Preparation of Cu-BTC Supported Fly Ash-Based Catalyst and Research on Low-Temperature SCR Denitration Performance

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-992893/v1

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Preparation of Cu-BTC Supported Fly Ash-Based Catalyst and Research on Low-Temperature SCR Denitration Performance

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-992893/v1

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The novel Cu-BTC/FA materials were synthesized with Cu-BTC as the active component and solid fly ash as the catalyst carrier. then developed as the NO removing catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH₃. The physic-chemical properties of catalyst samples were characterized by multiple techniques, such as SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS, TPR and Raman. The results show that: (1) The active component Cu-BTC loading ratio is 9%, the denitration performance is excellent and has strong stability. Under this condition, the catalyst showed the highest NH₃-SCR activity, giving 94% NO conversion. (2) The catalysts show the good cyclic and stability in SCR denitration under 200 ℃. (3) It still shows high NO removal rate and good stability under the condition of SO₂, and the denitration rate is as high as 78.36%. (4) There is a certain degree of resource integration for carrier fly ash, which not only treats air pollutants to a certain extent, but also achieves the purpose of solid waste recycling.

Polymer Science

Cu-BTC/FA

Denitration and sulfur resistance

Fly ash

Selective catalytic reduction

Solid waste resource utilization

·Cu-BTC can be used as an excellent carrier in denitration.

· the main metal active species is Cu²+/Cu⁺.

·The denitration rate is as high as 94%.

·Under SO₂, shows a high NO removal rate and good stability.

The waste gas pollution of coal chemical enterprises has the characteristics of a wide range of emissions, a large amount of emissions, and the waste gas often contains toxic and harmful substances, which form a certain obstacle to the overall development of the social economy [1–3]. At the same time, it has a great negative impact on the living environment of mankind. The crude coal gas produced by the coking furnace passes through the condenser and the raw gas produced enters the gas boiler [4]. The main pollutants produced are sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) [5]. The discharge of these pollutants into the atmosphere has caused serious environmental problems. Therefore, the treatment of NOx is imminent [6–7].

At present, the most widely used NOx removal technology is selective catalytic reduction method in which the reducing agent selectively reacts with the NOx in the flue gas in the presence of a catalyst, and finally reduces the NOx to harmless N₂ and H₂O [8–9]. The reaction temperature of this method is low, generally not higher than 400°C [10]. It is currently recognized at home and abroad with a wide range of applications and better denitration performance [11].

As a key factor for SCR denitration, catalyst is also an important reason for the success or failure of the entire catalytic reaction. In commercial operation, a catalyst with good performance not only has strong stability, high NO conversion rate and wide temperature window, but also has good sulfur and water resistance [12–13]. According to the different active components of the catalyst, the catalyst is divided into noble metals catalysts, molecular sieve catalysts, metal oxide catalysts. Noble metals have good stability and good low-temperature catalytic activity, and high denitration efficiency [14].

At present, the more mature catalysts for industrial applications are mainly the mixture of vanadium-titanium base and molybdenum trioxide or tungsten trioxide [15]. This catalyst is mainly active in the temperature range of 380-450℃, and its pores will be formed by side reactions when the temperature is lower than 420℃ [16–18]. The blockage of ammonium sulfate causes a decrease in catalytic activity, and it is easy to leak vanadium-containing compounds into the atmosphere at high temperatures, which reduces the denitrification performance and also causes secondary pollution to the environment [19–20]. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a catalyst with good low temperature effect and high NO removal rate.

Metal-organic framework (MOFs) materials are a kind of open crystal framework materials with adjustable pore size and permanent porous structure that are assembled by metal-containing units and organic ligands under certain conditions [21–22]. Because of its ultra-high specific surface area, strong adsorption capacity, multifunctional metal center and modifiable pores, it is widely used in many fields [23–24]. Among them, in the catalytic process, on the one hand, the high specific surface of the MOFs material is conducive to the adsorption and enrichment of the substrate molecules around the active center. On the other hand, the structural properties of inorganic-organic hybrid MOFs provide the possibility to form one or more catalytic centers in a single pore. Therefore, MOFs are a new type of solid catalytic material with broad application prospects [25].

