1-Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J SurgPathol. 2005;29(1):52–68.
2-Kramer K, Siech M, Sträter J, et al.GI hemorrhage with fulminant shock induced by jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) coincident with duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NET) + neurofibromatosis (NF)—case report and review of the literature. Z Gastroenterol. 2005;43(3):281–288.
3-Rammohan A, Sathyanesan J, Rajendran K, et al.A gist of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. World J GastrointestOncol. 2012;5(6):102–112.
4-Rubin BP, Fletcher JA, Fletcher CD.Molecular insights into the histogenesis and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.International journal of surgical pathology. 2000;8(1):5-10.
5-Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors–definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis.Virchowsarchiv. 2001;438(1):1-2.
6-Reith JD, Goldblum JR, Lyles RH, Weiss SW.Extragastrointestinal (soft tissue) stromal tumors: an analysis of 48 cases with emphasis on histologic predictors of outcome. Modern Pathology. 2000;13(5):577.
7-Medeiros F, Corless CL, Duensing A, et al. KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: proof of concept and therapeutic implications. The American journal of surgical pathology.2004 ;28(7):889-94.
8-Jenkins TD.Atlas of tumor pathology, tumors of the esophagus and stomach.Gastroenterology. 1999;117(2):508.
9-Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Human pathology. 1999;30(10):1213-20.
10-DeMatteo RP, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, et al. Adjuvant imatinibmesylate after resection of localised, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The lancet. 2009;373(9669):1097-104.
11-Ma GL, Murphy JD, Martinez ME, et al. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the era of histology codes: results of a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2015;24(1):298-302.
12-Cassier PA, Ducimetière F, LurkinA, et al. A prospective epidemiological study of new incident GISTs during two consecutive years in Rhône Alpes region: incidence and molecular distribution of GIST in a European region. British journal of cancer. 2010;103(2):165.
13-Nilsson B, Bümming P, Meis‐Kindblom JM, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: the incidence, prevalence, clinical course, and prognostication in the preimatinibmesylate era: a population‐based study in western Sweden. Cancer. 2005;103(4):821-829.
14-Tryggvason G, Gíslason HG, Magnússon MK, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Iceland, 1990–2003: The Icelandic GIST study, a population‐based incidence and pathologic risk stratification study. International journal of cancer. 2005;117(2):289-93.
15-Miettinen M, Fetsch JF, Sobin LH, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis 1: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 45 cases. The American journal of surgical pathology. 2006;30(1):90-6.
16-Mussi C, Schildhaus HU, Gronchi A, et al. Therapeutic consequences from molecular biology for gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients affected by neurofibromatosis type 1. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008;14(14):4550-4555.
17-Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Sarlomo-Rikala M.Immunohistochemical spectrum of GISTs at different sites and their differential diagnosis with a reference to CD117 (KIT).Modern pathology. 2000;13(10):1134.
18-Newman PL, Wadden C, Fletcher CD. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: correlation of immunophenotype with clinicopathological features. The Journal of pathology. 1991;164(2):107-17.
19-Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. International journal of surgical pathology. 2002;10(2):81-9.
20-Sakurai S, Fukasawa T, Chong JM, et al. C‐kit gene abnormalities in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (tumors of interstitial cells of Cajal).Japanese journal of cancer research. 1999;90(12):1321-8.
21-Wang L, Vargas H, French SW. Cellular origin of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study of 27 cases. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 2000;124(10):1471-5.
22-Sircar K, Hewlett BR, Huizinga JD, et al. Interstitial cells of Cajal as precursors of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The American journal of surgical pathology.1999 ;23(4):377-389.
23-Agaimy A, Wünsch PH, Hofstaedter F, et al. Minute gastric sclerosing stromal tumors (GIST tumorlets) are common in adults and frequently show c-KIT mutations. Am J SurgPathol. 2007;31 (1): 113-20.
24-Broudy VC. Stem cell factor and hematopoiesis. Blood 1997; 90: 1345–1364.
25-van Roggen JG, Van Velthuysen ML, Hogendoorn PC.The histopathological differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours.Journal of clinical pathology.2001 ;54(2):96-102.
