Intake, Rumen Fermentation and Apparent Digestibility of Aerbasi Cashmere Goats Fed Corn Stover, Caragana and Their Mixture on the Mongolian Plateau

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-100633/v1

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Intake, Rumen Fermentation and Apparent Digestibility of Aerbasi Cashmere Goats Fed Corn Stover, Caragana and Their Mixture on the Mongolian Plateau

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-100633/v1

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To effectively use local available feed resources to address the problem of animal feed shortage in winter, the intake, rumen fermentation and apparent digestibility of Aerbasi cashmere goats fed corn stover (CS), caragana (CA) and their mixture were studied on Mongolian plateau.The treatments were designed as CS, CA, CS 80% + CA 20% (MT1), CS 50% + CA 50% (MT2), and CS 20% + CA 80% (MT3). With an increased mixing ratio of CA, intake of DM, NDF, and half cellulose was decreased (P<0.05). Meanwhile intake of CP, ADF, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) was increased (P<0.05). Compared to the CS treatment, the proportion of particles ≤ 0.1 mm in size was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the CA treatment. With an increased mixing ratio of CA, the proportions of 0.5–1.0 and 1.0–5.0 mm particles decreased (P<0.05), but the proportion of > 5.0 mm particles did not. the proportions of ≤ 0.1 and 0.1–0.5 mm particles increased (P<0.05).The results confirm the mix ration of 4 to 1 has a good mix ratio for goat feed, based on the DM intake, apparent digestibility and VFA contents, and proportion of particles > 1.0 mm in size.

Agricultural Economics & Policy

Applied & Industrial Microbiology

Caragana

corn stover

digestibility

goat

rumen fermentation

The Inner Mongolian plateau, located in North China, has an average altitude of > 1,000 m (Tong et al. 2017), and is as one of the highest areas in China with a low winter temperature (Dai et al. 2015). The dry continental climate is characterised by an annual rainfall of approximately 8 inches (200 mm) and the mean temperatures during the warmest and coldest months vary over an enormous range (Zhao et al. 2016). Traditionally, the people living in the Inner Mongolian plateau region were nomadic and principally engaged in raising goats; however, extensive livestock farms were developed in the 20th century(Xu et al. 2006). Although the harsh climate restricts the agricultural and animal industry, in irrigated areas, corn and other crops can be grown on the plateau.

The major constraint on raising dairy on the plateau is poor livestock feed quality and quantity, especially during the winter season. The main feed resources for goats are hay, made from native grasses, and by-products from agriculture. Animals fed on low-quality roughage show low production; this is a problem for both the livestock industry and the local economy. In general, cashmere goats feed extensively during the summer, showing relative fatness and thinness during the autumn and winter, respectively, and physical weakness during the spring (Dong et al. 2006). To improve the livestock production system, to cover the animal feed shortage during the winter season, technologies exploiting locally available resources have been developed. These include determining the adaptability of crop residues and legume shrubs to various conditions, and exploring their nutritional value and potential productivity (Malhado et al. 2013).

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover (CS) is a locally available crop by-product that is widely used for cattle, sheep, and goat feed, at a lower cost than traditional animal feed (Yuan et al. 2013). When corn is harvested for grain, 40–50% of the dry matter (DM) of the corn plant remains in the field, including the leaves, stalks, husks, and cobs. After field exposure, the dry stover are collected and preserved for use as roughage for livestock. The use of CS as an animal feed has proven to be economically viable, not only as a way of disposing of CS residues but also as an alternative for feeding livestock in regions where corn is the main crop(Lesmeister et al. 2004). At present, CS is the major forage crop in goat dietary regimes in China(Xu et al. 2009), and it has the potential to provide more support to animal production systems than conventional forage crops in areas with high corn production (Shen et al. 2009).

Caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.; CA) is a common shrub located in arid and semiarid areas of North China, and widely distributed in Inner Mongolia (Zhong et al. 2016). Most previous studies on CA were concerned with its biological taxonomy, genetic diversity, and ecological value; very few studies have assessed its potential applications (Ma et al. 2008). In recently years, large quantities of CA were planted as forage crops in Inner Mongolia, due to its high DM yield and CP content (Zhong et al. 2014). Generally, local farms collect and store CA in the autumn, and mix it with CS for livestock feed during the winter. The nutritional value of CA can compensate for any shortage of CS, and their mixture can be used as a uniquely valuable feed.