There are certain researches on the application of metal-organic framework to SCR denitration. At present, the prepared MOFs are compressed for denitration and have a good treatment effect, but the preparation time is too long, the preparation amount is small, and the cost is too high. Therefore, the bottleneck encountered at present is how to industrialize it.

As a kind of solid waste with relatively large output, fly ash needs to be resolved in a reasonable manner. Fly ash is a special powder mixed with regular particles and porous particles, inorganic and organic substances, hollow particles and solid particles [26]. It is a char-like particle with a complex shape and a porous surface formed due to the volatilization and chemical reaction of the carbon particles during the combustion process. The specific surface area is about 0.8-2.4 m² g⁻¹. Fly ash is mainly composed of SiO₂ and a small amount of CaO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MgO, and has stable physical and chemical properties and a more complex composition structure [27]. The application of fly ash to the preparation of catalytic materials is an important way to realize its high added value utilization. The change of its composition and structure has a great impact on the performance of the catalyst. Different active components and structures correspond to different reaction types and have a very wide range of adaptability [28–29]. Due to the relatively stable physical and chemical properties of fly ash, more and more researchers use it as a catalyst or catalyst carrier for research.

In this paper, a hydrothermal method is used to prepare Cu-BTC materials, with solid waste fly ash as the carrier. Cu-BTC is used as the active component and loaded on fly ash to prepare Cu-BTC/FA catalyst for low-temperature selective denitration. It not only improves the utilization rate of fly ash, but also reduces pollution. The purpose of improving the environment and secondary use. And most importantly, it provides a feasible basis for the industrial application of fly ash flue gas denitration loaded with Cu-BTC, which has strong practical significance.

2.1. Material synthesis

2.1.1. Optimization of synthesis conditions of Cu-BTC material

(1) Molar ratio of substrate to ligand

Prepare a mixture of Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O and H₃TBC in a ratio of 1:1. After stirring, transfer to a 100 mL stainless steel reactor at 150 ℃. Keep it in a constant temperature oven for 15 h. After filtering, washing and drying the product for 3 times, it was placed in a vacuum drying oven at 100°C and activated for 12 h, and the blue powder obtained was sequentially denoted.

2.1.2. Preparation of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

Mix fly ash and Ca-based bentonite in a 4:1 ratio, add 20 wt% deionized water to knead into a dough, put it into the catalyst molding extrusion device, extrude it, and place it in a 105°C electric blast drying oven for drying 30 min to obtain a columnar fly ash carrier. Weigh 0.5 g fly ash carrier, load a certain amount of Cu-BTC, and dry it in a vacuum drying oven for 10min to obtain Cu-BTC/FA catalyst. The preparation of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst are shown in Fig. 1.

2.2. Catalyst evaluation device

The activity evaluation of the catalyst was carried out in a vertical denitration experimental device. Simulated gas was introduced to observe the changes of NO data. Fig. 2 is the catalyst evaluation device and experimental flow chart.

The calculation method of the denitration rate is:

\(\text{R}\text{e}\text{m}\text{o}\text{v}\text{a}\text{l} \text{e}\text{f}\text{f}\text{i}\text{c}\text{i}\text{e}\text{n}\text{c}\text{y}=\frac{{C}_{{NO}_{inlet}}-{C}_{{NO}_{outlet}}}{{C}_{{NO}_{inlet}}}\times 100\%\)

(1)

2.3 Experimental characterization

XRD: The sample was tested by XD-3 X-ray diffraction analyzer to obtain an XRD pattern.

SEM: The model was JSM-6460LV, the working voltage was 20kV, and the magnification was 5000 times.

XPS: The X-ray photoelectron spectrometer model used in this paper was: ESCALAB250 (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The instrument had a sensitivity of 180 KCPS, an energy resolution of 0.45eV (Ag), and an image resolution of 3µm. The results of the analysis were all corrected with C1s.

FT-IR: The Fourier infrared spectrometer is produced by Bruker, model is VERTEX 70.

