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Research article
Prevalence of cataract and its associated factors among adults aged 40 years and above in Waghimra zone, Amhara, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community based cross-sectional study
Mohammed Ahmed
Woldia University
Corresponding Author
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This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background Cataract is a major cause of avoidable blindness worldwide. Its greatest burden found in low-income countries. Therefore, knowing the prevalence and identification of risk-factors would be crucial in planning strategies to delay its development.Objective To assess prevalence and associated factors of cataract among adults aged 40 years and above in Waghimra Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 528 adults in Waghimra Zone. Multi stage sampling technique was employed. Questionnaire, Snellen’s chart and slit lamp was used to collect the data. Data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.
Result Within the sample, the prevalence of cataract was 20.1% (95% CI: 16.87, 23.32). being older age (AOR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08), single (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: 1.60, 23.9), divorced (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.48), widowed (AOR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.07- 5.29) were associated with cataract.
Conclusion Cataract is a major health problem in the study area that would increase with ageing Hence, concerned body should strengthen further screening and treating of patients who are targeted groups such as aged, single, widowed, divorced population.
Keywords
Prevalence, Cataract, Waghimra Zone, Ethiopia
Figure 1
A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1- June 30, 2019 in Waghimra zone. This zone is one of the 11 administrative zones in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) and located in Northeast Ethiopia under Amhara regional state and its capital city is Sekota. There are 6 districts under the wings of Waghimra zone. Those districts are; Sekota, Dehana, Ziquala, Abergelle, Sehila, and Gazgibla. The altitude of Waghimra zone varies from 900 – 2200 meters above sea level while the average temperature ranges from 16 – 270C. This study was focused on Sekota zurea, Dehana, Ziquala Woredas which was selected randomly.
All adults age 40 years old and above in Waghimra Zone was the source population where as Selected adults age 40 years old and above in Waghimra Zone were the study population. Adults age 40 years old and above who live in Waghimra Zone for more than six months were included in the study. Respondents who are not able to speak or who are severely ill were excluded.
The sample size was determined using single population proportion formula by using the following assumptions, 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error. and 181(20.5%) proportion from a previous study(28).
[Due to technical limitations, the formulas could not be displayed here. Please see the supplementary files section to access the formulas.]
The final sample size become 528 by adding non response rate 5% and design effect of 2.
Multi-stage random sampling was used to identify a representative sample of people aged 40 years and above. First 3 districts (Sekota zurea, Dehana and Ziquala) were selected using simple random sampling technique. Then kebeles in the selected districts were stratified in to Urban and Rural kebeles. Kebeles in the selected districts were selected using simple random sampling technique. Adults with age 40 and above in the selected kebeles were identified and sampling frame was prepared. The samples were allocated proportionally based on number of study participants. Finally, Participants in each selected kebeles were selected by using simple random sampling. The sample frame was the list of households that have adults age more than 40 years old and it was constructed after checking all selected kebeles. In house-holds with two or more individuals more than 40 years of age, one was selected randomly by lottery method.
[Figure 1]
The main outcome of interest was presence or absence of cataract. Independent variables were selected based on literature review on factors associated with outcome of interest and include age, sex, marital status, residence, educational level, occupation, income, family size , history of hypertension , Trauma (eye injury), UV/sunlight exposure, smoking and alcohol.
After taking informed verbal consent, the eligible persons was interviewed through interviewer administered questionnaire regarding aforementioned variables. Questionnaire was administered by trained ophthalmic nurse practitioners and followed by clinical examination using Snellen’s visual acuity chart, and slit lamp in order to assess visual acuity and any opacity (cloudiness) of crystalline lens (cataract). Data collector and the supervisors were delivered two days training on techniques of data collection, instruments and how to maintain ethical issue. To assure the quality of the data, supervisors was closely supervise the data collection procedure on daily basis. Review was made in the field for checking the completeness of questionnaire and correction was made in the field. Each questionnaire and data sheet was checked prior to the data entry.
Data entry were carried out using Epidata version 3.1, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, median and percentages were used to describe characteristics of participants. Bivariate analysis was carried out using logistic regression for independent variables with an outcome variable to select candidate variables for multivariate analysis. Finally, variables that had significant associations with cataract on multivariate analysis were identified based on the adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI and p-value < 0.05.
Hassen Ahmed
commented on 09 January, 2020
currently, 50% of the global burden of blindness is attributable to cataract. As it has investigated the prevalence and associated factors of cataract in waghimra zone , Amhara regional state, Northeast Ethiopia, where there is no similar research in this study area could have significant importance for stakeholders to plan accordingly.
Mohammed Ahmed
commented on 09 January, 2020
Thank you
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Research article
Prevalence of cataract and its associated factors among adults aged 40 years and above in Waghimra zone, Amhara, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community based cross-sectional study
Mohammed Ahmed
Woldia University
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 08 Jan, 2020
Community comments: 2
Metrics
Comments: 2
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background Cataract is a major cause of avoidable blindness worldwide. Its greatest burden found in low-income countries. Therefore, knowing the prevalence and identification of risk-factors would be crucial in planning strategies to delay its development.Objective To assess prevalence and associated factors of cataract among adults aged 40 years and above in Waghimra Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 528 adults in Waghimra Zone. Multi stage sampling technique was employed. Questionnaire, Snellen’s chart and slit lamp was used to collect the data. Data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.
Result Within the sample, the prevalence of cataract was 20.1% (95% CI: 16.87, 23.32). being older age (AOR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08), single (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: 1.60, 23.9), divorced (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.48), widowed (AOR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.07- 5.29) were associated with cataract.
Conclusion Cataract is a major health problem in the study area that would increase with ageing Hence, concerned body should strengthen further screening and treating of patients who are targeted groups such as aged, single, widowed, divorced population.
Figure 1
A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1- June 30, 2019 in Waghimra zone. This zone is one of the 11 administrative zones in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) and located in Northeast Ethiopia under Amhara regional state and its capital city is Sekota. There are 6 districts under the wings of Waghimra zone. Those districts are; Sekota, Dehana, Ziquala, Abergelle, Sehila, and Gazgibla. The altitude of Waghimra zone varies from 900 – 2200 meters above sea level while the average temperature ranges from 16 – 270C. This study was focused on Sekota zurea, Dehana, Ziquala Woredas which was selected randomly.
All adults age 40 years old and above in Waghimra Zone was the source population where as Selected adults age 40 years old and above in Waghimra Zone were the study population. Adults age 40 years old and above who live in Waghimra Zone for more than six months were included in the study. Respondents who are not able to speak or who are severely ill were excluded.
The sample size was determined using single population proportion formula by using the following assumptions, 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error. and 181(20.5%) proportion from a previous study(28).
[Due to technical limitations, the formulas could not be displayed here. Please see the supplementary files section to access the formulas.]
The final sample size become 528 by adding non response rate 5% and design effect of 2.
Multi-stage random sampling was used to identify a representative sample of people aged 40 years and above. First 3 districts (Sekota zurea, Dehana and Ziquala) were selected using simple random sampling technique. Then kebeles in the selected districts were stratified in to Urban and Rural kebeles. Kebeles in the selected districts were selected using simple random sampling technique. Adults with age 40 and above in the selected kebeles were identified and sampling frame was prepared. The samples were allocated proportionally based on number of study participants. Finally, Participants in each selected kebeles were selected by using simple random sampling. The sample frame was the list of households that have adults age more than 40 years old and it was constructed after checking all selected kebeles. In house-holds with two or more individuals more than 40 years of age, one was selected randomly by lottery method.
[Figure 1]
The main outcome of interest was presence or absence of cataract. Independent variables were selected based on literature review on factors associated with outcome of interest and include age, sex, marital status, residence, educational level, occupation, income, family size , history of hypertension , Trauma (eye injury), UV/sunlight exposure, smoking and alcohol.
After taking informed verbal consent, the eligible persons was interviewed through interviewer administered questionnaire regarding aforementioned variables. Questionnaire was administered by trained ophthalmic nurse practitioners and followed by clinical examination using Snellen’s visual acuity chart, and slit lamp in order to assess visual acuity and any opacity (cloudiness) of crystalline lens (cataract). Data collector and the supervisors were delivered two days training on techniques of data collection, instruments and how to maintain ethical issue. To assure the quality of the data, supervisors was closely supervise the data collection procedure on daily basis. Review was made in the field for checking the completeness of questionnaire and correction was made in the field. Each questionnaire and data sheet was checked prior to the data entry.
Data entry were carried out using Epidata version 3.1, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, median and percentages were used to describe characteristics of participants. Bivariate analysis was carried out using logistic regression for independent variables with an outcome variable to select candidate variables for multivariate analysis. Finally, variables that had significant associations with cataract on multivariate analysis were identified based on the adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI and p-value < 0.05.
Hassen Ahmed
commented on 09 January, 2020
currently, 50% of the global burden of blindness is attributable to cataract. As it has investigated the prevalence and associated factors of cataract in waghimra zone , Amhara regional state, Northeast Ethiopia, where there is no similar research in this study area could have significant importance for stakeholders to plan accordingly.
Mohammed Ahmed
commented on 09 January, 2020
Thank you