CS and CA are believed to be important locally available feed sources, which can be preserved to help farmers feed their livestock throughout the winter. In general, fresh CS and silage can be used for animal feed, since they contain appropriate quantities of nutrients. However, due to a scarcity of winter feed, large amounts of dry CS or CA are currently being fed to goats in local farms on the Inner Mongolian plateau. When the CS is exposed in the field for a long period, it results in low-quality yields with decreased CP content and poor digestibility. In pastoral areas of grassland, there is a shortage of pasture resources(Zhong et al. 2014; Long et al.1999). Therefore, it is particularly important to feed cashmere goats at this location. The energy value of the feed directly affects the digestion of nutrients by the animals (Galyean et al. 1979). In particular, protein energy is a measure of diet quality(Janes et al. 1985).Caragana is abundant on the Inner Mongolian plateau and has a high CP content, which is an important indicator of its nutritional status. Local cashmere goats are not productive during the winter, a season in which local farmers can only use dry CS to meet the basic energy requirements of cashmere goats. To improve the nutrient content of CS, local farmers collect CA in the late autumn, and then mix it with CS as a feed supply for livestock during the winter. In general, the feed mixing ratios used by farms are as follows: CS 80% + CA 20%, CS 50% + CA 50%, and CS 20% + CA 80%. As such, the same ratios were used in this study.

However, to our knowledge, limited information is available on the optimal ratio of CA to CS for promoting growth of goats during the winter. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine the optimum CS:CA ratio for promoting goat production in the Inner Mongolian plateau, by adding CA to CS in varying proportions. Further objectives were to determine the effects of the feed on the intake amounts, rumen fermentation, and apparent digestibility of Aerbasi cashmere goats.

Animal care

The experiment was performed according to recommendations proposed by the European Commission (1997) to minimize the suffering of animals.After the experimental procedure, the experimental goat will not be killed, and they will continue to provide help for the future research work and provide suitable living conditions for them in the future life.

Diet and experimental design

The CS and CA were both harvested from an Agricultural Field of Xiwuzhumuqin town, Xilinhot, China. We had permission to use this field for our study, and all experiments were conducted in accordance with local legislation.The CS at maturity stage was obtained at 5 d of field exposure after corn harvest, and the stovers were chopped into approximately 2 cm by a chopper (TS420; Qufu Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., China). The CA at growth stage was obtained after 7 d of harvest, and the small branches and leaves were crushed to 4 mm with a crusher (FW100, Guangming Machine Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). The mixing ratio and chemical composition of CS and CA are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical composition (% DM) of corn stover (CS) and caragana (CA) and their mixture (M)

	CS	CA	M1	M2	M3	SEM	P-value
DM (%)	91.19±0.18^d	93.05±0.32^a	91.38±0.09^d	92.03±0.04^c	92.55±0.22^b	1.50	0.002
OM	92.58±0.03^d	96.81±0.17^a	92.97±0.12^d	93.01±0.03^c	94.26±0.01^b	1.42	<0.001
CP	4.00±0.27^e	10.62±0.11^a	6.37±0.13^d	7.42±0.12^c	8.05±0.22^b	0.60	<0.001
NDF	71.59±1.14^a	67.89±1.32^d	70.13±1.31^b	68.57±1.23^c	68.14±1.29^d	0.74	<0.001
ADF	46.97±0.82^e	57.42±0.93^a	49.36±0.24^d	52.25±0.12^c	55.33±0.22^b	1.52	<0.001
ADL	16.34±0.03^e	24.72±0.22^a	18.52±0.14^d	20.76±0.08^c	22.82±0.12^b	1.19	<0.001
HC	24.62±0.21^a	10.47±0.16^e	22.19±0.14^b	15.88±0.13^c	13.45±0.09^d	0.57	<0.001
CEL	33.59±0.03^a	31.90±1.44^c	33.02±0.31^a	32.37±0.42^b	32.21±0.21^b	0.58	<0.001

Data are means of three samples, means ± SD within same columns with different superscript letters differ(P<0.05). DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; HC, half cellulose; CEL, cellulose.

