Effects of Various Exercises on the Microvascular Reactivity of the Skin of the Knee Joint in Middle-Aged and Elderly Women

Yong Peng Hubei Minzu University: Hubei University for Nationalities fateh zereg (  doctorfateh@mail.ru ) Chengdu Sport University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0982-7285 Anatoly Nikolaevich Tambovsky Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture: Moskovskaa gosudarstvennaa akademia ziceskoj kul'tury Huan Zhu Hubei Minzu University: Hubei University for Nationalities Xiaoli Liu Hubei Minzu University: Hubei University for Nationalities Zhe Xiao Hubei Minzu University: Hubei University for Nationalities


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Participants: The subjects were all urban residents of Enshi City, Hubei Province, China, and the inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) 55 to 65 years of age, physical and mental health, diseases (medical history) that did not affect microvascular function, such as skin diseases, Varicose veins, diabetes, high blood pressure and no knee joint injuries, pain and no vasodilators taken within 6 months. (2) voluntarily joined and signed an agreement after understanding the process and purpose of this study. (3) No systematic sporting activity within six months, a healthy lifestyle, no long-term smoking and alcoholism, etc. After the recruitment, a total of 60 women nally met the recruitment criteria. They were divided into Taichi Group, Fast Walking Group, Square Dance Group, and No Movement Group, with 15 people in each group, the basic information about the subjects is shown in Table 1 below.
The test used the microcirculation test using the sixth generation laser Doppler blood ow (PF6000) manufactured by Parry Medical Company in Switzerland. The instrument's test indices include AVBC (mean blood cell velocity), CMBC (mobile blood cell concentration), and MBP (microcirculatory blood perfusion). The AVBC, CMBC and MBP test values include the base value and the local skin is heated to 44. Studies have shown that when the local muscle is heated to 44 ° C, the microvessels can reach a state of maximum relaxation and the blood ow in the microvessels reaches its peak [5]. In this study, the rate of increase = (post-heating value base value) / base value * 100 was used to express the reactivity of the microvessels.

INTERVENTION DESIGN:
The experimental group received a 24-hour intervention for brisk walking, square dancing, and simpli ed Taijiquan exercises for 16 weeks. The intensity of the exercise intervention of the experimental group was set for 16 weeks and the intensity of the exercise was approximately (220 years) * (55% Mel 65%) After each exercise, the heart rate was measured via the radial artery. Due to the weather, the exercise period is from 6:30 a.m. to 8:00 a.m.
The speci c ordinances are as follows in Table 2.
The control group maintained the original lifestyle, did not engage in systematic physical activity during the experiment, and did not take any drugs that affected vascular function.

DATA ANALYSIS:
All data were statistically processed using the SPSS 26.0 statistical software package and Microsoft Excel 2019 software, and the results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. At the end of the experiment, the data of each group were analyzed by the paired-sample t test, and the data between the groups were analyzed by the independent-sample t test.

Results:
After 16 weeks of training intervention, the changes in MBP, CMBC and AVBC in the four groups before and after the experiment are shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5. 1) Before the experiment, there were no signi cant differences in the initial data, reheating value, difference and rate of increase between the four groups.
2) After the experiment, the rate of increase in MBP in the Taiji group increased signi cantly compared to the preexperiment group, but there were no signi cant changes in the square dance group, brisk walking group and group control (P> 0, 05). The control group decreased to varying degrees, but not signi cantly (P> 0.05). The rate of increase of AVBC in the Taijiquan group increased signi cantly, but there was no signi cant change in AVBC test scores in the square dance group, the fast walking group, and the control group (P> 0.05).
3) Comparison between groups after the experiment: the rate of increase in MBP in the taijiquan group was signi cantly higher than that of the square dance group, the high-speed group and the control group, the rate of increase in the MBP in the square dance group was signi cantly higher than in the control group, and the rate of increase of AVBC in the Taijiquan group was signi cantly higher than that of the brisk walking group and the control group.

