Influence of Social networking sites on social capital formation among Emerging adults of Idukki, Kerala

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-996376/v1

Background: Social networking sites (SNS) enhance human relationships and decrease space by promoting computer-mediated communication. Emerging adults who interact in the virtual world have a definite role in physical, emotional, social and cognitive development. The paper aims to study the use of SNS and its influence on social capital formation among emerging adults.

Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among 455 emerging adults study undergraduate courses in Idukki district following cluster sampling method. The self-reported questionnaire, contained a pattern of SNS usage, self-esteem (Rosenberg scale) and social capital (ISCC). Correlation and Linear regression analyses were performed.

Results: Under graduation students studied Arts and Science (56%), Medicine (14%) and Engineering (30%). About 92% were dependent on their parents, 76% accessed SNS. Among them 57% accessed through smartphones. Students spent 60 minutes on SNS a day. More time was spent by Male students (43%) compared to females. Total friends in SNS, close friends and online-only friends were the predictors for Bonding Capital and online-only friends and close friends were predictors for bridging capital of social capital.

Conclusions: Three-fourth of emerging adults accessed SNS. Half accessed through smartphones. SNS has contributed positively to social capital formation.

Emerging adults

Social networking sites

social capital formation

Kerala

bonding capital

bridging capital

An important aspect of the 21^st century is the easy accessibility of the Internet. Internet provided windows of opportunities for connecting with people around the globe with a click of a button, which makes it easier to reach others including significant others(DiMaggio et al., 2001). Internet-based social media emerged as a big industry in the recent past. More and more people interact with others through this modern media. Even the interpersonal relationships and interactions are reduced to social media-based communication. They have definite roles in the emotional, social, psychological and cognitive development among their users(Rideout et al., 2010).

1.1 Social Networking Sites (SNS)

The most attractive feature of social media is subscribing to Social Networking Sites (SNS). By registering with SNS, members get privileges to create public profiles, through which others know about them and interact with them using different modes of communications. SNS has unique identifying features, publically articulated connections and scope for a wide range of user-generated contents and so on. Researchers called this aspect of SNS a 'networked communication platform'(Ellison & Boyd, 2013).

1.2 Emerging Adulthood

Jeffery Arnett in 1998 pointed out a distinct period from adolescence and adulthood as emerging adulthood. Many young people are remaining in college in their early and mid-twenties so they are free from parental and familial responsibilities. Hence, he called the period between 18 to 25 years as Emerging Adulthood: - period of transition to adulthood(Arnett, 2000). Some developmental changes described during the emerging adulthood period are identity exploration, period of uncertainty, feeling –in-between, being self-focussed, optimistic and positive feelings about the future possibilities(Arnett, 2006; Nelson & Barry, 2005).

1.3 Self-Esteem and Social Capital

Self-esteem is an attitude towards self. It depends on how a person values self-based on skills, abilities, social relationships and future outcomes(Robins et al., 2002; Rosenberg et al., 1995). It is one of the pillars for psychological well-being and personality development. Unlike self-esteem, Social capital is the total of resources a person gets from the relationship with other people(Coleman, 1988). Putnam defined two types of individual-level social capital – bridging (weak ties) and bonding social capitals (strong ties)(Norris, 2004; Putnam, 2000).

1.3.1 Influence of SNS on Self-Esteem and Social Capital

These social tools have become more accessible to young adults with the highest penetration of the smartphone. The key users of SNS are found to be young adults in the age group of 18-25 years. The recent era witnessed dynamic changes in media usage among emerging adults, who are spending much of their time exploring newer media such as the internet(Coyne et al., 2013).

Das and Sahoo, (2011) mentioned that SNS influences a person in his physical life, social life and psychological well-being(Das & Sahoo, 2011). Recent studies identified favourable influences of SNS on the developmental phase of emerging adults as enhancing self-esteem and social support, increasing social capital, safe role in identity exploration, increasing opportunity to self-disclosure(Apaolaza et al., 2013; Best et al., 2014; Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Manago et al., 2012; Pempek et al., 2009; Valenzuela et al., 2009; Valkenburg et al., 2006). In addition, SNS helps to maintain a large number of diverse relationships and hence, it supports the generation of bridging social capital rather than bonding capital.

