Characteristics of subjects between the osteoporosis group and non-osteoporosis group.
After excluding 377 participants who did not meet the criteria, 2496 subjects were included in the study. There were 799 people in the osteoporosis group and 1697 people in the non-osteoporosis group. The age of the osteoporosis group was between 47 and 85, with 64.19±6.68 years. The age of the non-osteoporosis group was between 41 and 85, with 61.03±6.82 years. Statistically, the age and menarche age of subjects who suffered from osteoporosis were significantly older than those who did not, and the menopause age was more advanced. They also had a lower height and lighter weight (P < 0.001). Besides, The BMD of the osteoporosis group was significantly lower than the non-osteoporosis group (P < 0.001) (Table 1).
Table 1 Characteristics of subjects between the osteoporosis group and non-osteoporosis group (mean ± SD)
|
|
Total
|
Osteoporosis
|
Non-osteoporosis
|
P
|
N (%)
|
2496(100)
|
799(32.01)
|
1697(67.99)
|
NA
|
Age (years)
|
62.04±6.94
|
64.19±6.68
|
61.03±6.82
|
<0.001
|
Height (m)
|
1.56±0.05
|
1.55±0.05
|
1.57±0.05
|
<0.001
|
Weight (kg)
|
57.48±8.30
|
56.07±8.11
|
58.15±8.31
|
<0.001
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
23.60±3.06
|
23.29±3.04
|
23.46±2.99
|
0.014
|
Menarche age (years)
|
15.34±2.00
|
15.55±2.07
|
15.17±1.91
|
0.003
|
Menopause age (years)
|
49.72±4.14
|
49.87±3.98
|
50.27±3.93
|
0.007
|
Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2)
|
0.78±0.15
|
0.66±0.08
|
0.86±0.13
|
<0.001
|
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2)
|
0.73±0.14
|
0.64±0.13
|
0.74±0.11
|
<0.001
|
Abbreviations: NA not applicable, BMI body mass index, BMD bone mineral density, SD standard deviation
|
Comparison of influencing factors between the osteoporosis group and non-osteoporosis group.
Comparing the influencing factors between the two groups indicated that patients in the osteoporosis group had a higher prevalence of hypertension and coronary heart disease (P < 0.05). Besides, there was a higher probability of drinking tea and drinking milk in the osteoporosis group (P < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2 Comparison of influencing factors between the osteoporosis group and non-osteoporosis group (%)
|
|
Total
|
Osteoporosis
|
Non-osteoporosis
|
P
|
N, %
|
2496(100)
|
799(32.01)
|
1697(67.99)
|
NA
|
Smoking, n (%)
|
8(0.32)
|
2(0.25)
|
6(0.35)
|
0.670
|
Drinking coffee, n (%)
|
69(2.76)
|
29(3.63)
|
40(2.36)
|
0.070
|
Drinking tea, n (%)
|
246(9.86)
|
100(12.52)
|
146(8.60)
|
0.002
|
Drinking milk, n (%)
|
769(30.81)
|
321(40.18)
|
448(26.40)
|
<0.001
|
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)
|
74(2.96)
|
29(3.63)
|
45(2.65)
|
0.179
|
Hypertension, n (%)
|
442(17.71)
|
174(21.78)
|
268(15.79)
|
<0.001
|
Coronary heart disease, n (%)
|
120(4.81)
|
54(6.76)
|
66(3.89)
|
0.002
|
Cerebral infarction, n (%)
|
26(1.04)
|
11(1.38)
|
15(0.88)
|
0.258
|
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable
|
Correlation analysis between different variables.
In correlation analysis, the occurrence of osteoporosis correlated positively with age, menarche age, drinking tea, drinking milk, hypertension, and coronary heart disease (r > 0, P < 0.05) but negatively with height, weight, BMI, and menopause age (r < 0, P < 0.05), whereas smoking, drinking coffee, hyperlipidemia, and cerebral infarction did not. The age, weight, BMI, drinking tea, drinking milk, and hyperlipidemia was positively related to hypertension (r > 0, P < 0.05), while the height and femoral neck BMD were negatively related to hypertension (r < 0, P < 0.05). Similarly, the femoral neck BMD was also negatively associated with coronary heart disease (r < 0, P < 0.05) while the age and menarche age were positively associated with coronary heart disease (r > 0, P < 0.05). The results also indicated that the risk of cerebral infarction increased with age. Besides, there were strong correlations between hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cerebral infarction (r > 0, P < 0.01) (Table 3).