H₂-TPR: The surface characteristics of the catalyst samples were analyzed and measured with a T5076 (Tianjin Xianquan Industry and Trade Development Co., Ltd.) dynamic adsorption/desorption instrument. The catalyst sample volume is about 50 mg, the program temperature rise rate is 0.5 to 90 ℃/min, and the reducing gas is a mixture of 95% N₂ + 5% H₂.

Raman: 532 nm argon ion laser was used to collect Raman spectra on a Renishaw IN Raman spectrometer, and experiments were performed on powder samples deposited on glass slides.

3.1. Denitration, sulfur resistance, stability and cyclical experiments of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

Reaction condition: [NO]=600ppm, [NH₃]=600ppm, [SO₂]=600 ppm, [O₂]=6% ,N₂ balance

Figure 3. Activity evaluation of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

Figure 3(a) shows the effect of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst prepared with different loading ratio on the denitration performance. It can be seen that the catalyst prepared by Cu-BTC supported fly ash has a higher denitration effect. The denitration rate of the traditional fly ash blank catalyst is about 20%. Cu-BTC/FA has the best denitration performance, the denitration rate gradually stabilizes, up to 94%. The best loading ratio of the catalytic activity of Cu-BTC/FA catalysts is:9%. The reason is that the load is too small, the active sites are not evenly loaded, so the denitration effect is not optimal, but when the load is too large, the active sites occupy more positions, and the load will appear piled up, which will affect the denitration effect. Therefore, the optimal loading ratio for preparing Cu-BTC/FA is 9%.

Figure 3(b) shows the stability evaluation experiment of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst under the condition of SO₂. It shows that without SO₂, the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst can maintain high efficiency in the removal rate of NO. When 600 ppm SO₂ is introduced, the activity of the catalyst is affected, and the removal rate of NO is reduced. After stopping SO₂, the removal rate is rebounded. The results show that the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst exhibits a higher NO removal rate and good stability under the condition of SO₂.

Figure 3(c) shows the cyclic and stability of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst in SCR denitration under 200 ℃. The results show that after 6 tests, the activity of the catalyst can still be maintained about 72%, indicating that the catalyst still maintains a denitration effect of up to 70%. At the same time, a stability test of up to 6 h is carried out, and its denitration efficiency is maintained above 75%. Therefore, it shows that the catalyst has good stability and cyclability.

3.2. Characterization and analysis of Cu-BTC/FA

3.2.1. XRD

Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of Cu-BTC/FA (fresh), Cu-BTC/FA (inactived) and Cu-BTC/FA (desulfurization). Because the main components of fly ash are Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. The characteristic peaks of mullite crystal form appeared at 21.23°, 26.27°, 35.28°, 40.87°, and 60.71°, and the characteristic peaks of quartz quartz crystal form appeared at positions of 23.02°, 30.92° and 52.62°. When the Cu-BTC active component is loaded on fly ash, the Cu-BTC/FA (fresh) prepared, there is a richer copper oxide crystal structure in the sample, mainly including CuO, Cu₂O, and the distribution of CuO is more than that of Cu₂O, the reason is that Cu₂O is easy to decompose to produce CuO. CuO and Cu2O have no obvious diffraction peaks, indicating that these two oxides are amorphous or uniformly dispersed on the surface of the catalyst [30]. The crystal structure on the surface of Cu-BTC/FA (inactived) catalyst is different than that of Cu-BTC/FA (Fresh), and the XRD peak pattern has obvious changes, especially at 12°, 14.3°, 18.1°. According to the previous research of the research group, these three peaks are special peaks of Cu-BTC. During the reaction, the characteristic peaks reacted and CuO was partially generated, indicating that the crystal structure of Cu-BTC was destroyed and the catalyst structure after the reaction changed, but after 20°, the catalyst structure did not change significantly. For the sulfur-resistant Cu-BTC/FA (desulfurization) catalyst, the peak shape changes slightly. The peaks of Cu₂S, CuS and Cu₂SO₄ appeared in the XRD pattern. At 37.5°, 45.8°, 47.1°, 53.9° are the diffraction peaks of Cu₂S, at 20.5°, 36.7°, 38.1° are the diffraction peaks of Cu₂SO₄, at 18.1°, 20.5°, 26.3°, 33.7°, 50° are CuS the diffraction peaks. The results show that SO₂ reacts preferentially with the active components of the catalyst, occupying active sites and introducing new impurities, which is consistent with the decrease in the denitration effect of the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst caused by the introduction of SO₂.