Based on the meticulous literature review, it is obvious that the usage of SNS and the networks formed by the interactions do have an impact on a person's social as well as psychological well-being. Since young adults are serious users of SNS, most of the studies addressed the issue of SNS usage among college students. In India, there are only a few studies published on assessing the SNS usage pattern. In the olden days, it was believed that social capital is formed through direct social interactions. In this technological era, SNS has changed the way of social interactions. So there exists a gap between the studies related to the usage of SNS and their effects on mental and social well-being among the users in India. It is also substantiated that self–esteem and social capital are the irreplaceable aspects of social and psychological well-being. It is important to scrutinize the effects of SNS in this novel and dynamic era of technology. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to assess the self-worth perceived resources gained through social interactions by SNS among emerging adults.

1.4 Objectives

To understand the pattern of usage of SNS among emerging adults.
To study the relationship between the pattern of usage of SNS and self-esteem, social capital formation in terms of bonding capital and bridging capital among emerging adults.
To study the SNS usage predictors of social capital formation among emerging adults bulleted lists

A cross-sectional study was carried out among 455 undergraduate students in the Idukki district, Kerala. The different backgrounds students were included in the study.

2.1 Sampling Procedure

A multistage cluster sampling method was used. Ten colleges (including professional and non-professional) from36 colleges of the Idukki district were selected randomly. From each college, all students who were pursuing the second year of their respective courses were listed. From the list, the principal investigator selected samples as per the probability proportionate to size to the strength of the students.

2.2 Data Collection Technique

A pre-tested questionnaire, having three sections, was used to collect the data. Section A comprised of socio-demographic details, general information about SNS membership and usage, SNS usage pattern- including duration, frequency and activities, network characteristics including the size of the network and the nature of relationships. Section B and C were about information for outcome variables, namely, self-esteem and social capital respectively. Self–esteem was measured using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale(Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Steinfield et al., 2008). The scale had 10items measuring self-worth. Self-worth measuring both positive and negative feelings about the self. All items had a 4-point Likert scale, with the options ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree(Rosenberg et al., 1995). Section-C assessed the social capital with an adapted and modified version of the Internet Social Capital Scale (ISCS) that was developed by Dimitri Williams in 2006(Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Steinfield et al., 2008; Williams, 2006). The original scale had 20 items with two subscales to assess the two types of social capital bridging and bonding respectively. But the modified version had 16 components(Williams, 2006). The English version of the modified social capital scale was validated in Kerala among college students in 2014. After the validation, two components were removed from the scale since they were found to be inappropriate to the Indian context(Sangeetha & Mavoothu, 2013). Both scales were used after acquiring permission from the corresponding authors. Then a questionnaire was translated into Malayalam and for validation, it was back-translated into English. Data was collected using the Malayalam version of the questionnaire.

2.3 Data Collection

The first author collected data from the respondents. The data was collected from June to August 2015.

2.4 Data Storage, Cleaning and Analysis

The data were coded, entered and cleaned in Microsoft Excel 2010 and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21. The analysis had done for 455 respondents, which is a response rate of 92.5 per cent.

Figure 1: frameworks for analysis Here

2.5 Ethical considerations

Written informed consent was taken from all participants. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of ABCDE Institute, (Ref No: XXX/IEC/NNN/AAA-2015).

3.1 The pattern of usage of SNS

The median age of the respondents was 19 years ranging from 18 to 22 years. More than half of the respondents were female students (57.4 %). Out of 455 students, only 345 (75.8%) used at least one form of SNS regularly during one month before data collection. Among the SNS users, about 38 per cent were found to be using only one form of SNS. Facebook was found to be the most popular form of SNS among emerging adults followed by WhatsApp. The emerging adults were reported to be engaged with the SNS from a median age of sixteen years ranging from 9 to 20 years. The smartphone was the most common device used for accessing the SNS.