Based on the feeding methods used on the Mongolian Plateau, the diets in this study were prepared from CS, CA, corn meal, sunflower cake, soybean cake, flaxseed cake, calcium bicarbonate, salt, and mineral-vitamin premix (Inner Mongolia Zheng Da, Hohhot, China). The treatment diets contained similar concentrate mixtures and fine feed, but different pro-portions of CS and CA. The treatments were (1) corn stover (CS); (2) caragana (CA); (3) CS 80% + CA 20% (MT 1); (4) CS 50% + CA 50% (MT 2); (5) CS 20% + CA 80% (MT 3). The ration ingredient composition is shown in Table 2. The Table 2 contained the corn stover treatment (CST), caragana treatment(CAT), MT1, MT2 and MT3. The roughage in the diet consisted of 20.66–82.64% CS on a DM basis, while the concentrate consisted of 9.97% corn grain, 0.99% sunflower cake, 1.66% Soybean cake, and 3.30% Flaxseed cake. The diet contained calcium bicarbonate, vitamin premix and mineral premix. The Mineral-vitamin premix composition were 2.4 × 10⁴ mg/kg Fe; 7 × 10³ mg/kg Cu, 3 × 10⁴ mg/kg Zn; 1.25 × 10⁴ mg/kg Mn; 30 mg/kg I, 850 mg/kg Co, 5 × 10⁸ IU/kg Vitamin A and Vitamin D_3, 1 × 10⁸ IU/kg. The diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of Mongolian goat (Bhatt et al.2011). Five diets were formulated to meet the animals’ requirements for energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins based on Cornell-Penn-Miner(Xu et al.2009)

Table 2

Ingredients and chemical composition of diets
	CST	MT 1	MT 2	MT 3	CAT
Ingredients
CS	82.64 ± 1.27	61.98 ± 1.05	41.32 ± 0.11	20.66 ± 0.63	0
CA	0	20.66 ± 0.04	41.32 ± 0.11	61.98 ± 0.63	82.64 ± 1.27
Corn meal	9.97 ± 0.22	9.97 ± 0.22	9.97 ± 0.22	9.97 ± 0.22	9.97 ± 0.22
Sunflower cake	0.99 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.04
Soybean cake	1.66 ± 0.29	1.66 ± 0.29	1.66 ± 0.29	1.66 ± 0.29	1.66 ± 0.29
Flaxseed cake	3.30 ± 0.35	3.30 ± 0.35	3.30 ± 0.35	3.30 ± 0.35	3.30 ± 0.35
Calcium bicarbonate	0.41 ± 0.18	0.41 ± 0.18	0.41 ± 0.18	0.41 ± 0.18	0.41 ± 0.18
Salt	0.20 ± 0.27	0.20 ± 0.27	0.20 ± 0.27	0.20 ± 0.27	0.20 ± 0.27
Premix	0.82 ± 0.31	0.82 ± 0.31	0.82 ± 0.31	0.82 ± 0.31	0.82 ± 0.31
Chemical composition
DM (%)	91.76 ± 0.18	91.66 ± 1.32	92.12 ± 0.46	92.59 ± 0.27	93.63 ± 0.32
OM	93.14 ± 0.17	93.64 ± 0.04	94.70 ± 0.91	95.75 ± 0.23	97.23 ± 0.03
CP	4.77 ± 0.27	6.37 ± 1.05	7.42 ± 0.66	8.05 ± 0.37	10.95 ± 0.11
NDF	71.89 ± 1.14	70.67 ± 0.94	69.74 ± 1.31	68.82 ± 0.33	68.11 ± 1.32
ADF	47.05 ± 0.82	49.58 ± 1.73	52.20 ± 1.27	54.81 ± 0.49	57.89 ± 0.93
DE (MJ kg^− 1)	11.82 ± 0.03	10.97 ± 0.02	10.88 ± 0.01	10.73 ± 0.04	11.02 ± 0.02
Data are means of three samples, means ± SD within same columns with different superscript letters differ (P < 0.05). DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber. DE: diet energy.

Growth trial

Sixty healthy Aerbasi cashmere goats (BW = 30 ± 2.35 kg; mean ± SD) were used in a randomly experiment. Groups were balanced for parity and production during each period. The diet were assigned randomly to one of 5 groups (12 goat/group) in a completely randomized design. They were penned individually in a well-ventilated shed that was cleaned weekly. Before starting the trial, all goats were vaccinated against clostridial diseases and treated for internal parasites. The diet was provided with an allowable refusal level of 10% DM of the diet. The animals were fed the diets three times a day at 8:00, 13:00 and 19:00, and clean drinking water was available at all times. After a 10 days adaptation period, the 45 days growth trial was started. Feed offered and feed residues were weighed daily along the growth trial to calculate the net intake of feed. The refused feed was collected daily, weighed, and individually bulked for analysis. Samples of the daily refusals from each animal and feed offered were dried at 105 °C for 24 hours to determine the DM intake.

