Blakeney, 2005. USA. RCT. 42 | n = 32^3 (9) 4-day group social skills workshop based on Changing Faces REACH OUT, and ‘usual’ treatment. | n = 32^10 (31) ‘Usual’ treatment, follow-up psychological appointments upon request only. | Anxiety/depression: CBCL(C). | Pre-intervention & 1 year post-intervention: CBCL. |
Brown, 2014. Australia. RCT. 45 | n = 47^12 (23) Ditto™ PP pre-COD & distraction interactive story/game during COD. | n = 52^12 (26) Standard distraction during COD: TV, videos, books, toys, caregiver soothing. | Pain: FPS-R(pt.), HR(N). Pain & distress: FLACC(N). Anxiety: VAS-A(pt. >8 yrs). Trauma: CTSQ(pt. >6 yrs). | Pre-randomisation: FPS-R, HR, FLACC, VAS-A. Pre-removal: FPS-R, FLACC, VAS-A. Post-removal: FPS-R, HR, FLACC, VAS-A, CTSQ(1st COD). Post- application: FPS-R, HR, FLACC, VAS-A. During removal & application: HR. 3mths post re-epithelisation: CTSQ. |
Burns-Nader, 2017. USA. RCT. 48 | n = 15^0 (0) Tablet distraction game, CLT support during 2nd and/or 3rd COD. | n = 15^0 (0) Standard distraction, CLT support during 2nd and/or 3rd COD. | Pain: FACES(Pt.), nurse’s pain reports(N). Anxiety: CEMS(Pt.). | Prior & during hydrotherapy: CEMS. Post-hydrotherapy: FACEs, nurse’s pain reports, CEMS. |
Chester, 2018. Australia. RCT. 44 | n = 29^0 (0) Hypnosis pre & during COD: guided imagery, breathing, muscle relaxation, permissive & direct hypnotic suggestions. | n = 35^0 (0) Standard interventions pre & during COD: parent presence, books, TV, electronic games, DVDs, toys, bubbles, music, Ditto™ PP & distraction. | Pain: FPS-R(Pt.), FLACC(N), NRS(C), HR(R). Anxiety: VAS-A(Pt. ≥8 yrs, C <8 yrs). Trauma: CPSS(Pt. >7 yrs), YCPC(C <7 yrs). | Pre & post-procedure: FPS-R, FLACC, NRS, VAS-A. During procedure: FPS-R, FLACC, NRS. Pre-medication, post-application: HR. 3-months post-injury: CPSS, YCPC. |
Elliott, 1983. USA. NRCT. 55 | n = 4^0 (0) Stress management during COD: Distraction, breathing, emotive imagery, pain reinterpretation. | n = 4^0 (0) SC during COD. | Pain & distress: BTDS(MS) | Removal, first 15 min of hydrotherapy, during physical therapy, dressing re-application: BTDS. |
Foertsch, 1998. USA. RCT. 56 | n = 13^Total 1 (43) Familiar imagery during COD: focus on childhood memory/ experience. | n = 10^Total 1 (43) Social support during COD: researcher conversation & encouragement. | Pain & anxiety: FACES(Pt.’s 3−9 yrs), VAS(Pt.’s 9−12 yrs). Distress: OSBD(R). | Baseline & 15-second intervals during procedure: OSBD. Post-procedure: FACES, VAS. |
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First author, year. Location. Design. | Intervention | Control | Outcome: measures(assessor) | Measurement time points |
Hyland, 2015. Australia. RCT. | n = 50^0 (0) CLT PP, caregiver support & education, distraction during COD. | n = 50^0 (0) SC, minimal distraction: caregiver, music, toys/electronic devises during COD. | Pain: CHEOPS(IA), FACES(Pt.’s 5−10 yrs), VAS(Pt.’s >10 yrs). Pain & anxiety: Procedural pain and anxiety questionnaire(C), nursing staff questionnaire(N). Anxiety: CFS(IA & Pt.). | Pre-procedure: Procedural pain and anxiety questionnaire. 2-minute intervals during procedure: CHEOPS, CFS. Post-procedure: FACES, VAS, Procedural pain and anxiety questionnaire, CFS. |