Discussion:
Adequate aerobic exercise is viewed as an adjunct to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and osteoporosis in the elderly [6], but there are no reports of the effects of various exercise regimens on blood microcirculation. The purpose of this study is to compare three types of aerobic exercise performed by older women: taijiquan, brisk walking and square dance, and to analyze the effects of the same training cycle (16 weeks), training frequency (5 times / week). and exercise time (90 minutes) in the microcirculation of the knee joint to provide a basis for research on improving the microcirculation of the elderly blood and preventing diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease and osteoporosis.
Because of the different frequency or time chosen during the 16-week training cycle, Taijiquan training has different effects on the blood microcirculation of the elderly. At present there are few studies of the effects of Taijiquan exercises on the microcirculation of human blood, and there are many cases. Zhang Yang (2017) selected 90 middle-aged and older women with a dominant right foot (30 in the Taijiquan group, 30 in the square dance group and 30 in the control group) for the exercise intervention [7]. Of the knee joint showed that both taijiquan and square dance could improve the static balance function of middle-aged and elderly women, and the effect of taijiquan was better than that of the square dance group, which also the results of this study (taijiquan group, taijiquan -Group, after heating, the difference and rate of increase reached signi cant levels in both MBP and AVBC), and taijiquan had an effect on the reactivity of the blood of the knee joint. Crocirculation: Many Taijiquan movements require the practitioner to assume a half-height position and constantly monitor the stability of their own equilibrium, which plays an exercise role in the muscle groups of the trunk, hip and knee joint [8]. Long-term exercise alters the changes in the stress levels of the muscle groups near the thigh and knee joints and then affects the microcirculation of the blood. WooJ et al. Taijiquan intervened in people aged 65 and 74 (90 men and 90 women) [9]. The results showed that taijiquan exercise three times a week (60 min) increased BMD and blood perfusion in older women, but not signi cantly, while there was almost no analysis that abnormal synthesis of NO and disruption of metabolic factors with age in vascular endothelial cells decrease the microvasodilation capacity, resulting in decreased microvascular reactivity and decreased bone mineralization. Density and calcium loss, while taiichi exercises can increase blood microcirculation, promote calcium supplementation, and reduce calcium loss [10].
Currently there is a positive attitude towards the effect of square dancing on blood microcirculation: a middle-aged woman and an older woman with an average age of 59.3 years received 3-month square dance exercise intervention and before and after the experiments Changes in cardiovascular function were analyzed [11]. The results showed that HR (P and <0.01), SPTI (P and <0.01), ED (P and <0.01), PAS (P and <0.01), PAD (P and < 0.01), PP (P and <0.01) and CAP (P and <0.01) decreased, DPTI (P and <0.01) and SEVR (P and <0.01) increased. The study showed that the difference between MBP and AVBC warming in middle-aged and older women changed signi cantly before and after the experiment, and the reactivity of the blood microcirculation changed, but not signi cantly. This study considers that the reason for the differences between the results of previous studies and the results of previous studies is that the content, intensity and time of square dance exercises between different subjects are di cult to reconcile, so that their effects on the microcirculation of the blood are not the square dance selected in this study requires subjects to kick, heel, step and rotate, and other movements. However, when monitoring the heart rate, it was found that square dancing is a low level of physical activity, the effect of the intervention on the reaction of microcirculation in the blood is not signi cant, it can take a long time to accumulate more effective.
In this study, the brisk walking group received 16 weeks of intervention, although MBP blood perfusion volume and AVBC blood cell velocity improved, but not signi cantly. The difference in results may be related to the lack of additional muscle strength training or the advanced age of the selected subjects.
Lanting Sean M con rmed our analysis and believed that the effect of exercise on blood microcirculation decreased with age [12]. However, this study suggests that brisk walking has a positive impact on blood microcirculation in older women. analyzed serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels in the elderly after 10 weeks of brisk walking intervention and found that alkaline phosphatase levels increased signi cantly, suggesting that brisk walking may promote the synthesis of human bone metabolism [13]. When analyzing the movement characteristics of fast walking, this study nds that the extension of the pedal and the swing of the lower extremities are greater in the elderly than with normal walking, resulting in a higher exercise load on the lower extremities. Long, brisk walking results in more stress changes in the lower extremities, which in turn affects the microcirculation of the blood. The reason it hasn't reached a signi cant level may be because middle-aged and older women walk every day, so the effect is less.
Currently, there are few reports of the effects of taijiquan, brisk walking, and square dancing on the blood microcirculation in middle-aged and elderly women. Lu Tao practiced taijiquan, walked, and danced for 48 weeks (6 times a week, 40 minutes each time). ) in 105 older women aged 55 to 65 years and tested all subjects after 16, 32 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Warm up for 10 minutes before exercise, relax for 10 minutes after exercise, 10 minutes for each set of movements, rest for 2-4 minutes, and practice 5 times Fast walking 220-Age * 55%-65% 5 times/ week Am 6:30-8:00 Warm up for 10 minutes before the start of exercise, relax for 10 minutes after exercise, and the brisk walking frequency is controlled at 100-120 steps per minute Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.  Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.