98 (0.95 1.02)
|
0.31
|
0.91 (0.69 1.20)
|
1.00
|
0.92 (0.80 1.06)
|
1.01 (0.72 1.43)
|
|
Brain tumours
|
Cases
|
458
|
|
28
|
269
|
145
|
16
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.01 (0.97 1.06)
|
0.50
|
0.96 (0.65 1.42)
|
1.00
|
0.99 (0.81 1.22)
|
1.07 (0.65 1.77)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.02 (0.98 1.07)
|
0.31
|
0.98 (0.66 1.46)
|
1.00
|
1.001 (0.81 1.24)
|
1.13 (0.67 1.91)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)f
|
1.03 (0.98 1.07)
|
0.28
|
0.97 (0.65 1.45)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.81 1.25)
|
1.13 (0.67 1.92)
|
|
Thyroid
|
Cases
|
236
|
|
15
|
154
|
62
|
5
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
0.99 (0.93 1.06)
|
0.86
|
0.78 (0.46 1.32)
|
1.00
|
0.87 (0.65 1.18)
|
0.71 (0.29 1.72)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
0.999 (0.93 1.07)
|
0.97
|
0.76 (0.44 1.32)
|
1.00
|
0.88 (0.64 1.20)
|
0.70 (0.28 1.72)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
0.999 (0.93 1.07)
|
0.97
|
0.76 (0.44 1.32)
|
1.00
|
0.88 (0.64 1.20)
|
0.70 (0.28 1.72)
|
|
Haematological malignancies
|
Cases
|
2427
|
|
142
|
1396
|
806
|
83
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (0.998 1.04)
|
0.09
|
0.95 (0.80 1.12)
|
1.00
|
1.04 (0.96 1.14)
|
1.12 (0.90 1.40)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.99 1.03)
|
0.43
|
0.96 (0.80 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.93 1.12)
|
1.07 (0.85 1.34)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.99 1.03)
|
0.43
|
0.96 (0.80 1.15)
|
1.00
|
1.02 (0.93 1.12)
|
1.07 (0.85 1.34)
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
|
Cases
|
1174
|
|
68
|
675
|
392
|
39
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (0.99 1.04)
|
0.28
|
0.93 (0.72 1.19)
|
1.00
|
1.06 (0.93 1.20)
|
1.10 (0.80 1.52)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.01 (0.98 1.04)
|
0.43
|
0.93 (0.72 1.20)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.95 1.23)
|
1.06 (0.75 1.48)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
1.01 (0.98 1.04)
|
0.43
|
0.93 (0.72 1.20)
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.95 1.23)
|
1.06 (0.75 1.48)
|
|
All cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer
|
Cases
|
28 475
|
|
1751
|
16 402
|
9348
|
974
|
|
HR (95% CI)*
|
1.02 (1.01 1.02)
|
<0.001**
|
0.97 (0.93 1.02)
|
1.00
|
1.05 (1.03 1.08)
|
1.14 (1.07 1.22)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)†
|
1.003 (0.997 1.01)
|
0.31**
|
0.998 (0.95 1.05)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.98 1.04)
|
1.04 (0.97 1.12)
|
|
|
HR (95% CI)a, b, c, d, e, g, h
|
1.004 (0.997 1.01)
|
0.24**
|
0.98 (0.93 1.04)
|
1.00
|
1.01 (0.98 1.04)
|
1.04 (0.97 1.12)
|
|
*Models adjusted for age and sex (total observations=464,424).
†Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (<5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [<20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [<20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week]).
aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine).
bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [<12 years], menarche at 12-14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (<40 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years, 60-64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure).
dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no).
eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week).
fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (>94cm in men, >80cm in women).
gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different.
hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history).
**Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p<0.05).