Digestibility trial

When the growth trial experiment was completed, the apparent nutrient digestibility of the experimental diets was taken in animals in metabolic cages equipped with separate feeders, an automatic watering trough, and a system for the separate collection of feces and urine. Twelve goats (30 ± 2.35 kg) in each treatment were selected for the digestibility trial. The experiment consisted of 14 days of adaptation to the diet in individual stalls with a concrete floor, 2 days of adaptation to the fecal collection bags, and 5 days of feces collection (Aboagye et al. 2015; Nocek et al. 1988). The bags (25 cm²) were made of nonwoven textile (100 g/m²) material and a sample weight to bag surface area ratio of 20 mg DM/cm² was used (Heinrichs et al. 2008). Offered and refused food were recorded daily and composite samples, pooled on an individual animal basis at the end of each collection period, were dried at 105 °C for 24 hours to determine the DM intake. Another sample of the diet was ground in a hammer mill with a 1-mm screen and stored until analysis. Feces were collected daily and weighed and 20% of the total daily excretion was dried at 70 °C for 48 hours and pooled on an individual animal basis at the end of the collection period. The daily spot urinary samples were collected for 2 h with bowls attached with a harness to each animal 4 h after the morning feeding. Ten ml urine sample was diluted with 40 ml of a 0.036 N H₂SO₄ solution and stored at − 20 °C for later analysis.

Chemical analysis

The feedstuff was recorded every day and it was weighed for 3 consecutive days to determine the dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), crude protein intake (CPI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), acid detergent fiber intake (ADFI), acid detergent lignin intake (ADLI), half cellulose intake (HCI) and cellulose intake (CELI). The particle size of feedstuff was sampled by utilizing the Penn State Particle Separator as described (Huston et al. 2007). Apparent nutrient digestibility was calculated utilizing indigestible nutrition (12-d ruminal incubation in 25-µm-pore-size bags) as an internal marker, based on the concentration of indigestible nutrition in the diet. The pH was measured with a glass electrode pH meter (STARTER 100/B, OHAUS, Shanghai, China), the ammonia-N content was analyzed by using steam distillation of the filtrates 23, the concentration of organic acid were measured by high performance liquid chromatography methods as described (Cai et al. 2004).

Sample of feedstuff were dried for 48 h at 65℃ in a forced-air oven and ground to pass through a 1-mm screen in a Wiley mill before analysis(Xu et al.2006). The contents of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), half cellulose (HC) and cellulose (CEL) were tested in accordance with the reference of the AOAC International ( Horwitz et al.2005). The content of NDF, ADF, ADL, HC and CEL were analyzed according to the Ankom A200 fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY) by the method of Van Soest( Van Soest et al.1991).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses of chemical composition, intake, apparent digestibility, particle size distribution and fermentation were performed by one-way analysis of variance of SAS (SAS 9.0, SAS Inc. Chicago, USA.2003) and the statistical model is: Y_ij = µ + T_i + E_ij, where Y_ij is observation for dependent variables, µis overall mean, T_i is effect of treatment, and E_ij is residual error. Statistical difference among means were tested by least significant difference multiple comparison. Polynomial contrasts were used to test linear, quadratic and cubic responses to CS and CA mixture ratios. The significant difference was declared at P < 0.05.

The chemical compositions of CS, CA, and their mixture were assessed in Table 1. The DM contents of CS and CA were 91.19% and 93.05%, respectively, and that of CA was significantly (P < 0.05) higher. The organic matter (OM) content of CA was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CS, M1, M2 and M3. The crude protein (CP) contents of CS and CA were 4.00% and 10.62%, respectively. With an increased CA ratio, the CP content significantly (P < 0.05) increased. When comparing CS to CA, the neutral detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulose (HC), and cellulose (CEL) contents of CS were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and the acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents were significantly (P < 0.05) lower.

The ingredients and chemical compositions of the diets were assessed in Table 2. According to the winter feeding methods used in the Mongolian Plateau, basal diets were prepared using CS, CA, corn meal, sunflower cake, soybean cake, flaxseed cake, calcium bicarbonate, salt, and mineral-vitamin premix (Inner Mongolia Zheng Da, Hohhot, China). The corn stover treatment (CST), caragana treatment (CAT), MT1, MT2 and MT3 diets contained 4.77–10.95% CP, 68.11–71.89% NDF, 47.05–57.89% ADF, and 10.73–11.82 MJ kg^− 1 DM of digestible energy (DE), as estimated in a previous analysis (NRC 2007). Food and water were freely available to the animals. The five diets were formulated to meet the animals’ winter energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin requirements based on the Cornell-Penn-Miner guidelines (Inner Mongolia Zheng Da, Hohhot, China). The CST was insufficient in isolation, but the other diets met the nutritional requirements of Mongolian goat (Salah et al. 2014). According to the ratio of CA to CST, the CP content of MT1 (6.37% of DM) was higher than that of CST (4.77% of DM), but lower than that of CAT (10.95% of DM), MT2 (7.42% of DM), and MT3 (8.05% of DM).