3.2.2. FTIR

Figure 5 shows the characterization of catalytic species on the surface of Cu-BTC/FA (fresh), Cu-BTC/FA (inactived) and Cu-BTC/FA (desulfurization) catalysts. Comparing Cu-BTC/FA before and after denitration, the absorption peak at 1644 cm⁻¹ is the (CO) stretching vibration absorption peak in the ligand DMF, and the absorption peak at 1447 cm⁻¹ is the vibration absorption peak of the benzene ring skeleton structure. The absorption peak at 1371 cm⁻¹ is the symmetrical absorption peak of (CO-O) in 1,3,5 trimellitic acid. These peaks are all produced by the synthesis of the solvent and experimental drugs added in the preparation process of the active component Cu-BTC in the reactor. The Si-O vibration peak of fly ash raw material appeared near 1041cm⁻¹, and the Al-O vibration peak of AlO₆ appeared near 540cm⁻¹. These telescopic vibration peaks are all related to the important component of mullite in fly ash. Comparing the Cu-BTC/FA before and after the denitration and desulfurization, it can be seen that the peaks at 1644 cm⁻¹, 1447 cm⁻¹, and 1371 cm⁻¹ disappeared. The reason is that the three peaks are mainly the active component Cu -BTC peak, and in the catalytic reaction, the characteristic peak of the active component reacts with NH₃ or NO, causing the peak to weaken or even disappear. When SO₂ is introduced, compared with the infrared spectrum of Cu-BTC/FA after denitration, there are almost no new peaks, and the peak shapes are basically similar, which further proves that the sulfur resistance is good [31]. This can be well combined with XRD to explain its denitration mechanism.

3.2.3. SEM

Figure 6 is the electron micrograph of the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst before and after denitration and after sulfur resistance. Figure 6(a) is the Cu-BTC/FA (fresh) catalyst, 6(b) is the Cu-BTC/FA (inactived) catalyst, and 6(c) is the Cu-BTC/FA (desulfurization) catalyst. It can be seen that the Cu-BTC/FA (inactived) catalyst has reduced the gaps between particles, agglomeration has occurred on the surface of the catalyst, and the distribution of surface components is not uniform even before the reaction. The reason is that the ammonium salt produced during the SCR reaction covers the surface of the catalyst, reducing the gap between the particles and the pore structure of the catalyst. After a certain amount of SO₂ is introduced into the system, the active components in the catalyst will react with the element S to form sulfur salts, which makes the reduction of the pore structure of the catalyst surface more obvious. Therefore, there are still small particles on the catalyst surface as fresh catalysts. The reduction of the voids between the particles comes from the aggregation of sulfide salts and sulfate salts.

3.2.4. XPS

In order to further reveal the element composition and valence state of the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst surface, the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst with better denitration and anti-sulfur effects was characterized by XPS. As shown in Fig. 7, the XPS full spectrum confirmed that the catalyst surface contains Cu, O and C elements. The characteristic peak position of C 1s is 284.6 eV as the measurement standard for XPS characterization.

It can be seen from the Cu2p XPS spectrum that the Cu2p binding energy of the Cu-BTC/FA catalyst is composed of Cu2P_3/2, Cu2P_1/2, and the characteristic peaks of 895 eV and 979 eV are attributed to Cu2P_3/2, Cu2P_1/2. The sample has an obvious satellite peak at the binding energy of 938.8-944.2 eV, which is a characteristic peak of Cu²+ d⁸ orbital electron arrangement, indicating that the surface of the sample contains Cu²⁺ species. It is reported in the literature that in the SCR denitration reaction, NH₃ and NO molecules are easily adsorbed on the Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ on the surface of the catalyst to react [32–33]. At the same time, Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ are also considered to be the main metal active sites in the SCR reaction. Fitting the Cu2P_3/2 and Cu2P_1/2 peaks respectively, it can be found that the sample surface contains Cu species, that is, Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ coexist, and the relative content of the two-valence species is not much different. After the reaction, the positions of the main peaks all shifted to high binding energy, and the shift was small after anti-sulfur denitration [34]. It is speculated that SO₂ binds to the surface-active sites of the metal organic framework, resulting in a small shift of the main peak.

