Fecundity disorders in older women: declines in follicular development and endometrial receptivity

doi:10.21203/rs.2.19865/v3

Download PDF

Research article

Fecundity disorders in older women: declines in follicular development and endometrial receptivity

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.19865/v3

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Journal Publication

published 01 Jun, 2020

Read the published version in BMC Women's Health →

You are reading this latest preprint version

Background : Little research is available on follicular development and endometrial receptivity in older women. This study aimed to assess follicular development and endometrial receptivity, and to evaluate ultrasonic parameters in predicting endometrial receptivity during the implantation window in older women.

Methods: For this prospective case-control study, 224 older women and 215 young women were recruited. The follicular development and endometrial thickness were monitored by transvaginal ultrasound. During the implantation window, the pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the uterine arteries and subendometrial region, endometrial volume, vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI) were calculated between the two groups. The ultrasonic parameters were used to assess endometrial receptivity in older women.

Results: The serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) concentration and antral follicle count (AFC) were significantly lower in older women than in young women. The average diameter of the dominant follicle on days 14, 16, and 18 of the menstrual cycle were significantly smaller, and the subendometrial region RI on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 of the menstrual cycle were significantly higher in older women than in young women. The normal ovulation rate was significantly lower in older women than in young women. The subendometrial region RI was significantly higher, and the endometrial VI, FI, and VFI were significantly lower in older women compared with young women. The biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate of older women were significantly lower than in young women. The best ultrasonic parameter for predicting endometrial receptivity during the implantation window in older women was VI (AUC =0.889, sensitivity 92.6% and specificity 85.4%).

Conclusions: Older women present decreased serum AMH concentrations and AFC, defined as indicators of ovarian reserve function. Older women are characterized by decreased follicular development and endometrial receptivity, which may lead to fecundity disorders.

Obstetrics & Gynecology

Older women

Fecundity

Endometrial receptivity

Implantation window

Ultrasonic parameters

In recent years, later-age childbearing has become a trend in China, particularly as more women have steadily entered the workforce. In addition, with the implementation of the two-child policy in China, the number of older women (≥35 years) who desire pregnancy is gradually increasing [1]. However, fecundity declines significantly beginning at approximately 32 years of age and decreases more rapidly after 37 years of age because of a decrease in egg quality and a gradual increase in the circulating level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [2]. Therefore, many older women will face fecundity disorders, including decreased egg quality, pregnancy rate and live birth rate, as well as increased embryonic aneuploidy and abortion rate [3].

It is well known that fecundity declines in older women are associated with decreased ovarian function and oocyte quality [4]. However, little research is available on endometrial receptivity in older women. Endometrial receptivity plays a crucial role in the implantation of the embryo, and its impairment has been shown to be one of the factors contributing to infertility in women. Transvaginal ultrasound is the first-line method to observe follicular development and endometrial growth because of its non-invasive characteristics, and ultrasonic parameters, including endometrial thickness, classification and blood flow, have been confirmed to reflect endometrial receptivity [5–6]. This study aimed to assess ovarian reserve function, follicular development and endometrial receptivity in older women and to evaluate the predictive value for endometrial receptivity of different ultrasonic parameters during the implantation window.

Study design and participants

This prospective case-control study was conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2017 to April 2019. A total of 224 older women (≥ 35 years) and 215 women under the age of 35 who wanted to become pregnant were recruited. Women were included if they had regular menstrual cycles (28–32 days), bilateral fallopian tubal patency detected by hysterosalpingogram, and partners with normal semen according to WHO criteria [7]. Women were excluded if they had polycystic ovarian syndrome, thyroid disease, gynaecological surgery, pelvic inflammatory diseases or endometriosis. Women were also excluded if they were diagnosed with infertility or underwent assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. Socio-demographic information such as age, body mass index (BMI), number of gravidity and deliveries, and menstrual cycle were obtained by a questionnaire. Sex hormone and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) concentrations were detected in our hospital laboratory. The baseline antral follicle count (AFC) was determined, which was defined as the total number of antral follicles (follicles measuring 2–10 mm) in both ovaries. All participants gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University.

