Aiello, E. N., Gramegna, C., Esposito, A., Gazzaniga, V., Zago, S., Difonzo, T., … Bolognini, N. (2021). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): updated norms and psychometric insights into adaptive testing from healthy individuals in Northern Italy. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01943-7
Al-Sharman, A., Khalil, H., El-Salem, K., Alghwiri, A. A., Khazaaleh, S., & Khraim, M. (2019). Motor performance improvement through virtual reality task is related to fatigue and cognition in people with multiple sclerosis. Physiotherapy Research International, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.1782
Altieri, M., Siciliano, M., Pappacena, S., Roldán-Tapia, M. D., Trojano, L., & Santangelo, G. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Cognitive Reserve Scale (I-CRS). Neurological Sciences, 39(8), 1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3432-0
Anatürk, M., Kaufmann, T., Cole, J. H., Suri, S., Griffanti, L., Zsoldos, E., … de Lange, A. M. G. (2021). Prediction of brain age and cognitive age: Quantifying brain and cognitive maintenance in aging. Human Brain Mapping, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25316
Arcara, G., & Bambini, V. (2016). A test for the assessment of Pragmatic Abilities and Cognitive Substrates (APACS): Normative data and psychometric properties. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(FEB), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00070
Arcara, G., Burgio, F., Benavides-Varela, S., Toffano, R., Gindri, P., Tonini, E., … Semenza, C. (2019). Numerical Activities of Daily Living–Financial (NADL-F): A tool for the assessment of financial capacities‡. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 29(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2017.1359188
Arcara, G., Mondini, S., Bisso, A., Palmer, K., Meneghello, F., & Semenza, C. (2017). The relationship between cognitive reserve and math abilities. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9(December). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00429
Artemiadis, A., Bakirtzis, C., Ifantopoulou, P., Zis, P., Bargiotas, P., Grigoriadis, N., & Hadjigeorgiou, G. (2020). The role of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study in 526 patients. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102047
Barulli, D., & Stern, Y. (2013). Emerging Concepts in Cognitive Reserve. Trends Cognitive Sciences, 17(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.012.Efficiency
Biundo, R., Weis, L., Facchini, S., Formento-Dojot, P., Vallelunga, A., Pilleri, M., & Antonini, A. (2014). Cognitive profiling of Parkinson disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 20(4), 394–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.01.009
Borland, E., Nägga, K., Nilsson, P. M., Minthon, L., Nilsson, E. D., & Palmqvist, S. (2017). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative Data from a Large Swedish Population-Based Cohort. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 59(3). https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170203
Busch, R. M., & Chapin, J. S. (2008). Review of normative data for common screening measures used to evaluate cognitive functioning in elderly individuals. Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701448793
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., … Rajah, M. N. (2018a). Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(11), 701–710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., … Rajah, M. N. (2018b, November 1). Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 19, pp. 701–710. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2
Cesar, K. G., Yassuda, M. S., Porto, F. H. G., Brucki, S. M. D., & Nitrini, R. (2019). MoCA Test: normative and diagnostic accuracy data for seniors with heterogeneous educational levels in Brazil. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 77(11). https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20190130
Chan, D., Shafto, M., Kievit, R., Matthews, F., Spink, M., Valenzuela, M., & Henson, R. N. (2018). Lifestyle activities in mid-life contribute to cognitive reserve in late-life, independent of education, occupation, and late-life activities. Neurobiology of Aging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.012
Chen, L. K., Hwang, A. C., Lee, W. J., Peng, L. N., Lin, M. H., Neil, D. L., … Chiou, S. T. (2020). Efficacy of multidomain interventions to improve physical frailty, depression and cognition: data from cluster-randomized controlled trials. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12534