The intake and apparent digestibility of Aerbasi cashmere goats fed CS, CA and their mixture were analysed in Table 3. The DM intake of CS was higher (P < 0.05), and that of CA lower, (P < 0.05) versus the MT1, MT2 and MT3 treatments. With an increased CA mixing ratio, the intake amounts of OM, CP, ADF, and ADL contents were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, while the NDF and HC intakes were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and HC in CS was higher (P < 0.05) than in the CA, MT1, MT2 and MT3 treatments. The DM intake of CS was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of CA. The DM intake for MT1 was not significantly higher (P > 0.05) than those for MT2 while it was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than MT3, while the apparent digestibility of DM in MT1 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in MT2 and MT3.

Table 3

Intake (g/kg W^0.75) and apparent digestibility (% DM) of Aerbasi cashmere goats fed corn stover (CS), caragana (CA) and their mixture (M)
	CS	CA	MT 1	MT 2	MT 3	SEM	P-value
	CS	CA	MT 1	MT 2	MT 3	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
Intake
DM	65.15 ± 1.34^a	62.57 ± 1.06^d	64.82 ± 1.22^b	64.29 ± 1.31^b	63.11 ± 0.84^c	0.68	0.557	< 0.001	0.003
OM	60.54 ± 0.57^b	61.81 ± 0.22^a	60.67 ± 0.14^b	60.94 ± 0.84^b	61.22 ± 0.29^a	0.11	0.024	0.023	0.586
CP	3.27 ± 0.24^d	7.04 ± 0.11^a	4.18 ± 0.22^c	5.22 ± 0.06^b	5.97 ± 0.21^b	0.56	0.282	0.327	0.020
NDF	54.59 ± 0.38^a	45.24 ± 0.27^e	52.88 ± 0.15^b	49.36 ± 0.24^c	46.77 ± 0.36^d	0.52	0.271	0.398	0.792
ADF	34.52 ± 1.28^e	42.34 ± 1.03^a	36.91 ± 2.11^d	38.22 ± 0.68^c	40.84 ± 0.66^b	0.61	0.259	0.957	0.199
ADL	13.66 ± 0.64^d	16.54 ± 0.28^a	14.37 ± 0.11^c	15.06 ± 0.36^b	15.93 ± 0.27^b	0.17	0.936	0.096	0.735
HC	20.02 ± 0.25^a	2.93 ± 0.33^e	18.65 ± 0.32^b	10.82 ± 0.88^c	5.23 ± 0.04^d	0.65	0.046	0.022	0.452
CEL	25.04 ± 0.14^a	25.18 ± 0.22^a	25.06 ± 0.25^a	25.11 ± 0.16^a	25.15 ± 0.02^a	0.32	0.002	< 0.001	0.006
Apparent digestibility
DM (%)	66.33 ± 1.32^a	45.05 ± 0.77^d	54.95 ± 1.11^b	48.74 ± 0.53^c	49.61 ± 0.24^c	0.14	0.693	0.951	0.432
OM	69.00 ± 0.31^a	51.22 ± 0.17^e	60.02 ± 0.33^b	53.35 ± 0.25^d	54.28 ± 0.35^c	2.00	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
CP	41.63 ± 0.26^a	32.98 ± 0.34^c	35.91 ± 0.84^b	36.75 ± 0.11^b	42.19 ± 1.20^a	0.25	0.547	0.923	0.422
NDF	69.08 ± 0.74^a	48.02 ± 0.37^d	56.11 ± 0.25^b	51.25 ± 0.22^c	52.68 ± 0.25^c	0.03	0.004	0.025	0.063
ADF	65.33 ± 0.19^a	53.43 ± 0.19^d	65.56 ± 0.28^a	59.59 ± 0.48^b	57.95 ± 0.42^c	0.21	0.522	0.837	0.441
ADL	22.13 ± 1.33^a	7.56 ± 0.22^d	22.30 ± 0.47^a	12.52 ± 0.25^b	9.05 ± 0.62^c	0.74	0.003	0.021	0.056
HC	75.54 ± 0.15^a	27.10 ± 0.92^c	25.84 ± 0.29^d	28.68 ± 0.83^b	26.50 ± 0.77^d	0.05	0.007	0.069	0.065
CEL	74.49 ± 0.35^d	79.70 ± 0.35^c	83.81 ± 0.26^a	82.15 ± 0.11^b	81.55 ± 0.26^b	0.01	0.027	0.085	0.081
Data are means of twelve sheep, means ± SD within same columns with different superscript letters differ(P < 0.05). CS, corn stover; CA, caragana; MT 1, CS 80% + CA 20%;MT 2, CS 50% + CA 50%; MT 3, CS 20% + CA 80%; DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; HC, half cellulose; CEL, cellulose.

The volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents in the rumen of Aerbasi cashmere goats fed CS, CA, and a mixture were analysed in Table 4. The ruminal pH of goats fed CS was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of those fed CA. The ammonia content in CA was the highest, and the ammonia content of MT1 was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than that in CS. Total VFA content in MT1 was significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared to MT2 and MT3. With increased mixing ratio of CA, the acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid, and total VFA contents, and AA/PA ratio, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, and the content of AA,PA,BA in MT1 was higher than MT2 and MT3 (P < 0.05); however, the ammonia content was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced initially, and then increased.

Table 4

Ruminal pH and contents of ammonia-N (m mol/L) and total VFA (%) in Aerbasi cashmere goats fed corn stover (CS), caragana (CA) and their mixture (M)
Items	CS	CA	MT 1	MT 2	MT 3	SEM		P-value
Items	CS	CA	MT 1	MT 2	MT 3	SEM	Linear	Linear	Linear
pH	6.65 ± 0.04^c	6.95 ± 0.22^a	6.55 ± 0.13^d	6.69 ± 0.23^c	6.84 ± 0.25^b	0.04	0.002	0.016	0.042
Ammonia-N	2.28 ± 0.21^c	6.28 ± 0.38^a	5.80 ± 0.22^b	5.59 ± 0.25^b	5.83 ± 0.24^b	0.02	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Acetic acid	25.17 ± 0.62^d	29.32 ± 1.02^b	33.67 ± 0.93^a	28.33 ± 0.24^c	22.43 ± 0.94^e	0.43	0.002	0.013	0.027
Propionic acid	12.30 ± 0.63^b	13.15 ± 0.35^a	13.73 ± 0.88^a	12.79 ± 0.25^b	11.96 ± 063^c	0.06	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Butyric acid	7.41 ± 0.22^a	5.72 ± 0.29^d	7.50 ± 0.47^a	6.99 ± 0.44^b	6.03 ± 0.26^c	0.01	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Total VFA	44.88 ± 0.35^c	48.19 ± 0.25^b	54.9 ± 0.27^a	48.11 ± 0.22^b	40.32 ± 0.14^d	0.04	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
AA/ PA	2.05 ± 0.82^c	2.23 ± 0.09^b	2.45 ± 0.33^a	2.22 ± 0.24^b	1.88 ± 0.32^d	0.21	0.002	0.008	0.011
Data are means of twelve sheep, means ± SD within same columns with different superscript letters differ (P < 0.05). VFA, volatile fatty acid; AA/PA, ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid. CS, corn stover; CA, caragana; MT 1, CS 80% + CA 20%;MT 2, CS 50% + CA 50%; MT 3, CS 20% + CA 80%.

The particle size distribution of rumen in Aerbasi cashmere goats fed CS, CA, and a mixture were analysed in Table 5. The 0.5 mm-sized particles had the highest relative abundance among all particle sizes in all treatments, at > 32%; the 5.0 mm-sized particles had the lowest relative abundance, of ≤ 1%. Compared to the CS treatment, the ≤ 0.1 mm-sized particles were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant in CA, but the abundance of the > 5.0 mm-sized particles did not differ. With increased mixing ratio of CA, the proportions of the 0.5–1.0, 1.0–5.0 and > 5.0 mm particles decreased (P < 0.05), and those of the ≤ 0.1 and 0.1–0.5 mm particles increased (P < 0.05). The proportion of > 1.0 mm-sized particles (including 1.0–5.0 and > 5.0 mm) in MT1 (11.96%) was higher (P < 0.05) than in MT2 (8.45%) and MT3 (5.57%).

