Ethics approval and consent to participate
Each country’s Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board approved the TEDDY study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study will be made available in the NIDDK Central Repository at https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/teddy.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
The TEDDY Study is funded by U01 DK63829, U01 DK63861, U01 DK63821, U01 DK63865, U01 DK63863, U01 DK63836, U01 DK63790, UC4 DK63829, UC4 DK63861, UC4 DK63821, UC4 DK63865, UC4 DK63863, UC4 DK63836, UC4 DK95300, UC4 DK100238, UC4 DK106955, UC4 DK112243, UC4 DK117483, U01 DK124166, U01 DK128847, and Contract No. HHSN267200700014C from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and JDRF. This work is supported in part by the NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Awards to the University of Florida (UL1 TR000064) and the University of Colorado (UL1 TR002535). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Authors contributions
JM contributed to the study and analysis design, preformed analysis, conducted the literature search and wrote the manuscript. SBJ contributed to the study, analysis design, interpreted data and edited the manuscript. KL contributed to the study, analysis design, preformed analysis, interpreted data and edited the manuscript. HEL revised the manuscript. ML revised the manuscript. CAA revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The TEDDY Study Group:
Colorado Clinical Center: Marian Rewers, M.D., Ph.D., PI, Aaron Barbour, Kimberly Bautista, Judith Baxter, Daniel Felipe-Morales, Brigitte I. Frohnert, M.D., Marisa Stahl, M.D., Patricia Gesualdo, Rachel Haley, Michelle Hoffman, Rachel Karban, Edwin Liu, M.D., Alondra Munoz, Jill Norris, Ph.D., Stesha Peacock, Hanan Shorrosh, Andrea Steck, M.D., Megan Stern, Kathleen Waugh. University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes.
Finland Clinical Center: Jorma Toppari, M.D., Ph.D., PI, Olli G. Simell, M.D., Ph.D., Annika Adamsson, Ph.D., Sanna-Mari Aaltonen, Suvi Ahonen, Mari Åkerlund, Leena Hakola, Anne Hekkala, M.D., Henna Holappa, Heikki Hyöty, M.D., Ph.D., Anni Ikonen, Jorma Ilonen, M.D., Ph.D., Sanna Jokipuu, Leena Karlsson, Jukka Kero M.D., Ph.D., Miia Kähönen, Mikael Knip, M.D., Ph.D., Minna-Liisa Koivikko, Katja Kokkonen, Merja Koskinen, Mirva Koreasalo, Kalle Kurppa, M.D., Ph.D., Salla Kuusela, M.D., Jarita Kytölä, Sinikka Lahtinen, Jutta Laiho, Ph.D., Tiina Latva-aho, Laura Leppänen, Katri Lindfors, Ph.D., Maria Lönnrot, M.D., Ph.D., Elina Mäntymäki, Markus Mattila, Maija Miettinen, Katja Multasuo, Teija Mykkänen, Tiina Niininen, Sari Niinistö Mia Nyblom, Sami Oikarinen, Ph.D., Paula Ollikainen , Zhian Othmani, Sirpa Pohjola , Jenna Rautanen, Anne Riikonen, Minna Romo, Satu Simell, M.D., Ph.D., Aino Stenius, Päivi Tossavainen, M.D., Mari Vähä-Mäkilä, Eeva Varjonen, Riitta Veijola, M.D., Ph.D., Irene Viinikangas, Suvi M. Virtanen, M.D., Ph.D.. University of Turku, Tampere University, University of Oulu, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Tampere University Hospital, Oulu University Hospital, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland, University of Kuopio.
Georgia/Florida Clinical Center: Jin-Xiong She, Ph.D., PI, Desmond Schatz, M.D., Diane Hopkins, Leigh Steed, Jennifer Bryant, Katherine Silvis, Michael Haller, M.D., Melissa Gardiner, Richard McIndoe, Ph.D., Ashok Sharma, Stephen W. Anderson, M.D., Laura Jacobsen, M.D., John Marks, DHSc., P.D. Towe. Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University. University of Florida, Pediatric Endocrinology. Pediatric Endocrine Associates, Atlanta.