Fitting the O1s spectra before and after the reaction showed that there were two peaks at 532 eV and 530.8 eV. The peak at 532 eV mainly exists in the form of O²⁻ or O⁻, corresponding to the surface adsorbed oxygen species O_ß, the peak at 530.8 eV mainly exists in the form of O²⁻, corresponding to the lattice oxygen species O_α. According to literature reports, adsorbed oxygen is the most active reactive species in catalytic reactions and can significantly promote the oxidation-reduction reaction on the catalyst surface in SCR reactions. Based on the area integration of these two peaks, it can be calculated that the relative concentration of O_ß /(O_α+O_ß) in the Cu-BTC/FA material is 29.9%. Because the surface adsorbed oxygen O_ß has better fluidity, and can be used as an electron acceptor to react with the reaction gas NO. Therefore, Cu-BTC/FA with a higher O_ß /(O_α+O_ß) ratio is presumed to have higher SCR denitration performance [35]. This explains the excellent denitration performance of the catalyst in the above activity test.

3.2.5. H₂-TPR and Raman

Figure 8(a) is the H₂-TPR experiment of the catalyst. It can be seen that the catalyst has similar H₂ reduction peaks before and after the reaction. Combined with the Cu-BTC thermogravigram, it can be seen that the catalyst sample has only one obvious reduction peak in the low temperature range of 0-350°C, and the peak that appears is caused by the reduction of Cu^{2 +} to Cu ⁺. When the temperature is higher than 400°C, the Cu-BTC structure will collapse [36]. The reduction peak of the catalyst after the reaction disappears at 0-350°C. The reason is that the characteristic peak of Cu-BTC participates in the catalytic reaction during the denitration process, resulting in the disappearance of the characteristic peak. The three obvious reduction peaks appearing at temperatures above 500°C are mainly caused by the reduction of other elements (Si, Al, etc.) in the catalyst carrier fly ash.

Figure 8(b) is the raman characterization diagram of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst prepared under the optimal conditions. The characteristic peaks in the low frequency region of 100-600cm⁻¹ are attributed to the Cu₂C₄O₈ metal cluster in the Cu-BTC catalyst structure. Among them, there is a strong structural characteristic peak near 101cm⁻¹, which is attributed to the stretching vibration of the Cu-Cu bond. The attribution of the characteristic peaks at 230cm⁻¹ and 548cm⁻¹ has not been accurately confirmed. The characteristic peaks of 730-1800cm⁻¹ in the high frequency region are attributed to the internal organic components of the Cu-BTC catalyst, and the characteristic peaks of 1578cm⁻¹ and 1475cm⁻¹ are attributed to the symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibration peaks of -COO. This shows that 1,3,5 trimellitic acid is completely deprotonated. The characteristic peaks at 1097cm⁻¹ and 1001cm⁻¹ can be attributed to the vibrational stretching peak of the C=C bond on the benzene ring, and the characteristic peak near 825cm⁻¹ is the bending vibration peak of the C-H bond on the benzene ring. The above results show that the Cu-BTC material prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method is successfully synthesized and the structure is complete.

3.2.6 NO reaction process

Based on the XPS and H₂-TPR characterization results, it is speculated that the NH₃-SCR reaction process with Cu-BTC/FA as the catalyst is as follows:

NH₃(g)+Cu⁺→NH₃(a)	(1)
NO(g)+Cu²⁺→NO(a)	(2)
NO(a) +Cu²⁺+ NH₃(a) →N(a) + O(a)+ Cu⁺+ NH₃(a)	(3)
NO(a) + Cu⁺ NH₃(a) →N(a) + O(a)+ Cu⁰+ NH₃(a)	(4)
NH₃(a) + O(a) →NO₂(g)	(5)
N(a) + N(a) →N₂(g)	(6)
O(a)+ Cu⁺/ Cu⁰→Cu²⁺	(7)
The reaction diagram is shown in Fig. 9.

