Toxicological effects of fluoride on Hematological parameters of Freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-999150/v1

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Toxicological effects of fluoride on Hematological parameters of Freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio.

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-999150/v1

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Blood is useful for assessing the health status, clinical evaluation survey of physiological, pathological conditions and diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of various types of diseases in animals. Blood parameters change in relation to the physiological status of an animal. The analysis of blood indices has proven to be valuable approach for analyzing the health status of animals as these indices provide reliable information on metabolic disorders. The fish, Cyprinus carpio exposed in lethal and sub lethal concentrations of fluoride at varying time intervals and effects on various hematological parameters were evaluated. WBC was decreased significantly in both concentrations. Significantly increased in the percentage of HB% at 96h in lethal & sub lethal, there was significantly decreased RBC level in lethal concentrations. While it was significantly increased RBC level at 48h. In lethal, HCT levels were decreased in all the durations. In sub lethal, HCT levels were insignificantly increased in 96h. In the lethal MCV was significantly decreased in all the duration. In sub lethal, MCV was found highly increased insignificantly. In lethal MCH was highly increased insignificantly in all the duration. While in sub lethal MCH was insignificantly increased in 48h & 72h. In the lethal & sub lethal concentrations of fluoride significantly increased in the MCHC levels.

hematological parameters

fluoride

Lethal & Sub lethal concentration

MCH

MCHC

Fluorine is the thirteenth most abundant element making up approximately 0.06 to 0.09% of the earth’s crust [1] & [2]. The main natural source of inorganic fluorides in soil is the parent rock [3]. At high doses, fluoride interferes with carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin, enzyme and mineral metabolism [4]. High fluoride levels cause cell damage and necrosis which affect organ function. Detailed changes which occur in the bone of animals severely affected with fluorosis have been described by Roholm [5] and Shupe [6]. Fluoride affects the hematological parameters [7], brings about morphological and behavioral changes [8] and affects the cellular architecture in vertebrates [9]. The observation of different haematological parameters provides a good deal in diagnosing the effect of fluoride on fish and in fact would give an insight into changes induced in the circulating fluids. Fluoride damages erythrocytes and induces echinocyte formation [10]. These damaged erythrocytes are eliminated through the process of phagocytosis, this shown that fluoride decreases RBC & hemoglobin [11]. Cyprinus carpio fish is an economical important fresh water fish and commonly cultured in many parts of the world. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the toxic effects of fluoride on haematological parameters exposed in lethal and sub lethal concentrations of fluoride at different time interval.

The fluoride waters obtained from nearby areas and were tested in public health Lab. The report indicates that, the bore water (F) contained 4.285mg/lit. Cyprinus carpio, ranging between weighing about 250gm.were collected from a nursery pond at Sawargaon in Umri Tahsil of Nanded district, Maharashtra, (India). The animals were brought to the laboratory and were acclimatized to lab condition for four days where they fade with rice and groundnut cake. Fish was exposed in lethal & sub lethal con. of fluoride at different time interval. One group served as a control, LC50 was recorded at 96h.

2.1. Collection of Blood

The blood was collected by direct heart puncturing using sterile disposable plastic syringe with a 22-gauge needle (Molnar, 1960). The blood sample was taken in a tube rinsed with EDTA as an anticoagulant, & was mixed gently by rotation and stored in a refrigerator at 4^oC. Preserved blood sample was used for hematological studies. Hematological parameters were determined by fully automated Cell Counter (Trivitron Selenium Jr.) & compared with control.

In the present study, in control, WBC count was highest in 72h & 48h followed by 24h & 96h. The HB was highest in 72h, followed by 24h & in 48h. The lowest was in 96h. The RBC count was highest in 72h followed by 48h 96h & in 24h. The hematocrit HCT percentage were highest in the 72h followed by 48h 24h & lowest was in 96h. The MCV was highest in 24h followed by 48h & 72h. Lowest was in 96h. The MCH in control was highest in 24h followed by 96h, 72h, lowest was in 48h. MCHC was highest in 24h followed by 72h and 96h & lowest were in 48h. as represented in graph (A) when, fish, Cyprinus carpio was exposed in lethal as well as sub lethal concentrations of fluoride, significant changes were observed on the haematological parameters. WBCs was significantly (P>0.05, P<0.05) decreased in the 24h, 48h & 72h. In 96h it was highly insignificantly decreased. In 24h, 48 &72h it was significantly (P<0.05) decreased. In 96h WBC was insignificantly decreased. The HB was increased insignificantly in 96h. The insignificantly decreased HB was in 24h & 48h. While significantly (P>0.05) decreased in 72h. The RBCs was decreased in all the duration of exposure. Significant (P<0.05) decreased was observed in 48h. In the 24h RBCs was decreased significantly (P>0.05). In 72h decreased insignificantly. In 96h it was insignificant decreased. The HCT, decreased in all duration & significantly (P>0.05) decreased in the 48h & 72h. In 48h, it was decreased insignificantly. The MCV was decreased all the duration. MCV was in 24h and 72h, was found decreased significantly (P>0.05). In 48h & 96h was decreased insignificantly. The MCH was highly elevated significantly during 48h. In 24h it was decreased significantly (P>0.05). In 72h & 96h decreased insignificantly. The MCHC increased in all duration. & highly elevated significantly (P>0.05) in the 48h, & in 72h increased significantly (P>0.05). In 96h increased insignificantly. In 24h, it was found significant equal (P=0.05). As represented in graph (B).

