Balmaseda, MA, Mogensen K, Weaver AT (2013) Evaluation of the ECMWF ocean reanalysis system ORAS4. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 139(674), 1132– 1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2063.
Balmaseda MA, Hernandez F, Storto A, Palmer MD, Alves O, Shi L, Smith GC, Toyoda T, Valdivieso M, Barnier B, Behringer D (2015) The ocean reanalyses intercomparison project (ORA-IP). Journal of Operational Oceanography, 8(sup1), pp. s80-s97. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022329.
Bryan K, Lewis LJ (1979) A water mass model of the world ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 84, 2503–2517.
Carton J, Giese B (2008) Reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). Mon Weather Rev 136:2999–3017. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR1978.1.
Chirokova G, Webster PJ (2006) Interannual Variability of Indian Ocean Heat Transport Journal of Climate, 19(6), 1013-1031. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3676.1.
Ducet N, Le Traon PY, Reverdin G (2000) Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(C8), 19477– 19498. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900063.
Ganachaud A, Wunsch C (2003) Large scale ocean heat and freshwater transports during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. Journal of Climate, 16, 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3C0696:LSOHAF%3E2.0.CO;2.
Garternicht U, Schott FA (1997) Heat fluxes of the Indian Ocean from a global eddy-resolving model. J Geophys Res Oceans, 102, 21 147–21 159. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC01585.
Giese BS, Ray S (2011) El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871–2008. J Geophys Res Oceans. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006695.
Good SA, Martin MJ, Rayner NA (2013) EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates. J Geophys Res Oceans, 118(12), pp.6704-6716. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067.
Griffies SM, Winton M, Donner LJ, Downes SM, Farneti R, Gnanadesikan A, Horowitz LW, Hurlin WJ, Lee HC, Liang Z, Palter JB, Samuels BL, Wittenberg AT, Wyman BL, Yin J, Zadeh NT (2011) GFDL’s CM3 coupled climate model: Characteristics of the ocean and sea ice simulations. Journal of Climate 24, 3520–3544. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3964.1.
Griffies SM (2012) Elements of the modular ocean model (MOM). GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep, 7, p.620.
Han W, Meehl GA, Hu A et al. (2014) Intensification of decadal and multi-decadal sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades. Clim Dyn 43, 1357–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1951-1.
Horii T, Mizuno K, Nagura M, Miyama T, Ando K (2013) Seasonal and interannual variation in the cross‐equatorial meridional currents observed in the eastern Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans, 118(12), pp.6658-6671. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC00929.
Ishii M, Kimoto M, Kachi M (2003) Historical Ocean Subsurface Temperature Analysis with Error Estimates. Monthly Weather Review, 131(1), 51-73. https://doi.org//10.1175/15200493(2003)131<0051:HOSTAW>2.0.CO;2
Kanzow A, Cunningham WE, Jhons JJ, Hirschi J, Marotzke MO, Banringer CS, Meinin MP, Chidichimo, Atkinson LM, Beal HL, Bryden (2009) Seasonal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.58N. Jounal of Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3389.1.
Karmakar A, Parekh A, Chowdary JS et al. (2018) Inter comparison of Tropical Indian Ocean features in different ocean reanalysis products. Clim Dyn 51, 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3910-8.
Large W, McWilliams J, Doney S (1994) Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics 32, 363–403. https://doi.org/10.1029/94RG01872.
Large W, Yeager SG (2004) Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: the data sets and flux climatologies. Tech. Rep. NCAR/TN-460+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Large WG, Yeager SG (2009) The global climatology of an interannually varying air–sea flux data set. Climate dynamics, 33(2-3), pp.341-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3.
Lee SK, Park W, Baringer, M et al. (2015) Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus. Nature Geosci 8, 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2438.
Lee T, Marotzke J (1997) Seasonal cycles of meridional overturning and heat transport of the Indian Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, 923–943. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028%3C0923:SCOMOA%3E2.0.CO;2.
Lee T (2004) Decadal weakening of shallow overturning circulation in the South Indian Ocean, American Geophysical Union, Issue 22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020884.
Levitus S, Boyer T, Conkright M, Johnson D, O’Brien T, Antonov, Stephens C, Gelfeld, R (1998) World Ocean Database Atlas NESDIS 18, NOAA
Madec G (2008) NEMO reference manual, ocean dynamics component: NEMO-OPA. Preliminary version. Note du Pole de modélisation, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), France, 27, pp.1288-161.
Masumoto Y, Hase H, Kuroda Y, Matsuura H, Takeuchi H (2005) Intraseasonal variability in the upper layer currents observed in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, Geophys Res Lett, 32, L02607. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021896.
McPhaden M, Zhang D (2002) Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature 415, 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1038/415603a.
McPhaden MJ, Zhang D (2004) Pacific Ocean circulation rebounds. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(18), L18301. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020727.
Meng L, Zhuang W, Zhang W, Yan C, Yan XH (2020) Variability of the shallow overturning circulation in the Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans, 125, e2019JC015651. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015651
Miyama T, McCreary Jr JP, Jensen TG, Loschnigg J, Godfrey JS, Ishida A (2003) Structure and dynamics of the Indian-Ocean cross-equatorial cell, Deep Sea Res.,50,2023–2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00044-4.
Mohapatra S, Gnanaseelan C, Deepa JS (2020) Multidecadal to decadal variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean subsurface temperature and the forcing mechanisms. Clim Dyn 54, 3475–3487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05185-7.
Motoki N, McPhaden MJ (2017) The shallow overturning circulation in the Indian Ocean, AMS, DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-17-0127.1
Raj Deepak SN, Chowdary JS, Dandi AR et al. (2019) Impact of multiyear La Niña events on the South and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall in observations and CMIP5 models. Clim Dyn 52, 6989–7011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4561-0.
Ruijin H, Qinyu L, Qi W et al. (2005) The shallow meridional overturning circulation in the northern Indian Ocean and its interannual variability. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 22, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918511.
Schott FA, Dengler M, Schoenefeldt R (2002) The shallow overturning circulation of the Indian Ocean,Prog Oceanogr, 53,57–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00039-3.
Schott FA, McCreary J, Johnson G (2004) Shallow overturning circulations of the tropical-subtropical oceans. In: Wang CSX, Carton J (eds) Earth’s climate: the ocean-atmosphere interaction. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.1029/147GM15.
Schoenefeldt R, Schott FA (2006) Decadal variability of the Indian Ocean cross-equatorial exchange in SODA. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08602, doi:10.1029/2006GL025891.
Sikhakolli R, Sharma R, Basu S, Gohil BS, Sarkar A, Prasad KVSR (2013) Evaluation of OSCAR ocean surface current product in the tropical Indian Ocean using in-situ data. Journal of Earth System Science, 122(1), 187–199.
Trenary LL, Han W (2013) Local and remote forcing of decadal sea level and thermocline depth variability in the south Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans, 118(1), pp.381-398. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008317.
Ummenhofer CC, Schwarzkopf FU, Meyers G, Behrens E, Biastoch A, Böning CW (2013) Pacific Ocean contribution to the asymmetry in eastern Indian Ocean variability. J Clim 26:1152–1171. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00673.1.
Unnikrishnan AS, Nidheesh AG, Lengaigne M (2015) Sea level rise trends off the Indian coasts during the last two decades. Curr Sci 108(5): 966–971
Volkov DL, Fu LL, Lee T (2010) Mechanisms of the meridional heat transport in the Southern Ocean. Ocean Dynamics 60, 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0288-0.
Volkov D, Lee S, Gordon A, Rudko M (2020) Unprecedented reduction and quick recovery of the South Indian Ocean heat content and sea level in 2014–2018. Sci Adv 6(36): eabc1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1151.
Wang Y, McPhaden MJ (2017) Seasonal cycle of cross-equatorial flow in the central Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans, 122(5), 3817– 3827. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012537.
Zhang D, McPhaden M (2006) Decadal variability of the shallow Pacific meridional overturning circulation: relation to tropical sea surface temperatures in observations and climate change models. Ocean Model 15(3):250–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.12.005.