26-Théou-Anton N, Tabone S, Brouty-Boye D, et al. Co expression of SCF and KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) suggests an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. British journal of cancer. 2006;94(8):1180.
27-Yamamoto H, Oda Y, Kawaguchi K, et al. c-kit and PDGFRA mutations in extragastrointestinal stromal tumor (gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the soft tissue).The American journal of surgical pathology. 2004;28(4):479-88.
28-Janeway KA, Liegl B, Harlow A, et al. Pediatric KIT–Wild-Type and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α–Wild-Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Share KIT Activation but not Mechanisms of Genetic Progression with Adult Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Cancer research. 2007;67(19):9084-8.
29-Corless CL, Schroeder A, Griffith D, et al. PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: frequency, spectrum and in vitro sensitivity to imatinib. J ClinOncol. 2005;23(23):5357-64.
30-Agaimy A, Märkl B, Arnholdt H, et al. Sporadic segmental Interstitial cell of cajal hyperplasia (microscopic GIST) with unusual diffuse longitudinal growth replacing the muscularispropria: differential diagnosis to hereditary GIST syndromes. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology. 2010;3(5):549.
31-Miettinen M, Monihan JM, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors/smooth muscle tumors (GISTs) primary in the omentum and mesentery: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. The American journal of surgical pathology.1999 ;23(9):1109.
32-Hirota S, Isozaki K. Pathology of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Pathol Int. 2006;56:1–9.
33-Rubin BP, Singer S, Tsao C, et al. KIT activation is a ubiquitous feature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. 2001; 61 (22):8118-8121
34-Agaimy A, Terracciano LM, Dirnhofer S, et al. V600E BRAF mutations are alternative early molecular events in a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Journal of clinical pathology.2009 ;62(7):613-616.
35-Fukasawa T, Chong JM, Sakurai S, et al. Allelic loss of 14q and 22q, NF2 mutation, and genetic instability occur independently of c‐kit mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Japanese journal of cancer research. 2000;91(12):1241-1249.
36-Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, Sobin LH, et al. Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol. 2002;33 (5):478-483.
37-Miettinen M, Makhlouf H, Sobin LH, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. The American journal of surgical pathology.2006;30(4):477-89.
38-Maynard MA, Marino-Enriquez A, Fletcher JA, et al. Thyroid hormone inactivation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(14):1327-1334.
39-Rege TA, Wagner AJ, Corless CL, et al. "Pediatric-type" gastrointestinal stromal tumors in adults: distinctive histology predicts genotype and clinical behavior. Am J SurgPathol. 2011;35(4):495-504.
40-Gasparotto D, Rossi S, Bearzi I, et al.Multiple primary sporadic gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the adult: an underestimated entity. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008;14(18):5715-21.
41-[Guideline] ESMO/European Sarcoma Network Working Group. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(3):21-26.
42-Scarpa M, Bertin M, Ruffolo C, et al.A systematic review on the clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Journal of surgical oncology.2008 ;98(5):384-392.
43-Ghanem N, Altehoefer C, Furtwängler A, et al. Computed tomography in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. EurRadiol. 2003;13 (7):1669-1678.
44-Tio TL, Tytgat GN, den HartogJager FC. Endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of smooth muscle tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract: an experience with 42 cases. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 1990;36(4):342-50.
45- Demetri GD, Benjamin RS, Blanke CD, et al. NCCN Task Force report: management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)--update of the NCCN clinical practice guidelines. J NatlComprCancNetw. 2007;5(2):S1–S29;quiz S30.
46-Gayed I, Vu T, Iyer R, et al.The role of 18F-FDG PET in staging and early prediction of response to therapy of recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2004 ;45(1):17-21.
47-Kamiyama Y, Aihara R, Nakabayashi T, et al. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: useful technique for predicting malignant potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World journal of surgery. 2005;29(11):1429-1435.
48-Eriksson M, Reichardt P, Hall KS, et al. Needle biopsy through the abdominal wall for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour–Does it increase the risk for tumour cell seeding and recurrence?. European Journal of Cancer. 2016;59:128-133.
