The Role of in-Person Support Groups in the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women from a Mixed-Methods, Randomized Pilot Study


 Background

To assess the feasibility and acceptability of in-person support groups as a potential intervention for female patients with urinary incontinence.
Methods

Women over the age of 18 seeking treatment for UI were randomized to standard care with support group participation or to standard care alone. All participants completed validated questionnaires at the beginning and conclusion of the study. Questionnaires were analyzed with repeated measures of ANOVA models in an intention-to-treat manner. Three moderated support group sessions were held and audio recorded. Recordings were transcribed and categorized by frequency into themes using grounded theory methodology.
Results

A total of 10 control and 8 intervention participants agreed to participate. Seven women attended all three support group sessions and were included in the final analysis. Transcripts from support group sessions observed women identified most with (1) urinary incontinence (UI) as a chronic disease, (2) shame managing UI, and (3) social constraints of toileting. Support participants self-reported appreciation of support group participation and desire for on-going sessions. Analysis of the questionnaires did not demonstrate statistically significant differences.
Conclusion

Data ascertained from questionnaires was unable to demonstrate a meaningful effect in improved treatment outcomes for control and intervention participants. Grounded theory analysis of transcripts identified four primary themes: (1) appreciation of the support group, (2) UI as a gendered issue, (3) lack of public awareness, and (4) history of negative provider interactions. All support group participants self-reported interest in attending future support group sessions.


Abstract Background
To assess the feasibility and acceptability of in-person support groups as a potential intervention for female patients with urinary incontinence.

Methods
Women over the age of 18 seeking treatment for UI were randomized to standard care with support group participation or to standard care alone. All participants completed validated questionnaires at the beginning and conclusion of the study. Questionnaires were analyzed with repeated measures of ANOVA models in an intention-to-treat manner. Three moderated support group sessions were held and audio recorded. Recordings were transcribed and categorized by frequency into themes using grounded theory methodology.

Results
A total of 10 control and 8 intervention participants agreed to participate. Seven women attended all three support group sessions and were included in the nal analysis. Transcripts from support group sessions observed women identi ed most with (1) urinary incontinence (UI) as a chronic disease, (2) shame managing UI, and (3) social constraints of toileting. Support participants self-reported appreciation of support group participation and desire for on-going sessions. Analysis of the questionnaires did not demonstrate statistically signi cant differences.

Conclusion
Data ascertained from questionnaires was unable to demonstrate a meaningful effect in improved treatment outcomes for control and intervention participants. Grounded theory analysis of transcripts identi ed four primary themes: (1) appreciation of the support group, (2) UI as a gendered issue, (3) lack of public awareness, and (4) history of negative provider interactions. All support group participants selfreported interest in attending future support group sessions.

Background
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) experienced amongst men and women with prevalence increasing with age. 1 Approximately 25% of women in the United States experience some form of UI with future rates predicted to rise from 28.1 million in 2010 to 43.8 million in 2050. 2 Numerous studies have identi ed the impact of UI on the quality of life (QOL) in patients when compared to healthy and control group. [3][4][5] The Quality-of-life Scale (QOLS) was created by American psychologist John Flanagan in the 1970s to measure quality of life across patient groups and cultures. 6 Since that time, there have been many studies examining the impact of urinary incontinence on patients' QOL. Mendes et. al reviewed 30 qualitative studies synthesizing the impact of UI on patients' lives and identi ed social support as an important component in the management of UI in women. 7 Support groups in various settings have demonstrated the ability to alleviate psychological and physiological distress in support group participants. 7 The exploration of support groups is warranted to measure the potential bene t for patients with urinary incontinence. We aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of in-person support groups as a potential intervention for female patients with urinary incontinence from a mixed methods approach. We conducted a mixed methods pilot study to investigate whether in-person support group demonstrate meaningful signi cance in quantitative outcomes measured by validated questionnaires and qualitative outcomes analyzed from support group transcripts and post-session surveys. This is an initial assessment to determine whether in-person support groups for females with UI is strong enough to warrant further research and clinical implementation.