Outcome measures

All ultrasound scans were performed by one operator using a Voluson E8 (GE Medical Systems, USA) to avoid interobserver variation. The operator was blind to the group of the patients. The results of the ultrasound assessment did not affect subsequent clinical management procedures. Starting from the 8th day of the menstrual cycle, the follicular development, endometrial thickness (ET), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the uterine arteries and subendometrial region were monitored by transvaginal ultrasound, and then the above indicators were calculated every two days before ovulation. Timed intercourse was advised when the dominant follicle reached 18 mm in diameter. During the implantation window, defined as 6 to 7 days after ovulation, the ET, PI and RI of the uterine arteries and subendometrial region were detected. The endometrial thickness was measured in the midsagittal plane in the fundus of the uterus (point of maximal thickness) from the echogenic interface at the junction of the endometrium and myometrium. The pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the uterine arteries were obtained from the ascending main branch of the uterine artery on the left and right sides of the cervix in a longitudinal plane. The average value of left and right uterine arteries was used for the final statistical analysis. The subendometrial region was defined as within 5 mm of the echogenic endometrial borders. The cursor of the Doppler was positioned to where the vessel with good color signals was identified on the screen. The pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the uterine artery and subendometrial region were calculated electronically. The manual mode of the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) contour editor was used to cover the entire 3D volume of the endometrium with a 15° rotation step. A total of 12 endometrial slices were obtained outlining the endometrium at the myoendometrial junction from fundus to internal os. The endometrial volume, vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI) were calculated automatically [8]. All ultrasonic parameters were measured three times, and the average value was used for the final statistical analysis. Ovulation was confirmed by the following criteria: (a) The dominant follicle ≥18 mm, followed by the disappearance or reduction in size of the dominant follicle by more than 5 mm. (b) Appearance of free fluid in the Pouch of Douglas. (c) Midluteal (6 to 7 days after ovulation) serum progesterone was ≥ 15 nmol/L measured by chemiluminescence methods [9]. Luteinized unruptured follicular syndrome (LUFS) are follicles which fail to ovulate, undergo luteinization, and may become increasingly filled with blood. LUFS was defined as persistent existence or enlargement of follicles after maturation, thickening of follicle walls, and a strength echo in the point or grid shape or a cystic solid echo with great tension inside the follicle [10].

Pregnancy rates were observed during this natural menstrual cycle, including biochemical pregnancy (defined as human chorionic gonadotropin level ≥10 mIU/mL measured at 2 weeks after ovulation), clinical pregnancy (defined as the presence of embryo in the uterine cavity) and ongoing pregnancy (confirmed as the presence of a foetus with heart motion at 12 weeks of gestation) [11].

The primary outcome included follicular development and ultrasonic parameters of endometrial receptivity. The secondary outcomes were the pregnancy rates and the predictive value of different ultrasonic parameters for endometrial receptivity in older women.

Statistical analysis

The data in this study were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 16.0. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to check the normal distribution prior to statistical tests. For normally distributed variables, the continuous variables were given as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by Student’s t test. Non-normally distributed data were given as median (25, 75% quartile range) and were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U test. Differences in dichotomous outcomes were compared by chi-square test. The evaluation of endometrial receptivity of different parameters was done by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The data in Table 1 suggest that the serum AMH concentration and AFC were significantly lower in older women than in young women (p < 0.05), but the percentage of parity (≥1) was significantly higher in older women than in young women (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found when comparing other basic clinical data between the two groups (p > 0.05).

Table 1 Clinical data between older women and young women.