In the low temperature stage, that is, the reaction (1) and (2) stage, NO and NH₃ gas molecules are adsorbed by Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ ions respectively, and active NO(a) and NH₃(a) species are formed at the same time. With the increase of temperature, namely the reaction (3) stage, the active NO(a) is decomposed into active N(a) and O(a) species, and Cu²⁺ is reduced to Cu⁺ by NH₃. When the temperature continues to rise, that is, the reaction (4) stage, the active NO continues to decompose the N(a) and O(a) species, while Cu⁺ is reduced to Cu⁰ by NH₃. In the reaction (5) and (6) stages, NH₃(a) is oxidized by the active O(a) species to generate NO₂, and N(a) is combined to generate N₂. In the reaction (7) stage, Cu⁺ and Cu⁰ react with the active species to re-convert to high-valence Cu²⁺, so that the SCR reaction can continue.

The solid waste fly ash was used as a carrier, and Cu-BTC was loaded on the surface of columnar fly ash as an active component to prepare a Cu-BTC/FA catalyst. Use a variety of characterization methods to analyze, determine the morphology, structure and properties of the catalyst, and analyze its impact on the denitration performance. The results show: The optimal Cu-BTC/FA was prepared and it was proved to have excellent catalytic activity in the temperature range of 100-300 ℃. When the active component Cu-BTC loading ratio is 9%, the denitration effect is as high as 94%. The denitration performance is excellent and has strong stability. The Cu-BTC/FA catalyst also shows a high NO removal rate and good stability under the condition of SO₂. The catalyst has good stability and cyclability. After 6 tests, the activity of the catalyst can still be maintained about 72%. Also, stability test of up to 6 h is carried out, and its denitration efficiency is maintained above 75%. According to XPS and H₂-TPR test results, the main metal active species of the catalyst is Cu²⁺/Cu⁺. When the temperature continues to rise, the main active species is Cu⁺/Cu⁰. The interaction between Cu ions is conducive to the generation of more metal active sites.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, Shu Hao; Methodology, Yuling Liu; Software, Shu Hao; Validation, Shu Hao; Investigation, Shu Hao; Data Curation, Shu Hao; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, Shu Hao; Writing-Review & Editing, Shu Hao.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [51578452]; Key R & D Program in Shaanxi Province [2020SF-354]; Open Fund of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation [NO. DZBZ2020-08].

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Preparation of Cu-BTC Supported Fly Ash-Based Catalyst and Research on Low-Temperature SCR Denitration Performance

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Highlights

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1. Material synthesis

2.1.1. Optimization of synthesis conditions of Cu-BTC material

2.1.2. Preparation of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

2.2. Catalyst evaluation device

2.3 Experimental characterization

3. Results And Discussion

3.1. Denitration, sulfur resistance, stability and cyclical experiments of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

3.2. Characterization and analysis of Cu-BTC/FA

3.2.1. XRD

3.2.2. FTIR

3.2.3. SEM

3.2.4. XPS

3.2.5. H₂-TPR and Raman

3.2.6 NO reaction process

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

Preparation of Cu-BTC Supported Fly Ash-Based Catalyst and Research on Low-Temperature SCR Denitration Performance

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Highlights

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1. Material synthesis

2.1.1. Optimization of synthesis conditions of Cu-BTC material

2.1.2. Preparation of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

2.2. Catalyst evaluation device

2.3 Experimental characterization

3. Results And Discussion

3.1. Denitration, sulfur resistance, stability and cyclical experiments of Cu-BTC/FA catalyst

3.2. Characterization and analysis of Cu-BTC/FA

3.2.1. XRD

3.2.2. FTIR

3.2.3. SEM

3.2.4. XPS

3.2.5. H2-TPR and Raman

3.2.6 NO reaction process

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

3.2.5. H₂-TPR and Raman