Study Design
In the Department of Urology and Female Reconstructive Surgery, we randomized women presenting for standard of care treatment for urinary incontinence (stress, urge, and mixed) into support group sessions versus standard of care between April 2019 and June 2019 ( Figure 1). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (19-007977) at our institution.

Study Population
We assessed the eligibility of all women seeking UI treatment at our clinic who were 18 years or older, English-speaking, and had the ability to commute to the meeting facility without institutional assistance.
We excluded women unable to attend all three support group sessions (n=1). All participants proceeded with the treatment of their urinary incontinence as decided with their provider; details on these varied treatments were not elicited by the research team. Patients were asked by their provider at the end of the clinic encounter if they would be willing to have a research coordinator speak to them about the study. If they were willing, the coordinator reviewed the study protocol and procedures with the patient.
Participants were informed of the study duration, risks, and voluntary participation and then provided written informed consent. Demographics including age, race, and UI type were gathered by chart review (Table 1).

Study Interventions
Women were randomly assigned to attend in-person support group sessions in conjunction with standard of care or standard of care alone with no support group intervention. Three in-person support group sessions were held in a private conference room at the treatment institution, occurring every two weeks from May 2019-June 2019. One member of the research team attended all three support group sessions and served as the moderator. Using a script, the moderator welcomed and debriefed participants at the start and completion of each session. During each session, the moderator prompted group discussion of the management urinary incontinence. Predetermined questions were created by the research team to observe patient perspectives and feelings regarding the management of urinary incontinence [Appendix A]. Participant identi cation numbers were employed as a method of self-identi cation during group discussion. All three support group sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed into a written deidenti able document by the research team.

Randomization
Research coordinator randomly assigned eligible women using simple-randomization techniques. This approach consisted of an even number of cards labeled "control" (n=10) and "intervention" (n=10) that were pulled from a cup prior to research recruitment. All participants were randomly assigned deidenti cation numbers at the time of recruitment. Randomized patients continued standard of care for UI throughout study duration. The principal investigator and attending care teams were blinded to treatment allocation.

Study Outcomes
The primary outcome was to measure differences in pre and post questionnaires between control and support group participants. All women completed 8 validated questionnaires: Medical, Epidemiological, and Social Aspects of Aging (MESA), Urinary Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6), Overactive Bladder Satisfaction with Treatment Questionnaire (OAB-SAT-q), Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S), Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I), Sexual Quality of Life-Female (SQoL-F), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in order to assess differences between control and intervention participants. Questionnaires were administered to all participants at the time of consent and repeated 12 weeks later by telephone with the research coordinator. Validated questionnaires have been employed in urology evaluating continence outcomes, treatment satisfaction, and quality of life. 8-10 A secondary outcome was to measure the feasibility and acceptability in continued support group sessions. A written survey was administered at the beginning of each support group session which incorporated open-ended warm-up questions regarding urinary incontinence and concluded with the assessment of the level of support group comfort on a scale from 1-5, with 1 being "least comfortable" and 5 as "most comfortable". Participants were asked at the nal support group session to report how their experience could have been improved.

Sample Size and Statistical Analysis
Repeated measures ANOVA models were used to assess differences in pre and post questionnaire results administered twelve weeks apart between control and support group participants. A sample size was not computed due to this being a pilot study.
To qualitatively analyze the session transcriptions, grounded theory methodology was used to ascertain innate themes addressed by support group participants throughout all three sessions. An interview guide was created by the research team and implemented by the moderator during support group sessions [Appendix A]. The investigator was not a trained support group facilitator and prepared for sessions through the review of literature on moderation methods for focus groups. This method of qualitative analysis was rst implemented in medical sociology by Barney Glaser and Anselm Straus. 11 Glaser articulated 16 methodological principles encompassing the structural integrity of grounded theory methodology with qualitative data. Open Coding, Constant Comparative Method, Selective Coding, Delimiting and Memoing are Glaser principles which were applied to the audio recordings transcribed by the research team. Of these principles, Open Coding and Memoing were the most dominant principles applied in our qualitative analysis by four investigators on the research team. Investigators resolved differences in the interpretation of transcript thematic concepts through open discussion and modifying concepts until a consensus was reached.