Characteristics	Older women (n=224)	Young women (n=215)	P value^a
Age (years)	38.59±6.37	27.43±5.29	0.019
BMI (kg/m²)	21.46±5.45	22.09±4.87	0.658
Gravidity	3 (2–4)	2 (3–4)	0.207
Parity			0.034
0	68 (30.36%)	86 (40.00%)
≥1	156 (69.64%)	129 (60.00%)
Abortion	2 (2–5)	2 (1–3)	0.065
Live birth	1 (1–2)	1 (1–1)	0.129
Previous obstetrical history
GDM	16 (10.26%) ^b	10 (7.75%) ^b	0.465
HDP	13 (8.33%) ^b	11 (8.53%) ^b	0.953
Menstrual cycle (days)	30.12±5.53	31.45±6.02	0.225
Basic concentrations
FSH (mIU/mL)	7.80±2.76	6.35±2.01	0.367
LH (mIU/mL)	5.53±1.12	5.48±1.29	0.216
PRL (ng/mL)	10.14±3.37	8.45±2.48	0.103
E₂(pmol/L)	91.35±25.63	102.47±30.42	0.298
P (nmol/L)	1.09±0.76	1.17±0.90	0.342
T (nmol/L)	0.92±0.41	0.86±0.44	0.677
AMH (ng/mL)	1.02±0.58	2.65±0.99	0.019
AFC (number)	8.53±2.21	15.67±4.32	0.022

GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus, HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. FSH: follicle stimulating hormone, LH: luteinizing hormone, PRL: prolactin, E₂: estradiol, P: progesterone, T: testosterone.

Values are presented as mean ±SD, median (quartile range) or number (percentage).

^at-test, Mann-WhitneyU test or Chi-square test.

^bPercentage are calculated according to parity (≥1).

Figure 1 indicates the follicular development and the PI/RI of the uterine arteries and subendometrial region before ovulation. The average diameter of the dominant follicle on days 14, 16, and 18 of the menstrual cycle were significantly smaller (t = 2.579, p = 0.041; t = 2.986, p = 0.032; t = 3.247, p = 0.025 respectively), and the subendometrial region RI on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 of the menstrual cycle were significantly higher in older women than in young women (t = 2.471, p = 0.046; t = 2.675, p = 0.039; t = 2.778, p = 0.036; t = 2.798, p = 0.035 respectively) (Fig. 1A and F). However, no significant difference was found when comparing endometrial thickness, average uterine PI and RI, and subendometrial region PI between the two groups (p = 0.346–0.995) (Fig. 1B–E).

Figure 2 reveals that the normal ovulation rate in older women was significantly lower compared with young women [69.64% (156/224) vs. 82.79% (178/215), χ² = 10.421, p = 0.001], and the without dominant follicle rate in older women was significantly higher than that in young women [21.88% (49/224) vs. 9.77% (21/215), χ² = 11.999, p = 0.001]. However, no significant difference was found when comparing the LUFS rate between the two groups [8.48% (22/224) vs. 7.44% (16/215), χ² = 1.704, p = 1.192].

Table 2 shows the ultrasonic parameters of endometrial receptivity during the implantation window in women with normal ovulation between the two groups. The subendometrial region RI was significantly higher, and the endometrial VI, FI, and VFI were significantly lower in older women than in young women (p < 0.05). The data in Table 3 indicate that the biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate of older women were significantly lower than those of young women (p < 0.05).

Table 2. Ultrasonic parameters of endometrial receptivity during implantation window in women with normal ovulation between the two groups.

Parameters	Older women (n=156)	Young women (n=178)	P value^a
Uterine artery PI	2.03±0.74	2.08±0.81	0.897
Uterine artery RI	0.76±0.13	0.75±0.15	0.903
Subendometrial region PI	0.98±0.24	1.00±0.29	0.890
Subendometrial region RI	0.76±0.12	0.62±0.11	0.041
Endometrial thickness (mm)	9.01±2.41	9.67±2.68	0.335
Endometrial volume (cm³)	2.93±0.87	3.24±1.02	0.126
Endometrial VI (%)	1.72±0.92	3.04±1.13	0.019
Endometrial FI (0-100)	19.45±4.65	32.3±6.32	0.015
Endometrial VFI (0-100)	0.33±0.02	0.97±0.06	0.007

Values are presented as mean ±SD.