Table 5

Particle size distribution of rumen in Aerbasi cashmere goats fed corn stover (CS), caragana (CA) and their mixture
Particle size	CS	CA	MT 1	MT 2	MT 3	SEM		P-value
(mm)	---------------------------------------- (%) ------------------------------------------					SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
> 5.0	0.9 ± 0.04^a	0.8 ± 0.03^a	0.51 ± 0.02^b	0.48 ± 0.05^b	0.45 ± 0.07^b	0.93	0.002	0.004	0.014
1.0–5.0	13.28 ± 0.13^a	11.75 ± 0.09^b	11.45 ± 0.08^b	7.97 ± 0.02^c	5.12 ± 0.11^d	0.42	0.002	0.013	0.046
0.5-1.0	51.97 ± 0.70^d	54.02 ± 0.22^b	55.39 ± 0.09^a	53.99 ± 0.18^c	53.36 ± 0.12^c	1.37	0.410	0.520	0.050
0.1–0.5	32.05 ± 0.62^c	31.27 ± 0.17^d	31.06 ± 0.41^d	34.86 ± 0.02^b	37.65 ± 0.53^a	0.92	0.001	0.002	0.017
≤ 0.1	1.8 ± 0.02^d	2.16 ± 0.03^c	1.59 ± 0.09^e	2.7 ± 0.02^b	3.42 ± 0.07^a	0.13	0.423	0.771	0.396
Data are means of twelve sheep, means ± SD within same columns with different superscript letters differ (P < 0.05). CS, corn stover; CA, caragana; MT 1, CS 80% + CA 20%;MT 2, CS 50% + CA 50%; MT 3, CS 20% + CA 80%.

Compared to CS, the CP content of CA was higher by 6%, and its NDF was lower by 4%. Therefore, with increased mixing ratio of CA, the CP content of the mixtures increased and the NDF content decreased. Since woody plants have high lignin content ( Hacke et al.2001), the ADF and ADL contents of CA were higher than those of CS or their mixture. The MT1 in this study was close to meeting the CP requirement of goats (Zhou et al.2003); when 20% of CA was added to the CS, the CP content increased and the nutritional requirements were met to the goats.

Five diets were formulated to meet the animals’ mineral and vitamin requirements based on the Cornell-Penn-Miner recommendations (Xu et al.2009). It showed the MT1 was 6.37% DM which can meet the CP requirements (5.1% DM) of cashmere goats during the winter, and we can assess its utility as feed. As shown in Table 2, these diets were formulated as a general winter feed, but the energy and protein contents were insufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of the Mongolian goat (Xu et al.2006).

General, woody plants contain large amounts of ADF and ADL, which results in decreased nutrient uptake and digestibility for livestock (Carlquist et al.1985; Malisetty et al.2014) In the present study, the ADF and ADL contents of CA were higher than those of CS (Malhado et al.2013). In addition, with increased mixing ratio of CA, the DM intake decreased. The major reason for this is that that CA has higher fibre and lignin content, which results in reduced dietary energy, feed uptake, and digestibility. If the ADF and ADL content in the diet was increased, and the goats had full rumens, continuous feed intake would be inhibited(Domingue et al.1991). The high fibre content could influence digestibility and cause the goats to feel more full, and therefore reduce their intake(Xu et al.2009). The lignin content of CA, and its effect on the production performance of goats, is a major factor limiting its use in feed mixtures (Zhang et al.2009; Yang et al.2005).

The apparent digestibility of DM in MT2 and MT3 was lower than that in MT1, showing that the MT1 was a good mixing ratio which has a higher apparent digestibility of DM. When the mixing ratio of CA was over 20%, the high lignin resulted in low apparent digestibility of DM. Regarding production, the apparent digestibility of CP increases with an increase of dietary CP. This could be due to reasonable dietary protein levels being conducive to the reproduction of rumen microbes, enhancing the ability to break down fibres, and thereby increasing their digestion and absorption (McDonald et al.1981). Additionally, CA contains various vitamins, trace elements, fats, sugars, nucleic acids, and inorganic nutrients, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium, all of which are conducive to the growth and reproduction of fibre-decomposing bacteria (Salem et al.2010). Generally, the activity of rumen microorganisms may be low when ruminant fed low CP feed. As a result, it is difficult to correctly evaluate the difference in digestibility and rumen fermentation. In the future, it is necessary to study the relationship between low CP content and rumen microorganism activity, digestibility or rumen fermentation.