Results
From April 2019-May 2019, 126 women seeking UI treatment at our institution's Urology department were eligible for study enrollment. Among these, 107 women declined for reasons including the following: schedule con icts with support group meeting times, lack of general interest in study participation, and/or travel constraints. The standard of care group initially consisted of 10 women, with 1 participant excluded due to lack of follow up, leaving a remainder of 9 control participants for analysis. Support group participants originally consisted of 8, with 1 participant excluded from analysis because they were unable to attend all support group sessions, leaving a remainder of 7 support group participants who attended all three sessions.

Quantitative Questionnaire Results
The validated questionnaires measured primary outcomes (MESA, UDI-6, OAB-SAT-q, PGI-S, PGI-I, SQoL-F, PHQ-9, IPAQ) and were analyzed with repeated measures of ANOVA models in an intention-to-treat manner. In the PHQ-9 results, the "level of di culty performing daily tasks" differed between control and intervention participants (p<0.05); control group participants reported performing tasks with less di culty than support group participants. When comparing the control to intervention groups, there were no statistically signi cant changes in pre to post intervention scores for any of the validated questionnaires.

Qualitative Support Group Transcript Results
Grounded theory methodology was used to assess innate themes within transcripts and surveys. Several dominant themes emerged from the support group transcriptions. The most frequently identi ed codes identi ed during support group discussion included references to UI as a chronic disease, "secrecy of condition," and social constraints of toileting, as seen in Table 2. "Secrecy of the condition" refers to the support group participants' reported desire to keep their UI a secret from their friends and family members.
The codes were synthesized to identify innate themes within the transcripts. Themes that emerged included an appreciation of support group participation; urinary incontinence as a gendered issue; desire for comprehensive and personalized care; urinary incontinence causing shame, secrecy, and humiliation; lack of public awareness of diagnosis and treatment; the history of negative provider interactions; and preference for physician-led education. Representative quotes illustrating these themes are included in Table 3. Of these, the four most dominant themes included the following:

Appreciation of support group and continued interest in attending sessions
Participants experienced solidarity after support group attendance. Participants were appreciative of the opportunity to express their experience in managing UI with others. Moreover, the reported level of comfort remained constant throughout support group sessions, with a self-reporting level of comfort averaging 4.5 out of 5. The last support group session concluded with a written free-response section for participants to share how their experience could have been improved. All participants noted additional support group sessions would have been bene cial. 100% of participants (n=8) were interested in attending additional sessions if offered in the future.

Urinary incontinence as a gendered issue
Women expressed their feelings that UI affects women more severely than men in their personal and professional lives. Support group participants believed UI management was more di cult to treat than male UI. More than half of the support group participants preferred female urologists (n=7) and believed male providers "lacked relatability" to female health challenges.

Lack of public awareness of diagnosis and treatment
Patients re ected on beliefs regarding the lack of public awareness of UI. Others discussed frustration about needing to teach family and friends about UI management. One participant contrasted the relative ease of breast cancer discussion with friends and family against the shame she felt discussing UI. Participants overwhelmingly believe more education regarding UI should be readily available to the public to decrease stigma and shame.

History of negative provider interactions
Support group participants were prompted to share experiences managing UI in the healthcare setting. More than half of the support group participants (n=6) shared negative past experiences managing UI at previous health institutions. All support group participants (n=8) shared at least one negative experience with a urologist or gynecologist in UI management. Variations in the amount of education received from their provider regarding their diagnosis were expressed amongst support group participants. Some participants (n=4) recalled receiving educational pamphlets at some point in their healthcare journey and referred to them as informational. The remaining support group participants (n=4) did not recall receiving education pamphlets from providers. Participants were asked to identify an individual or provider they felt most comfortable discussing UI. 75% (n=6) patients identi ed their spouse, while the remaining 25% (n=2) identi ed their provider.

