Using nine parents and 36 F1s, researchers attempted to evaluate the relative impact of general and combining skills and the type of gene action and genetic parameters affecting yield and important features. To identify and select superior genotypes that are less sensitive to photoperiodism and indeterminate flowering, researchers used a total of 22 qualitative and quantitative features linked with the plant, flower, fibre yield, pod, and seed.
Qualitative variation. Qualitative characteristics assessment provides information on highly diverse or uniform character, which can be quite different or very consistent. Table 3, supplementary figure 1 and Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the variation observed among the seven qualitative traits, revealing that plant, leaf, and flower characteristics differed significantly.
Table 3
Characteristics of selected parents' growth stages and the F1 kenaf population
Parents/Hybrids
|
Stem color
|
Leaf shape
|
Leaf color (Lamina)
|
Petiole color
|
Pod shape
|
Seed shape
|
Seed coat color
|
P1
|
Green
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P2
|
Green
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P3
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Pale Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P4
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Sub-reniform
|
Brownish
|
P5
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P6
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Elongated
|
Triangular
|
Bfb
|
P7
|
Purple
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
UrLg
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P8
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P9
|
Grp
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Elongated
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P1 × P2
|
RaGb
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Sub-reniform
|
Blackish
|
P1 × P3
|
Reddish
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P1 × P4
|
Reddish
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P1 × P5
|
RaGb
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Brownish
|
P1 × P6
|
RaGb
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Elongated
|
Sub-reniform
|
Blackish
|
P1 × P7
|
Purple
|
Palmate
|
Deep green
|
UrLg
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P1 × P8
|
RaGb
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P1 × P9
|
RaGb
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P2 × P3
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Reddish
|
Globular
|
Sub-reniform
|
Blackish
|
P2 × P4
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Sub-reniform
|
Ash gray
|
P2 × P5
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Elongated
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P2 × P6
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P2 × P7
|
Purple
|
Palmate
|
Deep green
|
UrLg
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P2 × P8
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Sub-reniform
|
Ash gray
|
P2 × P9
|
Green
|
Palmate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P3 × P4
|
Green
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P3 × P5
|
Green
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P3 × P6
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P3 × P7
|
Reddish
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
UrLg
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Bfb
|
P3 × P8
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P3 × P9
|
Green
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P4 × P5
|
Green
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P4 × P6
|
Green
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P4 × P7
|
Purple
|
Palmate
|
Deep green
|
UrLg
|
Ovoid
|
Sub-reniform
|
Brownish
|
P4 × P8
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P4 × P9
|
Grp
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P5 × P6
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
UrLg
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Brownish
|
P5 × P7
|
Red
|
Palmate
|
Deep green
|
UrLg
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Brownish
|
P5 × P8
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P5 × P9
|
Grp
|
Palmate
|
Pale green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P6 × P7
|
Reddish
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
UrLg
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Ash gray
|
P6 × P8
|
Grp
|
Cordate
|
Deep green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P6 × P9
|
Grp
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Blackish
|
P7 × P8
|
Red
|
Cordate
|
Green
|
Purple
|
Ovoid
|
Triangular
|
Bfb
|
P7 × P9
|
Red
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
UrLg
|
Globular
|
Triangular
|
Brownish
|
P8 × P9
|
GRp
|
Palmate
|
Green
|
Green
|
Ovoid
|
Sub-reniform
|
Blackish
|
Legend: Grp Green with reddish patches, RaGb Reddish above greenish below, UrLg Upper surface light reddish but lower surface green, Bfb Black with few brownish |
Parents. The selected parents' stem, leaf form, leaf color (lamina), and petiole color varied greatly. Two of the nine parents, P1 and P2, were green stem types with green petioles. Parent P7 had a light reddish upper surface but a green petiole on the lower surface with a purple stem. Otherwise, five parents (P3, P4, P5, P6, and P8) had stems green with reddish patches and petioles had cordate leaves. Parents P1, P7, and P9 had palmate leaf morphologies with green leaf color (Table 3). P2, P4, P6, and P8 had deep green leaves, whereas P3 had pale green leaves. The genotypes are further divided into three groups depending on pod shape: globular (round), elongated (pointed), and oval (egg-shaped). Seed shape and seed coat color were different amongst genotypes. P4 seeds were brownish, while P6 seeds were black with a few brownish and the rest were ash grey.
F 1 generation. The stem color showed a lot of variances (Figure 4a). The color variance for the green with reddish patches, green, reddish above greenish below, reddish, purple, and red stem colors was 41.67%, 16.67%, 13.89%, 11.11%, 8.33%, and 8.33%, respectively (Figure 4a), from the 36 described kenaf F1 hybrids. Palmate leaves were found in 55.56% of F1 hybrids, whereas cordate leaves were found in 44.44% (Figure 4b). The 36 F1 hybrids' leaf color (lamina) was diverse, falling into three categories: green, deep green, and pale green, which accounted for 72.22%, 25%, and 2.78% genotypes, respectively (Figure 4c).