Figure 2: commonly using SNS by emerging adults Here

Figure 3: communication activities on SNS Here

3.2 The extent of usage of SNS

As per the analysis, a considerable proportion of emerging adults spent an average of 120 minutes (0-600 minutes) in a usual holiday and 30 minutes (0-540 minutes) in a usual working day on SNS. However, the frequency of usage of SNS ranged from 0- 15 times with a median of 2 times for both during a usual holiday and a usual working day. On average, an emerging adult spent 60 minutes on SNS per day. The total number of friends for emerging adults in the virtual world ranged from 25 to 6098 with a median of 437. Friends in the virtual world are more for male students.

Figure 4. Maximum usage times on SNS by emerging adults. Here

3.3 The Relationship between SNS usage and social capital formation

Social capital formation was further grouped into bonding capital and bridging capital as discussed in the methodology. Among emerging adults, the factors related to SNS usage that were found to be significantly related to both bonding capital and bridging capital are discussed below.

3.4 Bivariate analysis

Initially, Pearson correlation was performed for analysis. P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant.

Table 1 Correlations Here

From the above table 1, it is clear that SNS use during holidays and last working day, number of close friends in SNS and number of friends in social life are correlated significantly with 'Bonding capital'. While, money spent on SNS in a month, SNS use during holidays, SNS use during last Sunday, SNS use during working days, SNS use during last working day, total friends in SNS, close friends in SNS, online-only friends, friends in social life and self-esteem life are correlated significantly with 'Bridging capital.' Based on the correlation all the variables were included in the multivariate model for performing linear regression analysis.

3.5 Linear Regression Analysis

Table 2 shows only Total friends in SNS, close friends, and online-only friends were the predictors for Bonding Capital among the emerging adults. The number of friends matters more than the number of hours spent on SNS that helped the emerging adults for bonding capital. Or Bonding depends on the number of friends they have in terms of the total number, close friends, and friends only online.

Table 2 Linear Regression for bonding capital Here

Table 3 Linear Regression for bridging capital Here

On the other hand, the predictors for the Bridging capital(table 3) for the emerging adults based on the linear regression analysis are online-only friends and close friends. These two are also found as predictors for Bonding capital. The number of friends matters more for both the bridging capital and bonding capital or together social capital formation. The association of Self-esteem with bridging capital in the correlation was not found to be a predictor in linear regression analysis.

From the study, it was found out that male students were accessing SNS more than female students. As a whole, more than half of the emerging adults were accessing SNS via smartphones. These results suggesting the penetration of smartphones into the emerging adulthood population and how these devices helped overcome the hurdles in accessing SNS(TCS, 2015; Watkins et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2013).

The time spent on Social Networking Sites varied with sex, weekdays and weekends. On average, an emerging adult spent 60 minutes on SNS per day (120 minutes on a usual weekend day and 30 minutes on usual weekdays). These findings were in accord with the report published by The Internet and mobile association of India 2014.

The present study was in contrast with the studies which reviewed that SNS enhanced self-esteem(Boyd & Ellison, 2007). A major problem inherent in the measure of self-esteem was found to be the extent to which self-reports were influenced by self-presentational concerns(Buhrmester et al., 2011). This might be one of the reasons why the present study results seldom supported that SNS usage was influencing self-esteem.

It could be agreed that social relationships played a beneficial role in the maintenance of psychological well-being(Kawachi, 2001). In the light of the present study, the pattern of usage of SNS seemed to be influencing the generation of bonding as well as bridging capital. The thorough observations, at the same time, convinced that the SNS usage was closely related to the generation of bridging social capital(Steinfield et al., 2008).

From the correlation, it is clear that SNS use during holidays and last working day, number of close friends in SNS and number of friends in social life are correlated significantly with 'Bonding capital'. While, money spent on SNS in a month, SNS use during holidays, SNS use during Sunday, SNS use during working days, SNS use during last working day, total friends in SNS, close friends in SNS, online-only friends, friends in social life and self-esteem life are correlated significantly with 'Bridging capital'. While other factors are positively correlated the self-esteem was inversely correlated with bridging capital. But the Linear Regression found only Total friends in SNS, close friends, and online-only friends were the predictors for Bonding Capital among the emerging adults and online-only friends and close friends were predictors for bridging capital. The number of friends matters more for both the bridging capital and bonding capital or together social capital formation than the time spent on SNS. The association of Self-esteem with bridging capital in the correlation was not found to be a predictor in linear regression analysis.