Ciesielska, N., Sokołowski, R., Mazur, E., Podhorecka, M., Polak-Szabela, A., & Kędziora-Kornatowska, K. (2016). Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test better suited than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) detection among people aged over 60? Meta-analysis. Psychiatria Polska, 50(5). https://doi.org/10.12740/pp/45368
Cohen, E. S. (2007). Chapter Eleven. Evolving the History of Women in Early Modern Italy: Subordination and Agency. In Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World (Vol. 32). https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004154292.i-606.49
Conti, S., Bonazzi, S., Laiacona, M., Masina, M., & Coralli, M. V. (2015). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)-Italian version: regression based norms and equivalent scores. Neurological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1921-3
Crawford, J. R., Howell, D. C., & Garthwaite, P. H. (1998). Payne and Jones revisited: Estimating the abnormality of test score differences using a modified paired samples t test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(6). https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.20.6.898.1112
Crawford, John R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2006). Comparing patients’ predicted test scores from a regression equation with their obtained scores: A significance test and point estimate of abnormality with accompanying confidence limits. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.259
Crawford, John R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Porter, S. (2010). Point and interval estimates of effect sizes for the case-controls design in neuropsychology: Rationale, methods, implementations, and proposed reporting standards. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 27(3), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2010.513967
Dong, Y., Sharma, V. K., Chan, B. P. L., Venketasubramanian, N., Teoh, H. L., Seet, R. C. S., … Chen, C. (2010). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 299(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.051
Engedal, K., Gjøra, L., Bredholt, T., Thingstad, P., Tangen, G. G., Ernstsen, L., & Selbæk, G. (2021). Sex Differences on Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination Scores and the Value of Self-Report of Memory Problems among Community Dwelling People 70 Years and above: The HUNT Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516341
Farrer, L. A., Cupples, L. A., Haines, J. L., Hyman, B., Kukull, W. A., Mayeux, R., … Van Duijn, C. M. (1997). Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.16.1349
Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00767-7
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.; Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Ed.).
Halpern, D. F. (1996). Public policy implications of sex differences in cognitive abilities. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2(3–4). https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.2.3-4.561
Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (1986). Generalized additive models. Statistical Science, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177013604
Hohman, T. J., Tommet, D., Marks, S., Contreras, J., Jones, R., & Mungas, D. (2017). Evaluating Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers as mediators of age-related cognitive decline. Neurobiology of Aging, 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.022
Jefferson, A. L., Gibbons, L. E., Rentz, D. M., Carvalho, J. O., Manly, J., Bennett, D. A., & Jones, R. N. (2011). A life course model of cognitive activities, socioeconomic status, education, reading ability, and cognition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x
Jockwitz, C., Mérillat, S., Liem, F., Oschwald, J., Amunts, K., Caspers, S., & Jäncke, L. (2019). Generalizing age effects on brain structure and cognition: A two-study comparison approach. Human Brain Mapping, 40(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24524
Kang, J. M., Cho, Y. S., Park, S., Lee, B. H., Sohn, B. K., Choi, C. H., … Lee, J. Y. (2018). Montreal cognitive assessment reflects cognitive reserve. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0951-8
Kartschmit, N., Mikolajczyk, R., Schubert, T., & Lacruz, M. E. (2019). Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) – A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population. PLoS ONE, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219851
Katzman, R., Aronson, M., Fuld, P., Kawas, C., Brown, T., Morgenstern, H., … Ooi, W. L. (1989). Development of dementing illnesses in an 80‐year‐old volunteer cohort. Annals of Neurology, 25(4), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410250402
Katzman, Robert, Terry, R., DeTeresa, R., Brown, T., Davies, P., Fuld, P., … Peck, A. (1988). Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia: A subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques. Annals of Neurology, 23(2), 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410230206