In Sub lethal, WBCs was significantly decreased in all the duration. In 96h it was insignificantly decreased. In 24h it was significantly decreased (P=0.05).In 48h &72h it was significantly (P>0.05) decreased. In 96h, it was insignificantly decreased. The HB was increased insignificantly in 96h.while insignificantly decreased was in 24h, 48h. It was significantly (P>0.01) decreased in72h. The RBC was increased insignificantly in 48h & in 24h it was decreased insignificantly. In 72h, it was decreased significantly (P>0.05). In24h & 96h, it was insignificantly decreased. The HCT was increased insignificantly. In the 48h & 72h, it was significantly (P>0.05) decreased. The MCV was increased insignificantly in 96h. MCV in 24h & 48h significantly (P>0.05) decreased. In 48h, & 96h, it was decreased insignificantly. The MCH was observed elevated in 48h & decreased insignificantly. In 24h it was decreased insignificantly. Followed by 72h it was decreased significantly (P>0.05). In 72h & 96h, it was decreased insignificantly. The MCHC was increased in all the duration. It was highly elevated significantly (P>0.05) in 72h & 48h. In 96h, it was increased significantly (P>0.05) .In 24h, it was increased insignificantly. In 48h, it was significant equal (P=0.01) as represented in graph in (C).

During the present investigation considerable effect on haematological parameters when exposed to the toxicant, fluoride are observed as per the data pertaining to % Hemoglobin (HB), White Blood Cells (WBC), Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC), Hematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) & Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), revels changes which influence the haematological parameters of the fish. [12] Reported a significant decrease in blood hemoglobin and haematocrit of Catfish, Cows & rats exposed to fluoride. The WBC, RBC count & Haemoglobin decreased in both the concentration of fluoride in all treated groups. Similar results were also reported by [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [24] reported the inhibition of RBC on fluoride exposure. The WBC count was significantly reduced in both fluoride concentrations similarly in another study WBC count change by fluoride exposure to 10pp for four month rats by Eren [22]

In this investigation of RBC, PCV, HB %, MCH, MCHC was found decreased. Similar reports were made by Ramanujaam & Mohanty [23] also reported decreases in RBC, PCV, HB %, MCH, MCHC due to thiodon. Bhatt and Farswan [24] observed that RBC, WBC, HB%, PCV decreased while ESR increased, due to plant toxicant Barilius bendalensis (Hem). In the present investigation we found significant increase in MCHC, WBC cell count. Similar observation was made by Nath and Banerjee [25] observed a significant increase in MCHC, WBC and ESR in Heteropheustes fossils due to toxicity of dimithion. A significant decreased in the Hb%, RBC and PCV% was noticed on exposure of Catla catla to Malathion and Dichlorofos [26]. The MCV increased in sub lethal dose of fluoride in 96h while it was remained elevated until the end of the experiment. Similar results were obtained by Kurovskaya and Osadchaya [27], who did not report anemia in common carp infested with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The increase in MCV, MCH in lethal & sub lethal exposure of fluoride elevated in 48h and altered or decreased MCHC was evident in the present investigation. This data confirmed that anemia produced was of macrocytic hypochromatic type. The MCHC is a good indicator of red blood cells swelling and a decrease in haemoglobin synthesis [28–29–30] Ololade and Oigni [31] observed a decrease in MCHC with increased concentration of toxicants (zinc). Martins et al.[32] and Sabri et al. [33] also recorded a significant decrease in RBC, PVC, and HB in parasitized specimens of Leporinus macrocephalus and Clarias garipienus, respectively.

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that fluoride is more toxic to fish. Exposure to both lethal & sub lethal concentration of fluoride resulted in significant alteration in haematological indices. Thus fluoride affects not only aquatic animals but also terrestrial animals too.

Funding: Not Applicable

Conflict of Interest: The authors has no any conflict of interest

Ethics approval/declarations: Not Applicable

Consent to participate: The authors has to consent to participate

Consent for publication: The authors has consent to publish this work

Data Availability Statement: All data sets generated for this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material.

Authors' contributions:

V.D, Suryawanshi performed, analyzed and interpreted the data regarding the manuscript.

D.S. Kharate was a contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Toxicological effects of fluoride on Hematological parameters of Freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio.

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Material And Methods

2.1. Collection of Blood

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

Declarations

References

graph

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