The present study supported the fact that SNS help in the generation of bridging social capital apart from assisting the emerging adults to maintain the relationship with large heterogeneous type network and explained why bridging capital was more in them. It was also evidenced that those emerging adults with a large network were likely to have more bridging capital. Our findings were in agreement with another study (Boyd & Ellison, 2007) that SNS usage was strongly associated with bridging social capital(Steinfield et al., 2008).

To our knowledge, there were no published studies in India about SNS and social capital. The findings of the study were similar to the studies conducted in the developed nations. Unlike the other studies that found time spent on an average day on SNS related to Social capital generation and the present study established that the time spent in an average day on SNS was related only with the generation of bridging capital and not with Bonding capital of social capital (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Phua & Jin, 2011). Despite that, when compared with the amount of time spent on usual holidays and weekdays, it was quite observable that those who were spending more than 120 minutes on holidays had more bridging capital. Also, the study found that male students had more bridging social capital than female ones. The outcome of the study brought about the trend that males were spending longer on SNS and their total number of friends on SNS was also higher. The number of friends and the time spent on SNS were directly related to the generation of social capital(Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Williams, 2006). Moreover, the emerging adults who were immersed with SNS with more activities were found to have more social capital than others. Similarly, bridging capital was also found to be more for those who were using SNS from younger ages. There were also evidences that those who initiated SNS in their younger years had more friends than others. Furthermore, a longitudinal study done in the USA concluded that SNS helps one widen the relationships(Steinfield et al., 2008). Perhaps, it might be the obvious reason for high bridging capital.

It was further identified that the number of close friends on SNS and the number of friends in social life were related to the bonding social capital. This was suggesting that emerging adults were using SNS for maintaining and interacting with close relationships without losing touch with social relationships(TCS, 2015).

For the present study data were collected from the students of various streams to represent the emerging adulthood population in the Idukki district. Another major strength was the self-esteem and social capital, the outcome variables, were assessed with validated scales. The data collection and analysis were done entirely by a single investigator to lessen bias and errors. A high response rate was another notable strength of the present study.

Genuinely study has some limitations also. First of all, the data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire. Therefore, the participants' responses might be subjected to biased responses and incorrect estimates. The second one was that the study captured the pattern of usage of SNS in the areas of time spent on usual holidays and working days, the number of friends and the frequency of accessing SNS. This would have been better if we have validated a subsample. Since it was a cross-sectional study, a causal relationship could not be established.

Among the study respondents, about three-fourth of emerging adults accessed SNS. Among them, half accessed them via their smartphones. There was also a difference in access among men and women. Along with that, the study could differentiate a high usage of social networking sites- the future media for communication. The Social Network platforms were emerging as an important place for the youth to share their thoughts, through which they could gain some benefits. The same had been discussed as social capital in the study. As a net result, the hike in the number of online friends suggested the emergence of a virtual society. Interestingly, this trend was not much different from other countries. Also, the social network interactions were not contributing to the self-esteem among the study participants. This suggested that the importance of social networking site usage was not directly contributing to self-esteem. However, the association with social capital was very interesting. The utilization of social networking sites contributed to social capital formation among emerging adults. This was very much true for bridging capital rather than bonding. In addition to what had been identified, the prolonged usage of social networks suggested that the emerging adults were more influenced by the modern media, which ultimately affect their interactions and socialization process, enabling them in their social capital formation. In reality, the study was conducted timely as the new media were slowly taking over the interactions among the emerging adults. The study would be an initial one, conducted among the emerging adults in the state of Kerala. Hopefully, this necessitated the policymakers to shift their attention to the new merging media for letting them reach the youth. As such, the common problems found in Kerala such as drug addiction, lifestyle diseases, mental disorders and other problems among the youth might be approached through these media. Future studies might focus on the general population and other dimensions of social networking sites. There were many studies published in the area of usage of TV in the 1980s. Similar studies were not being conducted on social network usage in the recent past. Hence, this needs to be given paramount importance soon.