49-Watson RR, Binmoeller KF, Hamerski CM, et al. Yield and performance characteristics of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for diagnosing upper GI tract stromal tumors. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2011;56(6):1757-1762.
50-Huang HY, Li CF, Huang WW, et al. A modification of NIH consensus criteria to better distinguish the highly lethal subset of primary localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a subdivision of the original high-risk group on the basis of outcome. Surgery. 2007;141(6):748-756.
51-Corless CL, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, et al. Pathologic and molecular features correlate with long-term outcome after adjuvant therapy of resected primary GI stromal tumor: the ACOSOG Z9001 trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(15):1563.
52-Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: pathology and prognosis at different sites. InSeminars in diagnostic pathology 2006;23(2):70-83.
53-Boni L, Benevento A, Dionigi G, et al. Surgical resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): experience on 25 patients. World journal of surgical oncology.2005 ;3(1):78.
54-Bucher P, Egger JF, Gervaz P, et al.An audit of surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). Eur J SurgOncol. 2006 ;32(3):310-314.
55-Knoop M, St Friedrichs K, Dierschke J. Surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2000;385(3):194-198.
56-Kosmadakis N, Visvardis EE, Kartsaklis P, et al.The role of surgery in the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in the era of imatinibmesylate effectiveness. SurgOncol. 2005;14(2):75-84.
57-Lehnert T, Sinn HP, Waldherr R, et al. Surgical treatment of soft tissue tumors of the stomach. Eur J SurgOncol. 1990;16(4):352-359.
58-Peiper M, Schroder S, Zornig C. Stromal sarcoma of the stomach--a report of 20 surgically treated patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1998;383(6):442-446.
59-Katai H, Sasako M, Sano T. Wedge resection of the stomach for gastric leiomyosarcoma. Br J Surg. 1997;84(4):560-561.
60-Eisenberg BL, Judson I. Surgery and imatinib in the management of GIST: emerging approaches to adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Ann SurgOncol. 2004;1(5):465-75.
61-Rutkowski P, Nowecki Z, Nyckowski P, et al. Surgical treatment of patients with initially inoperable and/or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) during therapy with imatinibmesylate. J SurgOncol. 2006;93(4):304-311.
62-Chen H, Pruitt A, Nicol TL, et al. Complete hepatic resection of metastases from leiomyosarcoma prolongs survival. J Gastrointest Surg. 1998;2(2):151-5.
63-[Guideline] NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Version 2.2016.
64-Chen YH, Liu KH, Yeh CN, et al. Laparoscopic resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: safe, efficient, and comparable oncologic outcomes. J LaparoendoscAdvSurg Tech A. 2012;22 (8):758-763.
65-Aogi K, Hirai T, Mukaida H, et al. Laparoscopic resection of submucosal gastric tumors. Surg Today. 1999;29(2):102-106.
66-Hindmarsh A, Koo B, Lewis MP, et al. Laparoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. SurgEndosc. 2005;19(8):1109-1112.
67-Nguyen SQ, Divino CM, Wang JL, et al. Laparoscopic management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. SurgEndosc. 2006;20(5):713-716.
68-Bedard EL, Mamazza J, Schlachta CM, et al. Laparoscopic resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: not all tumors are created equal. SurgEndosc. 2006;20(3):500-503.
69-Kitano S, Shiraishi N. Minimally invasive surgery for gastric tumors. SurgClin North Am. 2005;85(1):151-164.
70-Piessen G, Lefèvre JH, Cabau M, et al. Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: What Is the Impact on Postoperative Outcome and Oncologic Results?. Ann Surg. 2015;262(5):831-840.
71-Rosen MJ, Heniford BT. Endoluminal gastric surgery: the modern era of minimally invasive surgery. SurgClin North Am. 2005;85(5):989-1007.
72-Byrd DR, Carducci MA, Compton CC, et al. AJCC cancer staging manual.Edge SB, editor. New York: Springer; 2010.
73-DeMatteo RP, Maki RG, Agulnik M, et al. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th, Amin MB (Ed), AJCC, Chicago 2017. p.523. Corrected at 4th printing, 2018.