Kittner, S. J., White, L. R., Farmer, M. E., Wolz, M., Kaplan, E., Moes, E., … Feinleib, M. (1986). Methodological issues in screening for dementia: The problem of education adjustment. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(86)90019-6
Kopecek, M., Stepankova, H., Lukavsky, J., Ripova, D., Nikolai, T., & Bezdicek, O. (2017). Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): Normative data for old and very old Czech adults. Applied Neuropsychology:Adult, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2015.1065261
Kujawski, S., Kujawska, A., Gajos, M., Topka, W., Perkowski, R., Androsiuk-Perkowska, J., … Kędziora-Kornatowska, K. (2018). Cognitive functioning in older people. Results of the first wave of cognition of older people, education, recreational activities, nutrition, comorbidities, functional capacity studies (COPERNICUS). Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00421
Lavrencic, L. M., Richardson, C., Harrison, S. L., Muniz-Terrera, G., Keage, H. A. D., Brittain, K., … Stephan, B. C. M. (2018). Is There a Link between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Function in the Oldest-Old? Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 73(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx140
Le Carret, N., Auriacombe, S., Letenneur, L., Bergua, V., Dartigues, J. F., & Fabrigoule, C. (2005). Influence of education on the pattern of cognitive deterioration in AD patients: The cognitive reserve hypothesis. Brain and Cognition, 57(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.031
Le Carret, N., Lafont, S., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Mayo, W., & Fabrigoule, C. (2003). The effect of education on cognitive performances and its implication for the constitution of the cognitive reserve. Developmental Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN2303_1
Lee, D. H., Lee, P., Seo, S. W., Roh, J. H., Oh, M., Oh, J. S., … Jeong, Y. (2019). Neural substrates of cognitive reserve in Alzheimer’s disease spectrum and normal aging. NeuroImage, 186, 690–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.053
Leoń, I., Garciá-García, J., & Roldań-Tapia, L. (2014). Estimating cognitive reserve in healthy adults using the cognitive reserve scale. PLoS ONE, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102632
Levine, D. A., Gross, A. L., Briceño, E. M., Tilton, N., Giordani, B. J., Sussman, J. B., … Galecki, A. T. (2021). Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline among US Adults. JAMA Network Open, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0169
Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., … Mukadam, N. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet, Vol. 390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6
Madden, D. J., Jain, S., Monge, Z. A., Cook, A. D., Lee, A., Huang, H., … Cohen, J. R. (2020). Influence of structural and functional brain connectivity on age-related differences in fluid cognition. Neurobiology of Aging, 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.010
Maiovis, P., Ioannidis, P., Gerasimou, G., Gotzamani-Psarrakou, A., & Karacostas, D. (2018). Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis in Frontotemporal Dementia: Evidence from a Brain SPECT Study in a Series of Greek Frontotemporal Dementia Patients. Neurodegenerative Diseases, 18(2–3). https://doi.org/10.1159/000486621
Malek-Ahmadi, M., O’Connor, K., Schofield, S., Coon, D. W., & Zamrini, E. (2018). Trajectory and variability characterization of the Montreal cognitive assessment in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-017-0865-x
Malek-Ahmadi, M., Powell, J. J., Belden, C. M., Oconnor, K., Evans, L., Coon, D. W., & Nieri, W. (2015). Age-and education-adjusted normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in older adults age 70-99. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 22(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2015.1041449
Mann, V. A., Sasanuma, S., Sakuma, N., & Masaki, S. (1990). Sex differences in cognitive abilities: A cross-cultural perspective. Neuropsychologia, 28(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(90)90141-A
Mielke, M. M., Vemuri, P., & Rocca, W. A. (2014). Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: Assessing sex and gender differences. Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 6. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S37929
Mondini, S., Pucci, V., Montemurro, S., Rumiati, R.I. (under review to the European Journal of Neurology). Protective factors for cognitive decline: Trajectories and changes in a longitudinal study with Italian elderly.
