Chouchou et al. 2020
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Cross-sectional, 400 participants (58.2% women, mean age 29.8±11.5 years), recruitment by online survey between the 35th and 54th days of lockdown, Reunion Island.
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Subjective well-being (WHO-5).
Sleep quality (PSQI).
Physical activity (IPAQ).
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6
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Those reporting the highest decrease in well-being (4th and 3th quartiles) also reported the highest decrease in their total, moderate and intense weekly PA.
Impairment in well-being was independently associated with weekly PA.
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Coughenour et al. 2020
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Cross-sectional, 194 universities (73% women, mean age 25.1±7.8 years), online survey between May 7 and May 28, 2020, United States (Southern Nevada).
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Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (algorithm include age, body composition, resting heart rate and PA).
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9).
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3
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Significant but small correlation between the change in weekly physical activity minutes and the change in PHQ-9 scores.
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Eric et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 1,800 adults (42.7% women, 50.7% aged between 21 and 35 years) online survey, Nigeria.
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Subjective well-being (WHO-5).
Physical activity (EPQ).
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5
|
Total Daily Energy Expenditure on exercise during the pandemic was found to be significantly related to mental wellbeing.
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Faulkner et al. 2020
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Cross-sectional, 8,425 participants (70.7% female; mean age 44.5±14.8 years), online survey within the first 2-6 weeks of government-mandated COVID-19 restrictions, UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia.
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Physical activity (IPAQ).
Exercise behaviour change (Stages of Change scale).
Subjective well-being (WHO-5).
Depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms (DASS-9).
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7
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Moderate positive correlations between PA and WHO-5 scores and negative correlations between PA and depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms during the initial COVID-19 restrictions.
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Lesser and Nienhuis, (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 1,098 participants (79.3% women, mean age 42±15 years) online survey during April and early May 2020, Canada
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Physical activity (GLQ).
Motivation to exercise (BREQ-3).
Anxiety (GAD-7).
Overall well-being (MHC-SF).
|
4
|
Inactive participants scored significantly lower on the mental health continuum than active participants, though was a non-significant difference in generalized anxiety.
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Lin et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 628 healthy college students (64.8% female, mean aged 20.18±1.8 years), online survey, China.
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Depression (CES-D).
Physical activity (IPAQ-SF).
|
6
|
Depression negatively correlated with MET-minutes/week in moderate-intensity PA but not vigorous and walking scores.
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Maugeri et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 2,524 participants (56.4% women, 46% aged between 21 and 40 years), online survey from April 1 to April 30, 2020, Italy.
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Physical activity (IPAQ-SF).
Well-being (PGWBI).
|
5
|
A significant positive correlation was found between the variation of physical activity and mental well-being.
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Méndez-Giménez et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 4,811 participants (61.4% women, 50.7% aged between 27 and 53 years), online survey from March 19 to April 18, 2020, Spain.
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Physical activity (IPAQ).
Depressive symptoms (6-item self-report scale).
|
7
|
PA components were inversely associated with NDS. Performing at least 477 METs-min/week was associated with a 33% decrease in the probability of NDS, and reaching 3,000 METs-min/week was associated with the lowest risk of NDS (47%).
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Nienhuis and Lesser (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 1,098 participants (79.3% women, mean age 42±15 years) online survey during April and early May 2020, Canada
|
Physical activity (GLQ).
Motivation to exercise (BREQ-3).
Anxiety (GAD-7).
Overall well-being (MHC-SF).
|
4
|
Women with severe anxiety reported more physical activity those with moderate anxiety. Women’s physical activity levels were more significantly impacted by the increased difficulty and challenge due to the onset of COVID-19 restrictions.
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Ozdemir et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 2,301 participants (61.1% women, mean age 36.2 ± 10.9), online survey started eight weeks after the first case of COVID-19 was officially reported, Turkey.
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Physical activity (IPAQ).
Depression (BDI).