Jeffs, 2014. USA. RCT. | n = 8^0 (0) IVR: 3D interactive program pre & during COD. | n = 10^0 (0) ‘Typical’ care during COD: standard nurse communication. | Pain: APPT-WGRS(Pt.’s 8−17 yrs). Anxiety: STAI-CH(Pt.). | Pre-procedure: APPT-WGRS, STAI-CH. |
n = 10^0 (0) IPD: PD pre & during COD: movie. |
Kavanagh, 1983. USA. NRCT. | n = 4^0 (0) Max. procedure ‘predictability’ - specific nurse attire, ‘patient control’ of ‘appropriate’ aspects of procedure. | n = 5^0 (0) Min. ‘predictability’, medical staff control over procedure. | Pain: Nurse reports 0–6 scale(N). Anxiety: CBI(N & C of pt.’s 1−3 yrs). | 2–3 times daily: Nurse reports. Weekly: CBI. |
Kipping, 2012. Australia. RCT. | n = 20^0 (0) Off-the shelf VR pre & during COD. | n = 21^0 (0) Standard distraction during COD: TV, stories, music, caregiver. | Pain: VAS(Pt. & C). Pain & Distress: FLACC(N). | Baseline, retrospective post-removal, & application: VAS, FLACC. |
Miller, 2010. Australia. RCT. | n = 20^2 (10) IMMD−PP: MMD-PP pre-COD, standard distraction during COD. | n = 20^3 (15) Standard distraction during COD: toys, TV, & nurse/ caregiver interactions. | Pain: FACES(Pt.), VAS(C). Pain & distress: FLACC(N). | Pre & post-removal, pre & post-application: FACES, VAS, FLACC. |
n = 20^1 (5) IMMD−D: MMD-D interactive story/game during COD. |
n = 20^4 (20) IVGD: VGD during COD. |
Miller, 2011. Australia. RCT. | n = 20^0 (0) MMD-PP, MMD-D interactive story/game pre & during COD. | n = 20^0 (0) Standard PP & distraction pre & during COD. | Pain: FACES(Pt.), VAS(C), HR(N). Pain & distress: FLACC(N). | Pre & post-removal, pre & post-application: FACES, VAS, FLACC. During removal & application: HR. |
Moore, 2015. USA. NRCT. | n = 12^0 (0) CLT MP pre-COD: standard medical equipment & puppets. | n = 9^0 (0) SC during COD: Standard PP, clinical staff verbal explanations. | Pain: FPS(Pt.). Pain & distress: FLACC(R). Anxiety: STAI-CH(C). | Pre & post-procedure: FPS, FLACC, STAI-CH. Post-removal: FPS. |
First author, year. Location. Design. | Intervention | Control | Outcome: measures(assessor) | Measurement time points |
Quay, 1983. USA. RCT. | n = 26^0 (0) Discharge preparation weekly by nurse, written information, procedural rehearsal 3 days pre-discharge. | n = 24^0 (0) Routine instructions 3 days pre-discharge. | Anxiety: STAI-CH(Pt. & C). | 1-day pre-discharge, 1st follow-up visit: STAI-CH. |
Sveen, 2017. Sweden. RCT. | n = 31^16 (52) Internet based CBT & ACT support program. | n = 31^3 (10) SC during COD. | Posttraumatic stress: IES-R, PSI-SF, PSS(C). | Pre-procedure, post-procedure, 3mths post-injury, 12mths post-injury: IES-R, PSI-SF, PSS. |
Van der Heijden, 2018. South Africa. RCT. | n = 71^3 (4) 3–5 minute MT, parental soothing post-COD. | n = 64^3 (4) SC during COD, parental soothing post-COD. | Pain: COMFORT-B(R), FACES(Pt.). Distress: OSBD-r(R), FPS-R(Pt.). | Pre-procedure, hallway, entering room: OSBD-r, COMFORT-B. Pre & post-procedure: FPS-R, FACES. |
Whitehead-Pleaux, 2006. USA. RCT. | n = 8^0 (0) MT during COD. | n = 6^0 (0) Verbal support & distraction by music therapists during COD. | Pain: FACES(Pt.), HR(R). Behavioral distress: NAPI(R). Anxiety: Fear Thermometer(Pt.). | Pre & post-procedure: FACES, HR, Fear Thermometer. During procedure: FACES, HR, NAPI, Fear Thermometer. |