The proportions of various sizes of pellets in goat rumen and faeces were assessed. Small particles were most abundant, with those < 3 mm in size accounting for > 90% of all particles for both CA and CS. There was no significant difference in particle size distribution among the different types of roughage (P > 0.05). The proportion of > 1.0 mm-sized particles in MT1 (11.96%) was higher than those in MT2 and MT3. The small-sized particles (0.1–1 mm) were most abundant in MT3 relative to the other treatments, while the large particles (1–5 mm) were most abundant in CS. The reason for this may be related to the lignin in the diet, the lower ADL content in MT1 affects digestible particle activities and nutrient digestion (Russell et al.1981). The ADL content in MT3 (22.82% of DM) was lower than that in CA (24.72% of DM), but higher than in the other treatments. Due to the difficulty in digesting ADL, it stayed in the rumen for a long period (Komfelt et al.2013). Particles are chewed by cashmere goats repeatedly, such that the number of particles and surface area of the cell walls are increased, in turn increasing the chance that bacteria can reach the fibre and colonise it (Tikam et al.2013). There were no significant effects of particle size on the pH of the gastrointestinal tract at the time of slaughter. Previous studies reported no effect of corn particle size on rumen pH, and that starch content varying from 28–46% does not affect pH (Traiyakun et al.2013).

Similarly, in the present study, differences in particle size did not greatly influence pH (Wang et al.2016). A higher proportion of 1.0 mm-sized particles indicates that the indigestible and degradable content of feed is higher (Polyorach et al.2014). Here we found the MT1 contained a higher proportion of > 1.0 mm-sized particles, which explains why the goats were able to refine the feed pellets via multiple ruminations and chewing, to increase the availability of surface microorganisms (Hodate et al.2004). Therefore, adding 20% CA was effective for improving feed digestibility.

Typically, grazing is prohibited from mid-March to mid-June, but it remains necessary to supply cashmere goats with proper nutrition at a low cost. Cashmere goats are most productive from the beginning of September to the end of December, and their productivity ceases in February. In this study, we were able to supply nutrients at, or slightly below, the level required to maintain the goats. Cashmere goats have a greater ability to digest high-fibre materials than do goat(Salah et al.2014). Our data showed that, even though the CA cannot meet the nutritional needs of cashmere goats, increasing the ratio of CA to CS is feasible for feeding cashmere goats. In the future, a longer-term experiment is needed to study changes in digestive metabolism, carcass health status, and production performance after long-term feeding of livestock with unconventional feed in the Inner Mongolian Plateau desert grassland.

The intake, rumen fermentation, and apparent digestibility of Aerbasi cashmere goats fed CS, CA, and a mixture of the two were studied in the Inner Mongolia plateau. With increased CA mixing ratio, the CP dietary content, intake amounts, and apparent digestibility of CP increased. The intake and apparent digestibility of DM, rumen ammonia, and VFA, and the proportion of > 1.0 mm-sized particles, were higher in MT1 than in MT2 and MT3, indicating that MT1 was a good option as goat feed.

DM, dry matter;

OM, organic matter;

CP, crude protein;

NDF, neutral detergent fiber;

ADF, acid detergent fiber;

ADL, acid detergent lignin;

HC, half cellulose;

CEL, cellulose.

DE: diet energy

VFA, volatile fatty acid;

AA/PA, ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid.

Ethics and consent

This is to certify that the paper entitled Intake, rumen fermentation and apparent digestibility of Aerbasi cashmere goats fed corn stover, caragana and their mixture on the Mongolian plateau was approved by Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Animal Ethics Committee(12150000460029509N).

Consent to publish

Not applicable

Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Funding

This study was supported by “Study on Research and Development of Hay Production with Low Loss and High Quality Demonstration” (2017YFD0502103), Ministry of Science and Technology, China and project “China Agriculture Research System” (CARS-34), Ministry of Agriculture.

In this paper, animal varieties, animal sources, weight, the feeding environment, gender, feeding method, animal number, animal health condition, treatment method of experimental animals conform to relative rules of animal welfare.

Authorship

WW, GGT,YMC and YSJ designed the experiments; WW and TRZ conducted the experiments; WW, NRS and QY analyzed the data; WW and TRZ wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful for the assistance provided by Wenqiang-Fan for technical support. Thank American Journal Experts (AJE) language editing service for language edit.

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Intake, Rumen Fermentation and Apparent Digestibility of Aerbasi Cashmere Goats Fed Corn Stover, Caragana and Their Mixture on the Mongolian Plateau

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Abstract

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Animal care

Diet and experimental design

Growth trial

Digestibility trial

Chemical analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Abbreviations

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References

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