Montemurro, S., Mondini, S., Signorini, M., Marchetto, A., Bambini, V., & Arcara, G. (2019). Pragmatic language disorder in Parkinson’s disease and the potential effect of cognitive reserve. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(JUN). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01220
Montemurro, Jarema, G., & Mondini, S. (2021). Cognitive Reserve and language processing demand in healthy older adults. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2021.1896012
Montemurro, Sonia, Mondini, S., & Arcara, G. (2021). Heterogeneity of Effects of Cognitive Reserve on Performance in Probable Alzheimer ’ s Disease and in Subjective Cognitive Decline. Neuropsycholog.
Montemurro, Sonia, Mondini, S., Crovace, C., & Jarema, G. (2019). Cognitive Reserve and Its Effect in Older Adults on Retrieval of Proper Names, Logo Names and Common Nouns. Frontiers in Communication. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00014
Montemurro, Sonia, Mondini, S., Nucci, M., & Semenza, C. (2018). Proper name retrieval in cognitive decline The role of cognitive reserve. Mental Lexicon Journal, 2, 215–231.
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005a). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. a, Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005b). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
Nucci, M., Mapelli, D., & Mondini, S. (2012a). Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.3275/7800
Nucci, M., Mapelli, D., & Mondini, S. (2012b). Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clin Exp ResAging Clin Exp Res. https://doi.org/10.3275/7800
O’Driscoll, C., & Shaikh, M. (2017). Cross-Cultural Applicability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A Systematic Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Vol. 58. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161042
Ozakbas, S., Yigit, P., Akyuz, Z., Sagici, O., Abasiyanik, Z., Ozdogar, A. T., … Hosgel, I. (2021). Validity and reliability of “Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire” for the Turkish Population. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.102817
Peeters, G., Kenny, R. A., & Lawlor, B. (2020). Late life education and cognitive function in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5281
Pirrotta, F., Timpano, F., Bonanno, L., Nunnari, D., Marino, S., Bramanti, P., & Lanzafame, P. (2015). Italian validation of Montreal cognitive assessment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000217
Proust-Lima, C., Amieva, H., Dartigues, J. F., & Jacqmin-Gadda, H. (2007). Sensitivity of four psychometric tests to measure cognitive changes in brain aging-population-based studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk017
Reed, B. R., Dowling, M., Tomaszewski Farias, S., Sonnen, J., Strauss, M., Schneider, J. A., … Mungas, D. (2011). Cognitive activities during adulthood are more important than education in building reserve. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(4), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000014
Reilly, D., Neumann, D. L., & Andrews, G. (2016). Sex and sex-role differences in specific cognitive abilities. Intelligence, 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.12.004
Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271
Roalf, D. R., Moberg, P. J., Xie, S. X., Wolk, D. A., Moelter, S. T., & Arnold, S. E. (2013). Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.001
Rosca, E. C., Albarqouni, L., & Simu, M. (2019). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Neuropsychology Review, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09412-9
Sakamoto, Y., Ishiguro, M., & Kitagawa, G. (1986). Akaike information criterion statistics. Tokyo; Dordrecht; Boston; Hingham, MA: KTK Scientific Publishers ; D. Reidel ; Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Salthouse, T. A. (1993). Speed and knowledge as determinants of adult age differences in verbal tasks. Journals of Gerontology, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.1.P29
Salthouse, Timothy A. (1996). The Processing-Speed Theory of Adult Age Differences in Cognition. Psychological Review, 103(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403
Santangelo, G., Siciliano, M., Pedone, R., Vitale, C., Falco, F., Bisogno, R., … Trojano, L. (2015). Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in an Italian population sample. Neurological Sciences, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1995-y
Scarmeas, N, Levy, G., Tang, M. X., Manly, J., & Stern, Y. (2001). Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology.
Scarmeas, Nikolaos, & Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576
Siciliano, M., Chiorri, C., Passaniti, C., Sant’Elia, V., Trojano, L., & Santangelo, G. (2019). Comparison of alternate and original forms of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): an Italian normative study. Neurological Sciences, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-3700-7
Snowdon, D. (1997). Aging and Alzheimer’s disease: lessons from the Nun Study. Gerontologist., 37(2), 150–156.