Germany Clinical Center: Anette G. Ziegler, M.D., PI, Ezio Bonifacio Ph.D., Cigdem Gezginci, Anja Heublein, Eva Hohoff, Sandra Hummel, Ph.D., Annette Knopff, Charlotte Koch, Sibylle Koletzko, M.D., Claudia Ramminger, Roswith Roth, Ph.D. Jennifer Schmidt, Marlon Scholz, Joanna Stock, Katharina Warncke, M.D., Lorena Wendel, Christiane Winkler, Ph.D. Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. and Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München. Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximillians University Munich, University of Bonn, Department of Nutritional Epidemiology.
Sweden Clinical Center: Åke Lernmark, Ph.D., PI, Daniel Agardh, M.D., Ph.D., Carin Andrén Aronsson, Ph.D., Maria Ask, Rasmus Bennet, Corrado Cilio, Ph.D., M.D., Susanne Dahlberg, Malin Goldman Tsubarah, Emelie Ericson-Hallström, Annika Björne Fors, Lina Fransson, Thomas Gard, Monika Hansen, Susanne Hyberg, Berglind Jonsdottir, M.D., Ph.D., Helena Elding Larsson, M.D., Ph.D., Marielle Lindström, Markus Lundgren, M.D., Ph.D., Marlena Maziarz, Ph.D., Maria Månsson Martinez, Jessica Melin, Zeliha Mestan, Caroline Nilsson, Yohanna Nordh, Kobra Rahmati, Anita Ramelius, Falastin Salami, Anette Sjöberg, Carina Törn, Ph.D., Ulrika Ulvenhag, Terese Wiktorsson, Åsa Wimar. Lund University.
Washington Clinical Center: William A. Hagopian, M.D., Ph.D., PI, Michael Killian, Claire Cowen Crouch, Jennifer Skidmore, Christian Chamberlain, Brelon Fairman, Arlene Meyer, Jocelyn Meyer, Denise Mulenga, Nole Powell, Jared Radtke, Shreya Roy, Davey Schmitt, Sarah Zink. Pacific Northwest Research Institute.
Pennsylvania Satellite Center: Dorothy Becker, M.D., Margaret Franciscus, MaryEllen Dalmagro-Elias Smith2, Ashi Daftary, M.D., Mary Beth Klein, Chrystal Yates. Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC.
Data Coordinating Center: Jeffrey P. Krischer, Ph.D., PI, Rajesh Adusumali, Sarah Austin-Gonzalez, Maryouri Avendano, Sandra Baethke, Brant Burkhardt, Ph.D., Martha Butterworth, Nicholas Cadigan, Joanna Clasen, Kevin Counts, Christopher Eberhard, Steven Fiske, Laura Gandolfo, Jennifer Garmeson, Veena Gowda, Belinda Hsiao, Christina Karges, Qian Li, Ph.D., Shu Liu, Xiang Liu, Ph.D., Kristian Lynch, Ph.D., Jamie Malloy, Cristina McCarthy, Jose Moreno, Hemang M. Parikh, Ph.D., Cassandra Remedios, Chris Shaffer, Susan Smith, Noah Sulman, Ph.D., Roy Tamura, Ph.D., Dena Tewey, Michael Toth, Ulla Uusitalo, Ph.D., Kendra Vehik, Ph.D., Ponni Vijayakandipan, Melissa Wroble, Jimin Yang, Ph.D., R.D., Kenneth Young, Ph.D. Past staff: Michael Abbondondolo, Lori Ballard, Rasheedah Brown, David Cuthbertson, Stephen Dankyi, David Hadley, Ph.D., Kathleen Heyman, Francisco Perez Laras, Hye-Seung Lee, Ph.D., Colleen Maguire, Wendy McLeod, Aubrie Merrell, Steven Meulemans, Ryan Quigley, Laura Smith, Ph.D. University of South Florida.
Project scientist: Beena Akolkar, Ph.D. National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Other contributors: Thomas Briese, Ph.D., Columbia University. Todd Brusko, Ph.D., University of Florida. Suzanne Bennett Johnson, Ph.D., Florida State University. Eoin McKinney, Ph.D., University of Cambridge. Tomi Pastinen, M.D., Ph.D., The Children’s Mercy Hospital. Eric Triplett, Ph.D., University of Florida.
Finally, we thank the TEDDY families for their commitment to the study.