74-Joensuu H, Vehtari A, Riihimäki J, et al. Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after surgery: an analysis of pooled population-based cohorts. The lancet oncology. 2012;13(3):265-274.
75-Joensuu H. Risk stratification of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Human pathology. 2008;39(10):1411-1419.
76-Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Hall KS, et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumor recurrence in patients treated with adjuvant imatinib. Cancer. 2014;120(15):2325-2333.
77-Gold JS, Gönen M, Gutiérrez A, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis. The lancet oncology. 2009;10(11):1045-1052.
78-Bischof DA, Kim Y, Behman R, et al.A nomogram to predict disease-free survival after surgical resection of GIST.Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2014;18(12):2123-2129.
79-Rossi S, Miceli R, Messerini L, et al. Natural history of imatinib-naive GISTs: a retrospective analysis of 929 cases with long-term follow-up and development of a survival nomogram based on mitotic index and size as continuous variables. The American journal of surgical pathology. 2011;35(11):1646-56.
80-Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Hall KS, et al.One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial.Jama. 2012;307(12):1265-72.
81-Andtbacka RH, Ng CS, Scaife CL, et al. Surgical resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors after treatment with imatinib. Annals of surgical oncology. 2007;14(1):14-24.
82-Bednarski BK, Araujo DM, Yi M, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors impacting oncologic outcomes after neoadjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Annals of surgical oncology. 2014;21(8):2499-505.
83-Corless CL, Ballman KV, Antonescu C, et al. Relation of tumor pathologic and molecular features to outcome after surgical resection of localized primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): results of the intergroup phase III trial ACOSOG Z9001. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010;28(15):10006.
84-Casali PG, Cesne AL, Velasco AP, et al. Time to definitive failure to the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor in localized GI stromal tumors treated with imatinib as an adjuvant: a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group intergroup randomized trial in collaboration with the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, UNICANCER, French Sarcoma Group, Italian Sarcoma Group, and Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas.
85-Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, et al. Adjuvant imatinib for high-risk GI stromal tumor: analysis of a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015;34(3):244-250.
86-Casali PG, Abecassis N, Bauer S, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2018;29(4):68-78.
87-CHACON M. CASE 3.Pathologic complete remission of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor after imatinibmesylate.J ClinOncol. 2005;23(7):1580-1582.
88-Lassau N, Lamuraglia M, Chami L, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib: monitoring response with contrast-enhanced sonography. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2006;187(5):1267-1273.
89-Tirumani SH, Shinagare AB, Jagannathan JP, et al. Radiologic assessment of earliest, best, and plateau response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors to neoadjuvantimatinib prior to successful surgical resection. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO). 2014;40(4):420-428.
90-Gronchi A, Raut CP. The combination of surgery and imatinib in GIST: a reality for localized tumors at high risk, an open issue for metastatic ones. Annals of surgical oncology. 2012;19(4):1051-5.
91-Javeed SJ, Ishaq R, Khalid A, et al. Synchronous Development of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor and Arteriovenous Malformation in the Jejunum.International Journal of Pathology. 2018;176-178.
92-Srinivasan PH, Maliekal JI, Reddy CS, et al. GIST Jinx–a rare case of acute massive life threatening bleed from a jejunal gastro-intestinal stromal tumour. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2016;10(3):3.
93-Thanapal M, Hussein H, Ariffin Z. Bleeding jejunal GIST: An uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Med J Malaysia. 2015;70(1):31.
94- Govindaraj S, Dias BH, Gautham SL. A sporadic small jejunal GIST presenting with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a review of the literature and management guidelines. Indian Journal of Surgery. 2015;77(1):143-146.
95- Daldoul S, Moussi A, Triki W, et al.Jejunal GIST causing acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding: role of multidetector row helical CT in the preoperative diagnosis and management. Arab journal of gastroenterology. 2012;13(3):153-157.
96-Shim SH, Han YH, Kwak JE, et al. Synchronous Development of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor and Arteriovenous Malformation in the Jejunum: A Case Report. The Korean Journal of Pathology.2008 ;42(3):185-188.
97-Sass DA, Chopra KB, Finkelstein SD, et al.Jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 2004;128(2):214-217.