^at-test.

Table 3. Pregnancy rates between older women and young women.

Parameters	Older women (n=224)	Young women (n=215)	P value^a
Biochemical pregnancy	22 (9.82%)	39 (18.14%)	0.012
Clinical pregnancy	17 (7.59%)	36 (16.74%)	0.003
Ongoing pregnancy	13 (5.80%)	34 (15.81%)	0.001

Values are presented as number (percentage).

^a Chi-square test.

Figure 3 shows that the best ultrasonic parameter for predicting endometrial receptivity during the implantation window in older women was VI (AUC=0.889, sensitivity 92.6% and specificity 85.4%), followed by FI (AUC=0.838, sensitivity 90.7% and specificity 82.1%).

Although there are several indicators to evaluate ovarian function, age is the primary determinant of reproductive potential [12]. Data from our study showed that the average diameter of the dominant follicle in older women was significantly smaller, and the normal ovulation rate was significantly lower in older women, which is associated with the fecundity declines of older women. Previous data suggest that among populations that do not use contraception, fertility rates decrease with increasing age of women [13]. The cumulative pregnancy rate observed across up to 12 insemination cycles was 74% for women younger than 31 years, decreased to 62% for women aged 31–35 years and decreased further to 54% for women older than 35 years [2]. Therefore, the pregnancy success rate of older women is significantly reduced in regard to both natural conception and assisted reproductive technology [14–15]. Several indicators can be used to assess ovarian reserve function, including FSH, inhibin B, AMH and AFC. The data in this study revealed that AMH and AFC were superior to menstrual cycles and FSH in evaluating ovarian function in older women, which is consistent with the results reported in most previous research [16–17]. As a woman ages, her oocyte and follicular pool declines, so AFC is a good indicator of ovarian function in women. As the oocyte and follicular pool declines, granulosa cells secrete less. Although the ability of AMH to predict reproductive potential is controversial, it is an excellent predictor of oocyte yield among women with infertility undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) [18].

Previous studies have confirmed that most ovulation occurs within 48 hours after the dominant follicle reached ≥ 18 mm in diameter. It has been reported that among healthy women trying to conceive, 30.7% pregnancies were initiated in a total of 625 natural menstrual cycles for which the dates of ovulation could be estimated. Conception occurred only when intercourse took place during a six-day period that ended on the estimated day of ovulation [19]. Data in our study showed that the biochemical pregnancy rates in young women and older women were 18.14% and 9.82%, which were lower than the above research results. This difference may be related to the existence of LUFS women in our study. In addition, our findings show that the biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate in older women were significantly lower than those in young women. It has been shown that the clinical pregnancy rates were significantly lower in older women in standard IVF and ovum donation, and the decrease in endometrial receptivity with age was responsible for the higher rate of implantation failure in older women [20]. From a clinical perspective, extrapolating results obtained in young women with infertility to older is not justified. It is noteworthy that, if endometrial receptivity in older women is ignored by the clinician, the older women who were diagnosed with unexplained infertility may receive inappropriate therapies. These may expose women to unjustified risks and waste financial resources. Unfortunately, the available literature about follicular development and endometrial receptivity in older women during the natural menstrual cycle is limited and does not provide valid evidence. Therefore, randomized controlled trials aimed at identifying the follicular development and endometrial receptivity during the natural menstrual cycle in older women are needed.

Early literature reported obvious changes occurred in endometrial volume and vascularization during the normal menstrual cycles, and three-dimensional energy Doppler ultrasound has been used to assess endometrial receptivity due to its advantage of reflecting endometrial blood flow [21–22]. The data in our study showed that the subendometrial region RI was significantly higher and that the endometrial VI, FI, and VFI during implantation window were significantly lower in older women than in young women, which might be related to the decreased endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, the data in this study show that the best ultrasonic parameter for predicting endometrial receptivity during the implantation window in older women was VI, followed by FI. Our previous results showed that transvaginal two-dimensional ultrasound could evaluate endometrial receptivity by detecting endometrial thickness and blood flow [23]. Studies have confirmed that the value of this technique in evaluating endometrial receptivity is better than that of two-dimensional ultrasound, and it has been reported to be used to evaluate endometrial receptivity for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) [24]. Wang et al. showed that increased endometrial blood flow in IVF-ET infertile women during follicular maturation was beneficial to pregnancy [25]. Other studies have found that three-dimensional energy Doppler ultrasonography can assess endometrial receptivity and predict pregnancy outcome by detecting follicular maturation day and embryo transfer day with intrauterine and subintimal blood flow [26]. Embryo implantation is a complicated process in which the blastocyst interacts with the receptive endometrium. In the normal reproductive cycle of humans and mammals, there is a very short period during which the endometrium is receptive for embryo implantation, which is defined as 6 to 7 days after ovulation in the normal menstrual cycle. In the early stage of embryo implantation, angiogenesis is active, and the expression of various angiogenesis-related factors is increased, which provides support for embryonic development and pregnancy. Therefore, the blood supply of the endometrium is of great significance to its receptivity.

This study has some limitations. Fecundity disorders in older women are associated with multiple factors, including follicular dysplasia, increased aneuploidy and decreased endometrial receptivity. In addition, as age increases, the risks of reproductive diseases that may adversely affect fertility, such as fibroids, tubal disease, and endometriosis, also increase. Furthermore, this was a prospective case-control study in a single centre, and the sample size was relatively small. Therefore, the repeatability of the results of this study needs to be confirmed by multi-centre surveys with large sample sizes.

Older women present decreased ovarian reserve function, for which the predictive value of AMH and AFC is more sensitive. Older women present decreased follicular development and endometrial receptivity, which might be related to fecundity disorders. The results of this study provide new ideas for the improvement of pregnancy rate and reproductive outcomes in older women.

BMI: body mass index; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone; AFC: antral follicle count; LUFS: luteinized unruptured follicular syndrome; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; PRL: prolactin; E₂: estradiol; P: progesterone; T: testosterone; PI: pulsatility index; RI: resistance index; ET: endometrial thickness; EV: endometrial volume; VI: vascularization index; FI: Flow index; VFI: vascularization flow index.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the women who participated in this study.

Authors’ contributions

LW, XFY conceived the study; SLL and WJM collated data; EB analyzed data; LW wrote the manuscript. All authors have been involved in revising the manuscript critically, and they have given final approval of the version to be published.

Funding

This study was supported by the Basic Research Program of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2019JM-569), and by Institutional Foundation of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (No. 2019ZYTS-03). The funding bodies were not involved in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University. All participants gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author details

All the authors are from Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China.

1. Zhou X, Li H, Fu X. Identifying possible risk factors for cesarean scar pregnancy based on a retrospective study of 291 cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2020 ;46(2):272–8.

2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice and Practice Committee. Female age-related fertility decline. Committee Opinion No. 589. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(3):633–4.

3. Stephen EH, Chandra A, King RB. Supply of and demand for assisted reproductive technologies in the United States: clinic- and population based data, 1995-2010. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(2):451–8.

4. Somigliana E, Paffoni A, Busnelli A, Filippi F, Pagliardini L, Vigano P, et al. Age-related infertility and unexplained infertility: an intricate clinical dilemma. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(7):1390–6.

5. Liu H, Zhang J, Wang B, Kuang Y. Effect of endometrial thickness on ectopic pregnancy in frozen embryo transfer cycles: an analysis including 17,244 pregnancy cycles. Fertil Steril. 2020;113(1):131–9.

6. Masrour MJ, Yoonesi L, Aerabsheibani H. The effect of endometrial thickness and endometrial blood flow on pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019; 8(9):2845–9.

7. Elnaggar A, Farag AH, Gaber M, Hafeez MA, Ali MS, Atef AM. AlphaVBeta3 Integrin expression within uterine endometrium in unexplained infertility: a prospective cohort study. BMC Womens Health. 2017; 17(1):90.

8. Kim A, Han JE, Yoon TK, Lyu SW, Seok HH, Won HJ. Relationship between endometrial and subendometrial blood flow measured by three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound and pregnancy after intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(2):747–52.

9. Selim MF, Borg TF. Letrozole and clomiphene citrate effect on endometrial and subendometrial vascularity in treating infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Gynecol Surg. 2012;28(6):405–10.

10. Bashir ST, Baerwald AR, Gastal MO, Pierson RA, Gastal EL. Follicle growth and endocrine dynamics in women with spontaneous luteinized unruptured follicles versus ovulation. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(6):1130–40.

11. Chen ZJ, Shi Y, Sun Y, Zhang B, Liang X, Cao Y, et al. Fresh versus frozen embryos for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:523–33

12. Crawford NM, Steiner AZ. Age-related infertility. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):15–5.

13. Pantazis A, Clark SJ. A parsimonious characterization of change in global age-specific and total fertility rates. PLoS One. 2018; 13(1):e0190574.

14. ElMokhallalati Y, van Eekelen R, Bhattacharya S, McLernon DJ. Treatment-independent live birth after in-vitro fertilisation: a retrospective cohort study of 2,133 women. Hum Reprod. 2019; 34(8):1470–8.

15. Farr SL, Schieve LA, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy loss among pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technology, United States, 1999–2002. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 165:1380–8.

16. Helden JV, Weiskirchen R. Age-independent anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) standard deviation scores to estimate ovarian function. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017; 213:64–70.

17. Kim C, Slaughter JC, Wang ET, Appiah D, Schreiner P, Leader B, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, antral follicle count, and risk of menopause within 5 years. Maturitas. 2017; 102:18–25.

18. Steiner AZ, Pritchard D, Stanczyk FZ, Kesner JS, Meadows JW, Herring AH, et al. Association between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and infertility among older women of reproductive age. JAMA. 2017; 318(14):1367–76.

19. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(23):1517–21.

20. Yaron Y, Botchan A, Amit A, Kogosowski A, Yovel I, Lessing JB. Endometrial receptivity: the age-related decline in pregnancy rates and the effect of ovarian function. Fertil Steril. 1993;60(2):314–8.

23.Wang L,Wen XQ, Lv SL, Zhao J, Yang T, Yang XF. Comparison of endometrial receptivity of clomiphene citrate versus letrozole in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019; 35(10):862–5.

21. Jokubkiene L, Sladkevicius P, Rovas L, Valentin L. Assessment of changes in endometrial and subendometrial volume and vascularity during the normal menstrual cycle using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27(6):672–9.

22. Mohsen IA, Elkattan E, Nabil H, Khattab S. Effect of Metformin treatment on endometrial vascular indices in anovulatory obese/overweight women with polycystic ovarian syndrome using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography. J Clinic Ultrasound. 2013; 41(5):275–82.

24. Kupesic S, BekavacI, Bjelos D, Kurjak A. Assessment of endometrial receptivity by transvaginal color Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(2):125–34.

25. Wang L, Qiao J, Li R, Zhen X, Liu Z. Role of endometrial blood flow assessment with color Doppler energy in predicting pregnancy outcome of IVF-ET cycles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010; 18(8):122.

26. Choudhary M, Chowdhary J, Swarankar ML,et al. Predictive value of subendometrial-endometrial blood flow assessment by transvaginal 3D power doppler on the day of HCG on clinical outcome of IVF cycles. Int J Res Med Sci. 2015; 3(11):3114–8.

Download PDF

Journal Publication

published 01 Jun, 2020

Read the published version in BMC Women's Health →

Editorial decision: Minor revision
20 May, 2020
Editor assigned by journal
06 May, 2020
Editor invited by journal
05 May, 2020
Submission checks completed at journal
09 Apr, 2020

You are reading this latest preprint version

Fecundity disorders in older women: declines in follicular development and endometrial receptivity

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 3

Abstract

Figures

Background

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 3