Anxiety symptoms (BAI).
Quality of life (WHOQOL- BREF TR).
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8
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Weak positive relationship between physical activity levels and quality of life, while there was a weak negative relationship between physical activity levels, depression and anxiety.
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Savage et al. (2020)
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Longitudinal cohort study, 214 students (72% women, mean age 20 years), online survey on the first week of ‘lockdown’ 20 March 2020 and during the fifth week of lockdown 27 April 2020, UK.
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Physical activity (EVS).
Mental well-being (WEMWBS).
|
2
|
Positive association was found between perceived stress and sedentary behaviour.
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Stanton et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 1,491 adults (67% women, mean age 50.5±14.9 years), online survey during April 2020, Australia.
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Physical activity (AAS).
Depressive and anxiety symptoms (DASS21).
|
6
|
Negative changes in physical activity were associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms.
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Xiang et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional, 1,396 college students (36.9% women, mean age 20.68±1.84), online survey, China.
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Anxiety and depressive symptoms (SAS and SDS).
Physical activity (IPAQ).
|
6
|
A high level of physical activity was significantly closely associated with low anxiety, while a moderate or high level of physical activity was significantly associated with reduced depression after adjusting confounding demographic factors.
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Zhang et al. (2020)
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Longitudinal survey, 66 participants (62.12% women, mean age 20.70±2.11), online survey February 19, on March 5 and on March 20, China.
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Physical activity (IPAQ).
Depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms (DASS21).
|
3
|
Physical activity directly alleviated general negative emotions and the maximal mitigation effect occurred when weekly physical activity was about 2500 METs.
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Carriedo et al. (2020)
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Cross-sectional study, 483 elderlies (50.9% women, mean age 65.49±5.14), online survey, Spain.
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Physical activity (IPAQ).
Resilience (CD-RISC).
Affects (The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule).
Depressive symptoms (six-item self-report scale developed by Kandel and Davies).
|
4
|
Older adults who regularly engaged in vigorous (VPA) and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during the quarantine reported higher scores in resilience (Locus, Self-efficacy, and Optimism), positive affect, and lower in depressive symptoms.
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Suzuki, et al. (2020)
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Longitudinal study, 165 participants (69.7% women, mean age 78.5±8.0 years), mailing questionnaire two moments, one four weeks before the declaration of the state of emergency (from 20 March–15 April), and the second was in the four weeks after the declaration of the state of emergency for follow-up (from 16 April to 13 May), China.
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Physical activity (PAQ-EJ).
Neighbourhood Physical activity (IPAQ-E).
Functional health (TMIG-IC).
Well-Being (WHO-5-J).
Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-12v2).
|
5
|
SWB scores significantly decreased in the less active group but this was not seen in the more or equally active group. HRQoL scores were reduced by COVID-19 restrictions regardless of changes in PA.
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Abbreviation: AAS, Active Australia Survey; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BREQ-3, Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales; DASS 21, 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; DASS-9, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9; EPQ, Exercise Participation Questionnaire; EVS, Exercise Vital Sign; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7; GLQ, Godin Leisure Questionnaire; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ-SF, International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form; MHC-SF, Mental Health Continuum; NDS, notable depressive symptoms; PA, physical activity; PGWBI, Psychological General Well Being Index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSQI, 6-items of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; WEMWBS, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale; WHO-5, 5-World Health Organization Well-Being index; WHOQOL- BREF TR, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale; VPA, Vigorous Physical Activity; MVPA, Moderate-vigorous Physical Activity; CD-RISC, The Connor-Davidson resilience scale; SWB, Subjective Well-Being; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence; IPAQ-E, International Physical Activity Questionnaire Environment Module; PAQ-EJ, Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese; WHO-5-J, World Health Organization’s Five Well-being Index; SF-12v2, Medical Outcome Study 12-Item Short-Form Survey v2; SWB, Subjective Well-Being
* According to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)
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