5 Acknowledgements:

This study was supported by the Student project fund of the Kerala Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Kerala.

6 Declaration of interest statement: Nothing to declare. Authors have no competing interest.

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Table 1. Correlations.

Bonding capital		money spent on SNS in a month	SNS Use during holidays	SNS Use during last Sunday	SNS use during working days	SNS use during last working day	total friends in SNS	close friends in SNS	Acquaintances in SNS	online only friends	Friends in social life	Self esteem
	Pearson Correlation	.073	.148^**	.105	.097	.133^*	.073	.120^*	.013	.117	.133^**	-.045
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.191	.006	.053	.072	.013	.178	.033	.816	.036	.006	.337
	Sum of Squares and Cross-products	22238.785	37422.186	23915.854	15093.548	19319.528	108535.694	51048.258	7598.684	80119.627	13741.021	-433.863
	Covariance	69.496	109.103	69.929	44.133	56.490	317.356	161.036	24.123	251.949	32.717	-.958
	N	321	344	343	343	343	343	318	316	319	421	454
Bridging capital	Pearson Correlation	.145^**	.169^**	.116^*	.124^*	.159^**	.186^**	.196^**	.103	.253^**	.064^**	-.015^*
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.009	.002	.032	.022	.003	.001	.000	.066	.000	.192	.753
	Sum of Squares and Cross-products	44968.059	43169.570	26674.647	19283.606	23185.781	280049.370	84481.472	60556.032	174868.063	6704.805	-140.960
	Covariance	140.525	125.859	77.996	56.385	67.795	818.858	266.503	192.241	549.900	15.964	-.311
	N	321	344	343	343	343	343	318	316	319	421	454

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 2. Linear Regression for bonding capital.

SNS		Pearson Correlation	Sig. (2-tailed)	Coefficients			t	Sig.
SNS		Pearson Correlation	Sig. (2-tailed)	Unstandardized B	Std. Error	Standardized Beta	t	Sig.
(Constant)				23.143	7.285		3.177	.002
Money spent on a month		.073	.191	.001	.002	.018	.279	.780
Used during holidays		.148^**	.006	.004	.004	.114	1.217	.225
Used last Sunday		.105	.053	-.001	.004	-.013	-.161	.872
used on working days		.097	.072	-.007	.007	-.105	-.900	.369
used on last working day		.133*	.013	.009	.007	.135	1.237	.217
total friends in SNS		.073	.178	-.003	.002	-.497	-2.061	.040
close friends		.120*	.033	.005	.002	.251	2.516	.012
Acquaintances in SNS		.013	.816	.003	.002	.207	1.615	.107
online only friends		.117	.036	.004	.002	.337	2.147	.033
Friends in social life		.133**	.006	.008	.007	.068	1.054	.293
Self esteem		-.045	.337	-.058	.078	-.044	-.743	.458
	*Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level(2-tailed) Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level(2-tailed)

Table 3. Linear Regression for bridging capital.

SNS	Pearson Correlation	Sig. (2-tailed)	Coefficients			t	Sig.
SNS	Pearson Correlation	Sig. (2-tailed)	Unstandardized B	Std. Error	Standardized Beta	t	Sig.
(Constant)			24.959	7.086		3.522	.001
Money spent on a month	.145**	.009	.002	.002	.072	1.175	.241
Used during holidays	.169**	.002	.006	.003	.148	1.641	.102
Used last Sunday	.116*	.032	.001	.004	.030	.372	.710
used on working days	.124*	.022	-.008	.007	-.127	-1.140	.255
used on last working day	.159**	.003	.004	.007	.067	.642	.521
total friends in SNS	.186**	.001	-.002	.002	-.360	-1.553	.122
close friends	.196**	.000	.006	.002	.282	2.947	.003
Acquaintances in SNS	.103	.066	.002	.002	.168	1.359	.175
online only friends	.253**	.000	.005	.002	.423	2.811	.005
Friends in social life	.064**	.192	-.007	.007	-.066	-1.076	.283
Self esteem	-.015*	.753	.012	.076	.009	.155	.877

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

Influence of Social networking sites on social capital formation among Emerging adults of Idukki, Kerala

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction