The selection of regions for testing the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities was carried out on the basis of ranking regions by aggregate indices. The first group includes the leading region, as well as the regions whose aggregate index value differs from the leading region’s value by not more than 20%. Based on the level of development, the second group includes regions that are behind the leader region by more than 20%, but not more than 40%. The third group includes regions that are in the 41-60% interval, and the fourth group is more than 60% behind the leader. After that regions from each group were selected (Table 3).
Table 3
Region
|
Year
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Specific indicators of regulatory support
|
Moscow
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
0.667
|
0.333
|
0.333
|
0.333
|
0.333
|
Saint-Petersburg
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
The Republic of Tatarstan
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
Krasnoyarsk Krai
|
0.333
|
0.333
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
Perm Krai
|
0.333
|
0.333
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
Volgograd Oblast
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
Bryansk Oblast
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
0.667
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
1.000
|
Specific indicators of infrastructure support
|
Moscow
|
1.847
|
1.851
|
1.855
|
1.873
|
1.855
|
1.872
|
1.848
|
1.852
|
1.853
|
1.856
|
Saint-Petersburg
|
1.831
|
1.838
|
1.835
|
1.840
|
1.843
|
1.848
|
1.851
|
1.852
|
1.854
|
1.854
|
The Republic of Tatarstan
|
1.846
|
1.849
|
1.870
|
1.866
|
1.867
|
1.853
|
1.853
|
1.851
|
1.847
|
1.852
|
Krasnoyarsk Krai
|
1.838
|
1.848
|
1.874
|
1.870
|
1.866
|
1.866
|
1.841
|
1.840
|
1.844
|
1.835
|
Perm Krai
|
1.847
|
1.872
|
1.874
|
1.847
|
1.873
|
1.851
|
1.840
|
1.845
|
1.846
|
1.847
|
Volgograd Oblast
|
1.856
|
1.853
|
1.850
|
1.874
|
1.848
|
1.838
|
1.833
|
1.840
|
1.850
|
1.851
|
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
|
1.831
|
1.839
|
1.851
|
1.839
|
1.845
|
1.857
|
1.870
|
1.857
|
1.862
|
1.872
|
Bryansk Oblast
|
1.837
|
1.862
|
1.863
|
1.843
|
1.843
|
1.846
|
1.832
|
1.842
|
1.832
|
1.826
|
Specific indicators of a region’s potential to create innovations
|
Moscow
|
1.025
|
1.000
|
1.047
|
1.048
|
1.033
|
1.020
|
1.014
|
0.982
|
0.955
|
1.043
|
Saint-Petersburg
|
1.025
|
0.991
|
1.024
|
1.024
|
1.015
|
1.032
|
0.991
|
0.964
|
0.980
|
1.038
|
The Republic of Tatarstan
|
0.798
|
0.798
|
0.834
|
0.850
|
0.881
|
0.900
|
0.873
|
0.885
|
0.891
|
0.909
|
Krasnoyarsk Krai
|
0.813
|
0.752
|
0.764
|
0.775
|
0.800
|
0.775
|
0.765
|
0.741
|
0.730
|
0.762
|
Perm Krai
|
0.845
|
0.824
|
0.748
|
0.778
|
0.767
|
0.774
|
0.759
|
0.723
|
0.697
|
0.746
|
Volgograd Oblast
|
0.723
|
0.714
|
0.687
|
0.684
|
0.711
|
0.685
|
0.680
|
0.638
|
0.620
|
0.667
|
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
|
0.877
|
0.910
|
0.918
|
0.916
|
0.950
|
0.958
|
0.923
|
0.924
|
0.917
|
0.923
|
Bryansk Oblast
|
0.653
|
0.666
|
0.669
|
0.663
|
0.695
|
0.685
|
0.733
|
0.694
|
0.674
|
0.727
|
Specific indicators of commercialisation and results of innovation activity of a region
|
Moscow
|
0.921
|
1.029
|
1.078
|
1.120
|
1.150
|
1.145
|
1.121
|
1.107
|
1.014
|
1.054
|
Saint-Petersburg
|
1.073
|
1.102
|
1.124
|
1.131
|
1.137
|
1.130
|
1.069
|
1.083
|
1.068
|
1.058
|
The Republic of Tatarstan
|
0.858
|
0.902
|
0.861
|
0.925
|
0.908
|
0.964
|
0.976
|
0.968
|
0.954
|
0.940
|
Krasnoyarsk Krai
|
0.765
|
0.708
|
0.832
|
0.894
|
0.898
|
0.838
|
0.768
|
0.794
|
0.745
|
0.815
|
Perm Krai
|
0.735
|
0.842
|
0.801
|
0.769
|
0.812
|
0.813
|
0.801
|
0.857
|
0.861
|
0.820
|
Volgograd Oblast
|
0.794
|
0.782
|
0.712
|
0.622
|
0.602
|
0.644
|
0.680
|
0.662
|
0.700
|
0.668
|
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
|
0.610
|
0.580
|
0.640
|
0.654
|
0.737
|
0.714
|
0.617
|
0.739
|
0.629
|
0.756
|
Bryansk Oblast
|
0.908
|
0.818
|
0.838
|
0.860
|
0.806
|
0.850
|
0.875
|
0.874
|
0.829
|
0.731
|
Generalised indices of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, scientific and technical and innovation activities in a region
|
Moscow
|
1.213
|
1.246
|
1.320
|
1.340
|
1.341
|
1.295
|
1.230
|
1.221
|
1.185
|
1.216
|
Saint-Petersburg
|
1.259
|
1.264
|
1.277
|
1.281
|
1.282
|
1.332
|
1.305
|
1.305
|
1.303
|
1.311
|
The Republic of Tatarstan
|
1.149
|
1.212
|
1.212
|
1.235
|
1.188
|
1.254
|
1.252
|
1.251
|
1.246
|
1.247
|
Krasnoyarsk Krai
|
1.070
|
1.043
|
1.143
|
1.164
|
1.169
|
1.192
|
1.158
|
1.162
|
1.145
|
1.171
|
Perm Krai
|
1.070
|
1.109
|
1.129
|
1.116
|
1.184
|
1.178
|
1.168
|
1.181
|
1.178
|
1.174
|
Volgograd Oblast
|
1.116
|
1.109
|
1.080
|
1.058
|
1.047
|
1.101
|
1.110
|
1.098
|
1.111
|
1.110
|
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
|
1.076
|
1.075
|
1.101
|
1.149
|
1.185
|
1.182
|
1.147
|
1.184
|
1.148
|
1.195
|
Bryansk Oblast
|
1.182
|
1.163
|
1.171
|
1.170
|
1.110
|
1.172
|
1.185
|
1.180
|
1.158
|
1.133
|
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of Moscow
The generalised index of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities of Moscow was in the stability zone (Table 3), indicating that its functioning is quite efficient. However, significant shifts were observed for some groups of indicators. The decrease in the index of the regulatory group of indicators can be explained by the suspension of the Law of June 06, 2012 No. 22 “On Scientific, Technical and Innovation Activity in the City of Moscow”, as well as the Decree of the Government of Moscow of June 26, 2007 No. 513-ПП “On The Development Strategy of The City of Moscow for The Period Up to 2025”, in which one of the tasks within the framework of achieving the strategic goal of increasing competitiveness and innovative development of the region was effective functioning of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities. As noted by the mayor of the city, such a project was developed jointly with the research team of the Higher School of Economics in 2011, but the pace of the city development was higher than the pace of this document development.
At the same time, despite the absence of some regulatory acts, representatives of each of the infrastructure elements for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities are present and developing in the city, which ensures the synergy effect. In addition to that, it is possible to consider quantitative distribution of infrastructure facilities according to the types of elements (Table 4).
Table 4
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in Moscow
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
15
|
17
|
23
|
25
|
31
|
32
|
33
|
33
|
36
|
36
|
Production and technological
|
90
|
100
|
114
|
126
|
133
|
142
|
153
|
167
|
184
|
191
|
Information
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
Expert and consulting
|
17
|
18
|
19
|
21
|
22
|
23
|
24
|
25
|
25
|
25
|
Personnel
|
264
|
268
|
256
|
248
|
223
|
227
|
203
|
179
|
161
|
153
|
Sales
|
5
|
7
|
6
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
9
|
11
|
10
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.927
|
0.959
|
0.982
|
1.110
|
0.985
|
1.103
|
0.933
|
0.961
|
0.969
|
0.992
|
As can be seen from Table 4, representatives of each of the infrastructure elements can be found in Moscow, which indicates the support of all stages of the innovation cycle. However, there is an insufficient level of optimality of infrastructure support. Considering the data given, it can be noted that the largest number of facilities is in terms of personnel and production and technological infrastructure. Indeed, Moscow is the leader in terms of the number of leading educational organisations, including higher education and scientific organisations.
After consideration of the third group of Moscow indicators, it was noted that the indicator reflecting the ratio of government expenditure on education to GRP did not reach the normative value for the period of a decade (Figure 3).
As can be seen from Figure 3, with a stable growth of GRP, expenditure on education was not constant, to be exact, the decline was observed in 2013-2015. In addition, it is possible to compare the volume of such expenditures with the level of GRP and, thus, conclude that their share is insignificant and amounts to about 2.5%. A significant share of budgetary expenditures is allocated to the national economy and federal issues.
To assess the fourth groups of indicators, research and development costs structure is to be considered (Figure 4).
Over the past decade, the largest costs have been research and development costs (with a big share of technical costs). This means that the largest volume of costs falls on such activities as design and planning work, development of technological processes, creation of prototypes and their testing, as well as engineering activities. This trend is directly related to the number and variety of infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities in the production and technological element, contributing to these types of work.
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of St. Petersburg
Similarly to Moscow, the efficiency of the infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of St. Petersburg has been in the stability zone for a decade.
Since 2014, the regulatory support of the sphere of science and innovation in the city has covered the entire necessary range of documents that form the basis for both innovation activities in general and functioning of the infrastructure to support scientific, technical and innovation activities. In this regard, it can be noted that it was the adoption of the necessary acts that caused the increase in the generalised index in 2014 compared to the previous year.
As for the infrastructure support, it should be noted that a full range of infrastructure elements presented in Table 5 function in the city.
Table 5
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in St. Petersburg
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
Production and technological
|
39
|
40
|
44
|
44
|
45
|
52
|
58
|
66
|
71
|
71
|
Information
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Expert and consulting
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
Personnel
|
89
|
90
|
84
|
82
|
77
|
77
|
76
|
71
|
66
|
66
|
Sales
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.815
|
0.866
|
0.848
|
0.879
|
0.904
|
0.934
|
0.960
|
0.964
|
0.977
|
0.979
|
The content of elements of the infrastructure to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of the city demonstrates provision of all stages of the innovation cycle. Considering the data presented, it can be noted that the largest number of facilities can be seen in terms of personnel and production and technological types of elements. In this regard, the number of the last element facilities are to be considered (Table 6).
Table 6
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of the production and technological element of St. Petersburg
Facility
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Technoparks
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
5
|
Industrial parks
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Clusters
|
0
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
7
|
9
|
12
|
12
|
Engineering centres
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
Business incubators
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
Special economic zone
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Shared resource centres
|
17
|
18
|
21
|
21
|
22
|
27
|
30
|
34
|
39
|
40
|
It can be summarised that the largest number of facilities belong to the shared resource centres, aimed at providing services for scientific research, as well as implementation of experimental development by providing scientific and technological equipment.
In addition to that, an accelerated growth in the number of clusters in the territory of the constituent entity of the RF should also be noted. The largest of them is the innovative territorial cluster “Development of Information Technologies, Radio Electronics, Instrumentation, Means of Communication and Information Telecommunications in St. Petersburg”, which had more than 200 enterprises as of 2018.
However, having considered the ratio of infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities, and the number of organisations carrying out research and development, it can be concluded that it is not entirely optimal, since on average it is 9% lower than the established normative value. In this regard, there is a need to increase the number of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities to correct this ratio.
The state of the third group of indicators was stable except for 2015-2017. It is connected with the differences in the growth rates of the region’s GRP and expenditure on education.
The indicators of the fourth group were significantly reduced in 2015. The reason for this was the excess of costs for technological innovations over the volume of manufactured products, which, according to experts, may indicate the low efficiency of technology transfer (Bondarenko, V. V. et al., 2018; Mityakov, E. S. 2018).
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of the Republic of Tatarstan
The results in Table 3 indicate a relatively stable position of the Republic of Tatarstan in the efficiency of the infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities, however, it is worth focusing on some groups of indicators.
The low value of the specific indicator in 2009 was determined, first of all, by some “gap” in the special legislative act of the constituent entity due to the presence of its draft. There is also the State Programme “Economic Development and The Innovative Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan for 2014-2021” which is implemented in the territory of the Republic, one of the tasks of which is to create conditions for the effective functioning of the innovation economics, including within the framework of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activity.
Indeed, according to the block of indicators of the same name, it can be seen that it is at a consistently high level. This relates to the fact that there is the whole complex of infrastructure elements presented in Table 7 in the Republic.
Table 7
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in the Republic of Tatarstan
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Production and technological
|
12
|
15
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
32
|
30
|
34
|
34
|
Information
|
15
|
15
|
15
|
18
|
18
|
18
|
18
|
18
|
18
|
18
|
Expert and consulting
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
15
|
16
|
16
|
17
|
Personnel
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
17
|
17
|
17
|
17
|
17
|
17
|
17
|
Sales
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.923
|
0.946
|
1.087
|
1.059
|
1.070
|
0.971
|
0.974
|
0.954
|
0.930
|
0.962
|
Availability of all elements testifies of the infrastructure support of the full cycle of the innovation process. The largest number of facilities can be seen in the information element. The Republic of Tatarstan is the leader in the Russian Federation in terms of the number of Technology and Innovation Support Centres, where inventors and researchers can use the closed databases of Rospatent free of charge.
In addition to the information element, other elements are developed in the entity as well. In 2012, the Technology Innovative Special Economic Zone “Innopolis” was created. This project is unique since the necessary conditions for comfortable living and work of young IT specialists, social infrastructure, as well as the provision of various preferential conditions are created at one site.
In addition, the study considered the indicator of the ratio of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities and the number of organisations carrying out research and development, which is generally in the zone of optimality, with the exception of 2009-2010 and 2014-2018, when its insignificant increase, with an excess of not more than 5%, was observed.
Summarising the third and fourth groups of indicators, it can be noted that during the period under study they were in the moderate risk zone. This trend is primarily associated with a low share of people engaged in scientific research and development, however, despite not reaching the normative value for this indicator, the Republic of Tatarstan is one of the leading territories in innovative development, with a stable growth of inventive activity, as well as the number of advanced production technologies developed.
In addition, there is a problem of low demand for innovations in the region’s economy, as well as its ineffective structure – an excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of introducing their own new developments, as evidenced by the corresponding indicator.
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of Krasnoyarsk Krai
The generalised index of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities of Krasnoyarsk Krai has undergone some changes (Table 3), and in this regard, it is reasonable to identify the reasons for such shifts.
The regulatory framework, which forms the basis for the development and functioning of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities is characterised by stepwise development. In this way, in 2009-2010, there was a lack of strategic planning documents at the regional level, in addition to this, there was no state programme in this area in 2009-2013. However, in 2011 and 2014 the situation changed after approving the Law of Krasnoyarsk Krai of 01.12.2011 No. 13-6629 “On Scientific, Technical and Innovation Activities in Krasnoyarsk Krai”, as well as by approving the State Programme of Krasnoyarsk Krai “Development of Investment Activities, Small and Medium-Sized Businesses” for the period of 2014-2030. The programme describes the main directions of the state support for scientific, technical and innovation activities in creation and development of infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities.
Considering the fullness of the elements with the infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities (Table 8), it was found out that currently the area is not being implemented effectively enough.
Table 8
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Production and technological
|
9
|
10
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
16
|
17
|
17
|
17
|
Information
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Expert and consulting
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Personnel
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
11
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
9
|
8
|
8
|
Sales
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.863
|
0.938
|
1.119
|
1.093
|
1.061
|
1.061
|
0.886
|
0.879
|
0.908
|
0.846
|
Since the beginning of the State Programme implementation, there have been no shifts with an increase in the number of infrastructure facilities, and the optimality of infrastructure support has also been unstable. An exception was the production and technological element, in which the children’s technopark Quantorium, which is characterised by a unique environment for the accelerated development of children in research engineering and technical areas, with the use of high-tech equipment, has been operating since 2017.
Among the problems of the region, it is necessary to note low proportion of personnel engaged in research and development. This may be determined by a steadily decreasing number of students in higher education programmes, low motivation of young people to carry out activities in educational and scientific organisations, as well as a low level of employment in the field of innovations, which jointly entails a decrease in the level of inventive activity, the number of advanced technologies developed, etc. in the long run.
One of the reasons for the abovementioned negative trends is insufficient number of measures and state funding for scientific, technical and innovation activities in Krasnoyarsk Krai, which is also reflected in the programme document of the region.
In this regard, it is necessary to create new and develop existing support for infrastructure facilities, as well as to increase the level of integration and interaction between science and business.
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of Perm Krai.
The generalised index of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities of Perm Krai during the period under study is in the moderate risk zone (Table 3).
The development of the regulatory framework in the region was carried in a stepwise manner, similar to Krasnoyarsk Krai. Thus, in 2009 and 2010, there was no necessary strategic planning document. Moreover, from 2009-2012, there were no state programmes in this area. However, in 2011 and 2013, the relevant documents were approved. Thus, the state subprogramme of the State Programme “Economic Development and Innovation-Drive Economy” defines one of the tasks for achieving this goal as formation of an infrastructure to support scientific, technical and innovation activities, contributing to the accelerated creation and development of innovative enterprises.
Since 2013, there has been an increase in the facilities of the production and technological element of the infrastructure to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of Perm Krai (Table 9).
Table 9
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in Perm Krai
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Production and technological
|
7
|
8
|
11
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
13
|
15
|
15
|
16
|
Information
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Expert and consulting
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
Personnel
|
13
|
16
|
16
|
16
|
16
|
12
|
12
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
Sales
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.932
|
1.105
|
1.116
|
0.932
|
1.113
|
0.960
|
0.878
|
0.916
|
0.924
|
0.931
|
Within the framework of the state programme, a Cluster of Fibre Optics Technologies “Photonics” was created in 2014, and the “Pharmaceutical Cluster” of Perm Krai in 2016. The aim of their creation was high-tech mass production of import-substituting pharmaceutical products, as well as expanding the geography of presence and sales volume of products of the cluster enterprises in the domestic and foreign markets. In 2017, the Industrial Cluster of Agricultural Machinery of Perm Krai was launched with the aim of developing the production of high-tech competitive equipment. However, as can be seen from Table 10, over the past five years (2014-2018), there was a lag from the normative value in terms of the optimality of infrastructure support, which indicates a decrease in the number of organisations engaged in research and development.
During the decade, the indicators of the fourth group were in the significant and moderate risk zones. Perm Krai is characterised by a pronounced shortage of scientific personnel, including researchers with a scientific degree. For the effective functioning of the innovation system the region needs twice as many specialists in this area. This directly indicates that there is a need to develop a personnel element of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities of the entity to increase the number of highly qualified personnel. Moreover, there is a problem of the lack of budgetary funds required for the implementation of the main measures to increase the level of innovative development of the region.
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of Volgograd Oblast
Analysing Volgograd Oblast, it can be noted that the generalised index is in the significant and moderate risk zones. There was no state programme in the region for four years from 2009 to 2013. However, it was approved in 2014, and has been implemented since that time. This document notes the lack of funds and infrastructure for innovation projects implementation among the subjects of innovation activity. The elements of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities of the region as a whole are demonstrated in Table 10.
Table 10
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in Volgograd Oblast
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
Production and technological
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
Information
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Expert and consulting
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Personnel
|
15
|
16
|
15
|
15
|
16
|
13
|
13
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
Sales
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.995
|
0.972
|
0.949
|
1.118
|
0.934
|
0.867
|
0.830
|
0.878
|
0.947
|
0.959
|
Of all the above regions, the optimality of infrastructure support indicator in Volgograd Oblast is the lowest, with large deviations from the threshold value. In this regard, it is necessary to establish additional infrastructure facilities that create necessary conditions for strengthening innovative development of the region, and this also affects the fact that the third and fourth groups of indicators in the region are in the significant and moderate risk zones.
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
In terms of the level of infrastructure development the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is similar to the region studied above, however, in contrast to Volgograd Oblast, the generalised index of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities is in the stability zone. The factors influencing this result are to be analysed.
Analysing the regulatory framework, it is worth noting that there was no state programme from 2009 to 2011 and its development in 2012. The tasks of the programme, as well as in other regions, were to promote innovative and technological development and to form competitive economy through the development of regional infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities. The main elements of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are given in Table 11.
Table 11
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
Production and technological
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
11
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
15
|
17
|
19
|
Information
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Expert and consulting
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Personnel
|
7
|
9
|
9
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
Sales
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.818
|
0.870
|
0.957
|
0.875
|
0.917
|
1.000
|
1.087
|
1.000
|
1.036
|
1.107
|
Since 2014, there has been an increase in the number of support infrastructure facilities in the production and technological element, which indicates the presence of a set of measures aimed at the region’s development.
In addition to business incubators, there are shared resource centres on the basis of educational institutions, as well as technoparks, such as “Yakutia” and “Neryungri” in the territory of Yakutia, created with the aim to commercialise innovative projects and transfer new technologies.
Considering the indicators of the group of potential in creating innovations, it can be seen that all of them were in the moderate risk zone, close to the stable one. This is connected with the fact that there is a sufficient ratio of government expenditure on education and GRP in the Republic, thus there is a high proportion of researchers with a scientific degree. However, at the same time, it is possible to see a low proportion of personnel engaged in research and development. This may be connected with the direct specialisation of the entity focused on the extractive industry, which occupies more than 50% of the GRP structure. In this regard, there is a low value of the inventive activity coefficient, as well as the share of innovative goods, works, services.
Assessment of the effectiveness of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities of Bryansk Oblast
Considering the generalised indices of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities, it can be noted that all of them are in the stability zone.
There is all the necessary regulatory framework in the region that establishes the foundations of innovative development and the functioning of the infrastructure to support scientific, technical and innovation activities. Thus, for this block, it can be noted that the region is in the stability zone.
Each of the types of support infrastructure elements is represented in the region and, in this way, the innovation cycle is closed. Based on Table 12, it can be concluded that no changes have been observed in the majority of elements for several years, with the exception of production and technology element.
Table 12
Distribution of infrastructure facilities to support scientific, technical and innovation activities by elements in Bryansk Oblast
Element
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
Financial
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Production and technological
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
7
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
Information
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Expert and consulting
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Personnel
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
Sales
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Optimality of infrastructure support
|
0.856
|
1.034
|
1.043
|
0.898
|
0.898
|
0.922
|
0.823
|
0.895
|
0.824
|
0.779
|
However, after calculating the indicator equal to the ratio of infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities and the number of organisations carrying out research and development, the result demonstrated that the number of elements is close to the number of innovative enterprises performing research and development. This trend may be a reason for the stagnation of some infrastructure facilities for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities due to their excessive number in comparison with the number of the above-mentioned enterprises, as well as indicate of ineffectiveness of such infrastructure functioning due to reduction in the number of organisations engaged in research and development.
There is a problem of the personnel element in the region, associated with the extremely low number of personnel engaged in research and development. However, despite this, there is a big share of innovative products and the share of developed advanced manufacturing technologies in the total volume of the used ones. Based on this, it can be assumed that the elements of the infrastructure for supporting scientific, technical and innovation activities, presented in greater numbers in relation to one innovation enterprise than in other regions, give a positive result in the innovative development of the economy.
Summarising the methodology testing, it is worth noting that a high value of the generalised integrated index does not always indicate the absence of problems in certain groups of indicators, and a region that is an integral leader may lose to an average region in certain indicators. Therefore, for a comprehensive analysis and selection of effective practices for innovative development of regions, it is necessary to consider each group of indicators in detail. The methodology used gives an opportunity to form both a generalised integrated index and to analyse the efficiency of the infrastructure functioning by specific indicators.