Table 3 Correlation analysis between different variables
|
Variables
|
Osteoporosis (n)
|
Hypertension (n)
|
Coronary heart disease (n)
|
Cerebral infarction (n)
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
Age (years)
|
0.208**
|
<0.001
|
0.201**
|
<0.001
|
0.178**
|
<0.001
|
0.075**
|
<0.001
|
Height (m)
|
-0.148**
|
<0.001
|
-0.040*
|
0.043
|
-0.019
|
0.342
|
0.005
|
0.792
|
Weight (kg)
|
-0.125**
|
<0.001
|
0.084**
|
<0.001
|
0.017
|
0.385
|
0.009
|
0.671
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
-0.049*
|
0.014
|
0.131**
|
<0.001
|
0.037
|
0.067
|
0.005
|
0.799
|
Menarche age (years)
|
0.059**
|
0.003
|
-0.032
|
0.108
|
0.052**
|
0.009
|
0.002
|
0.937
|
Menopause age (years)
|
-0.057**
|
0.006
|
0.040
|
0.055
|
0.020
|
0.341
|
-0.010
|
0.630
|
Lumbar spine BMD
(g/cm2)
|
-0.703**
|
<0.001
|
0.017
|
0.400
|
-0.023
|
0.241
|
-0.012
|
0.549
|
Femoral neck BMD
(g/cm2)
|
-0.378**
|
<0.001
|
-0.208**
|
<0.001
|
-0.091**
|
<0.001
|
-0.012
|
0.553
|
Smoking (n)
|
-0.009
|
0.670
|
-0.026
|
0.189
|
-0.013
|
0.525
|
-0.006
|
0.776
|
Drinking coffee (n)
|
0.036
|
0.071
|
-0.001
|
0.943
|
-0.015
|
0.452
|
-0.017
|
0.397
|
Drinking tea (n)
|
0.061**
|
0.002
|
0.069**
|
0.001
|
0.026
|
0.192
|
-0.006
|
0.753
|
Drinking milk (n)
|
0.139**
|
<0.001
|
0.118**
|
<0.001
|
0.057**
|
0.004
|
0.037
|
0.061
|
Hyperlipidemia (n)
|
0.027
|
0.179
|
0.067**
|
0.001
|
0.027
|
0.178
|
0.030
|
0.136
|
Hypertension (n)
|
0.073**
|
<0.001
|
NA
|
NA
|
0.244**
|
<0.001
|
0.080**
|
<0.001
|
Coronary heart disease (n)
|
0.063**
|
0.002
|
0.244**
|
<0.001
|
NA
|
NA
|
0.090**
|
<0.001
|
Cerebral infarction (n)
|
0.017
|
0.390
|
0.080**
|
<0.001
|
0.090**
|
<0.001
|
NA
|
NA
|
Abbreviations: r Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient, BMI body mass index, BMD bone mineral density, NA not applicable
*P<0.05; **P<0.01
|
Logistic regression analysis with osteoporosis as a dependent variable.
Taking osteoporosis as the dependent variable, we conducted a two-class logistic regression analysis. After adjusting the confounding factors such as age, height, weight, menarche age, menopause age, drinking tea, and drinking milk, the result showed that hypertension and coronary heart disease were significant influencing factors for osteoporosis (P < 0.05). The increased age, menarche age, and the occurrence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, drinking tea, drinking milk were related to the increased risk of osteoporosis. The adjusted OR of suffering from osteoporosis was1.280 for participants with hypertension compared to those without hypertension and 1.503 for participants when suffering from coronary heart disease. Moreover, lower height, lighter weight, and earlier menopause may also be related to the increased risk of osteoporosis (Table 4).
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis with osteoporosis as a dependent variable
|
Variables
|
β
|
SE
|
Wald
|
P
|
OR
|
95% C.I.
|
Age (year)
|
0.055
|
0.007
|
59.817
|
< 0.001
|
1.057
|
1.042-1.071
|
Height (m)
|
-2.826
|
0.985
|
8.238
|
0.004
|
0.059
|
0.009-0.408
|
Weight (kg)
|
-0.021
|
0.006
|
11.208
|
0.001
|
0.979
|
0.968-0.991
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
0.002
|
0.215
|
0.000
|
0.992
|
1.002
|
0.658-1.527
|
Menarche age (year)
|
0.049
|
0.023
|
4.810
|
0.028
|
1.051
|
1.005-1.098
|
Menopause age (year)
|
-0.026
|
0.011
|
6.035
|
0.014
|
0.974
|
0.954-0.995
|
Hypertension (n)
|
0.247
|
0.114
|
4.669
|
0.031
|
1.280
|
1.023-1.601
|
Coronary heart disease (n)
|
0.408
|
0.197
|
4.253
|
0.039
|
1.503
|
1.021-2.213
|
Cerebral infarction (n)
|
0.102
|
0.423
|
0.059
|
0.808
|
1.108
|
0.484-2.537
|
Hyperlipidemia (n)
|
0.238
|
0.246
|
0.933
|
0.334
|
1.269
|
0.783-2.056
|
Smoking (n)
|
-0.118
|
0.820
|
0.021
|
0.886
|
0.889
|
0.178-4.435
|
Drinking coffee (n)
|
0.245
|
0.258
|
0.902
|
0.342
|
1.278
|
0.771-2.118
|
Drinking tea (n)
|
0.278
|
0.126
|
4.879
|
0.027
|
1.320
|
1.032-1.689
|
Drinking milk (n)
|
0.571
|
0.092
|
38.095
|
< 0.001
|
1.769
|
1.476-2.121
|
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, β correlation coefficient, SE standard error, OR odds ratio, C.I. confidence interval
|