Discussion
UI is a common condition, affecting approximately 25% of women in the United States, and rates are expected to continue rising in the setting of our aging population. 2,3 UI has been shown to negatively impact QOL measures for women. 3 Two-thirds of women with UI report their quality of life is affected by their condition. 12 Over time, patients with UI experience decreases in QOL domains including physical, emotional, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality, mental health and general health. 3 As providers continue to care for women with UI, it is crucial to identify mechanisms to offer support and hope for women with this condition if we aim to improve QOL.
Qualitative research has identi ed "forming a circle of trust" to be a strategy employed by patients to deal with UI. 11 In a meta-ethnography analysis of 41 studies on urinary incontinence, investigators identi ed secrecy and shame surrounding urinary incontinence to be a barrier to care which prevents patients from focusing on strategies to improve their continence. 11 This raises the possibility that structured support groups may provide patients a safe, con dential setting in which to discuss their condition and improve their QOL. In other medical settings, support groups have been shown to improve QOL. For example, selfhelp group participation among breast cancer survivors was shown to improve the patients' sense of empowerment and QOL. 8 In a qualitative study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, participants in a support group reported improvements in QOL associated with increased knowledge and self-e cacy. 9 Our mixed-methods study therefore aimed to evaluate whether in-person support group participation could reduce UI symptoms and improve quality of life as measured quantitatively by validated questionnaires and qualitatively by extracting themes by grounded theory analysis of support group transcripts. Data obtained from validated questionnaires were not able to demonstrate improved treatment outcomes in women with urinary incontinence. Despite quantitative results, the themes drawn from grounded theory analysis from support group transcripts suggest social support groups may have the potential to improve quality of life for patients with UI.
The four dominant themes identi ed with our qualitative analysis of support group transcripts were the following: lack of public awareness of diagnosis and treatment, UI as a gendered issue, a history of negative provider interactions, and an appreciation of the support group with continued interest in attending sessions. The themes overall align with previous ndings in the literature. A systematic review by Mendes et al., identi ed common themes related to how women experience UI such as isolation and secrecy surrounding UI within social groups, overall lack of patient education and understanding of UI as a chronic condition, and the overarching generalization of shame regarding the condition. 13 The dominant theme extracted from the transcripts in our study regarding continued interest in attending further sessions adds to previous ndings regarding social support as an important component of coping with UI. Despite quantitative results, this theme suggests support groups may have the potential to improve quality of life for patients with UI.

Limitations:
There were several limitations to this study. There may be a selection bias by those that chose to participate in the study. Challenges existed during the recruitment phase of support group participants notably due to time constraints of pre-determined meeting times. Those who participated in support group intervention were elderly and mostly retired except for one participant that worked part-time. This may impact the generalizability of the results. Our small sample size may have limited the ability to identify signi cant relationships between groups as well as the short follow-up time. Further studies with randomization, larger participant numbers, and longer follow-up will help to assuage these limitations.

Conclusion
To date, this is the rst study to evaluate validated questionnaires and support groups to measure QoL in women with urinary incontinence. The results indicate minor differences in validated questionnaires and desire for continued support group participation.

Declarations
Ethics approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Mayo Clinic-Institutional Review Board (19-007977).
Consent to Participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information les].
Competing interests: All authors certify that they have no a liations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any nancial interest or non-nancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.      Appreciation of Support Group "I would say I probably said more here than I have ever said before." "I had not discussed my situation managing urinary incontinence so thoroughly before this study" Urinary incontinence as a gendered issue [On workplace discrimination upon asking for bathroom breaks] "… for me it wasn't a legal issue, as much as it was a wanting to be at the table issue and not demonstrating weakness and being female." Desire for comprehensive and personalized care "… I'm beginning to wonder if I should give up on the gastroenterologist and nd a doctor that treats bowel and bladder-um, because they are probably more interrelated than I realize" Urinary incontinence causing shame, secrecy, and humiliation "It would seem to me that we can talk about almost anything else other than the incontinence. Incontinence tends to be an embarrassing baby thing…" Lack of public awareness of diagnosis and treatment "I had no idea I was going to get the diagnosis of being incontinent" Figure 1 Consort-Flow Diagram

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