Snowdon, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., & Markesbery, W. R. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer’s disease in late life: Findings from the Nun Study. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(7), 528–532. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530310034029
Stern, Y, Alexander, G. E., Prohovnik, I., Stricks, L., Link, B., Lennon, M. C., & Mayeux, R. (1995). Relationship between lifetime occupation and parietal flow. Neurology, 45(1), 55 LP – 60. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.1.55
Stern, Yaakov. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 448–460.
Stern, Yaakov, Alexander, G. E., Prohovnik, I., & Mayeux, R. (1992). Inverse relationship between education and parietotemporal perfusion deficit in Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410320311
Stern, Yaakov, Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M., Bartrés-Faz, D., Belleville, S., Cantilon, M., Chetelat, G., … Vuoksimaa, E. (2018). Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219
Stern, Yaakov, Barnes, C. A., Grady, C., Jones, R. N., & Raz, N. (2019). Brain reserve, cognitive reserve, compensation, and maintenance: operationalization, validity, and mechanisms of cognitive resilience. Neurobiology of Aging, 83, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.022
Stern, Yaakov, Gazes, Y., Razlighi, Q., Steffener, J., & Habeck, C. (2018). A task-invariant cognitive reserve network. NeuroImage, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.033
Stern, Yaakov, Tang, M. X., Denaro, J., & Mayeux, R. (1995). Increased risk of mortality in alzheimer’s disease patients with more advanced educational and occupational attainment. Annals of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370508
Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford University Press; 3rd edition (April 6, 2006).
Subramaniapillai, S., Almey, A., Natasha Rajah, M., & Einstein, G. (2021). Sex and gender differences in cognitive and brain reserve: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease in women. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Vol. 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100879
Valenzuela, M. J., & Sachdev, P. (2007). Assessment of complex mental activity across the lifespan: Development of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ). Psychological Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170600938X
van Rij, J., Wieling, M., Baayen, R. H., & van Rijn, H. (2016). itsadug: Interpreting time series and autocorrelated data using gamms. R Package Version.
Verhaeghen, P. (2003). Aging and vocabulary scores: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.332
Verhaeghen, P., & Salthouse, T. A. (1997). Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 122(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.231
Ward, D. D., Summers, M. J., Saunders, N. L., Ritchie, K., Summers, J. J., & Vickers, J. C. (2015). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism moderates the relationship between cognitive reserve and executive function. Translational Psychiatry, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.82
White, L., Katzman, R., Losonczy, K., Salive, M., Wallace, R., Berkman, L., … Havlik, R. (1994). Association of education with incidence of cognitive impairment in three established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 47(4), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(94)90157-0
Wöbbeking-Sánchez, M., Bonete-López, B., Cabaco, A. S., Urchaga-Litago, J. D., & Afonso, R. M. (2020). Relationship between cognitive reserve and cognitive impairment in autonomous and institutionalized older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165777
Wood, S. N. (2017). Generalized additive models: An introduction with R, second edition. In Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R, Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279
Yeudall, L. T., Fromm, D., Reddon, J. R., & Stefanyk, W. O. (1986). Normative data stratified by age and sex for 12 neuropsychological tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198611)42:6<918::AID-JCLP2270420617>3.0.CO;2-Y
Yu, R. L., Lee, W. J., Li, J. Y., Chang, Y. Y., Chen, C. C., Lin, J. J., … Fuh, J. L. (2020). Evaluating Mild Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease in Clinical Practice in Taiwan. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58042-2
Zhang, J., Zhou, W., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. (2017). Gender differences of neuropsychological profiles in cognitively normal older people without amyloid pathology. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.02.008
Zhang, M., Katzman, R., Salmon, D., Jin, H., Cai, G., Wang, Z., … Liu, W. T. (1990). The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in Shanghai, China: Impact of age, gender, and education. Annals of Neurology, 27(4), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270412