Petiole color varied greatly among the hybrids investigated, with 72.22%, 22.22%, 2.78%, and 2.78% for green, upper surface light reddish but lower green, reddish, and purple, respectively (Figure 4d). The form of the kenaf pod also showed a wide range of variation. The genotypes are divided into three groups based on pod shape: globular (round) 52.78%; ovoid (egg-shaped) 41.67%; and elongated (pointed) 5.55% (Figure 4e). Seed shape and seed coat color differed across the 36 F1 hybrids. Triangular seed shape was found in 80.56% of F1 hybrids, whereas sub-reniform seed shape was found in 19.44% (Figure 4f). Blackish seeds were found in up to 41.67% of hybrids, ash grey seeds in 38.89%, brownish seeds in 13.89%, and black color seeds in 5.56% (Figure 4g).
Variation among all genotypes for quantitative traits in pooled environments. Across the two environments, the combined analysis of variance for the 15 quantitative features among the nine parents and 36 crosses revealed significant differences (Table 4). Except for middle diameter and top diameter, there were very significant variations (p ≤ 0.01) in environments and genotypes (parents and offspring) for all the variables studied. There were significant variations (p ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) for genotype by environment (G x E) except for plant height and seeds number per pod. Base diameter, core diameter, middle diameter, top diameter, number of nodes, days to 50% flowering, fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, dry stick weight, dry fibre weight, number of pods per plant, and 1000 seed weight were all shown to be highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01). The CV% for yield and yield-related components ranges 9.40 (days to 1st flowering) to 69.05 (nodes number), showing that the traits evaluated have a wide range of variability.
Table 4
Combined analysis of variance was performed for 15 quantitative attributes of nine parents and their crosses over two environments
Traits
|
Environment (E)
|
Rep (Env)
|
Genotypes
(G)
|
G × E
|
Error
|
CV(%)
|
DF
|
1
|
4
|
44
|
44
|
176
|
|
Plant height
|
47672.79**
|
1315.93
|
1814.32**
|
769.20
|
644.07
|
12.02
|
Base diameter
|
2644.69**
|
53.89**
|
45.51**
|
28.09**
|
7.80
|
20.39
|
Core diameter
|
2715.94**
|
60.42**
|
42.50**
|
30.47**
|
7.73
|
23.81
|
Middle diameter
|
3.95
|
128.33**
|
7.08**
|
4.75**
|
2.18
|
19.19
|
Top diameter
|
534.35**
|
42.75**
|
1.24
|
1.59**
|
0.92
|
44.68
|
Number of nodes
|
5677.58**
|
2.27
|
10.16**
|
9.65**
|
2.28
|
69.05
|
Days to 1st flowering
|
258.13**
|
76.69
|
54.04**
|
19.53*
|
12.34
|
9.40
|
Days to 50% flowering
|
1946.76**
|
122.47**
|
85.63**
|
59.30**
|
33.12
|
12.55
|
Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod
|
18630484**
|
4918.52
|
466506**
|
488942**
|
65920.86
|
42.00
|
Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod
|
471711.4**
|
42044.66**
|
19213.8**
|
10701.5**
|
4361.16
|
30.88
|
Dry stick weight
|
18465.42**
|
3601.17**
|
2344.92**
|
3071.60**
|
877.24
|
36.86
|
Dry fibre weight
|
5968.42**
|
4.60
|
126.22**
|
102.29**
|
17.80
|
33.59
|
Number of pods per plant
|
80067.95**
|
3921.87**
|
6548.05**
|
5281.90**
|
646.90
|
43.81
|
Number of seeds per pod
|
1966.38**
|
12.62**
|
77.45**
|
49.12
|
3.60
|
23.48
|
1000 seeds weight
|
2595.63**
|
0.97
|
23.57**
|
20.64**
|
1.46
|
13.52
|
Legend: **Highly significant at P ≤ 0.01 level, *Significant at P ≤ 0.05 level, CV coefficient of variation, DF degrees of freedom. |
Variation among all genotypes due to combining ability effects in pooled environments. Table 5 shows the results of the mean squares analysis of variance for the effects of combining ability. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) were observed for all studied traits for GCA except for top diameter and SCA except for plant height and top diameter, indicating the presence of both additive and non-additive gene action for the inheritance of the concerned characters. Using combining ability investigations, Mostofa et al. (2013) and Youcai et al. (1998) found similar results in Hibiscus cannabinus, Sobhan (1993) in Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Khatun (2007) in Corchorus capsularis. Except for plant height, and fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, significant differences (p ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) were reported for the interaction between GCA and environment. Except for plant height, top diameter, and days to first flowering, all traits showed significant variations (p ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) when SCA and environment interacted. Thus, the effects of non- additive genes in the traits interacted more with the environment. GCA and SCA ratios ranged from 0.54 (nodes number) to 8.29 (days to first flowering). For top diameter, nodes number, and fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, the ratio of GCA and SCA variances was found to be smaller than unity, indicating that non-additive gene action predominated. The estimated GCA/SCA was greater than unity for the other characters, indicating that additive gene effects predominated in their expression. In kenaf, Jianmin et al. (2005) and Heliyanto et al. (1998) found similar results.
Table 5
Mean squares of analysis of variance for combining ability of the 15 traits in pooled environments
Traits
|
GCA
|
SCA
|
GCA*ENV
|
SCA*ENV
|
GCA/SCA
|
Plant height
|
5893.40**
|
835.22
|
800.55
|
766.61
|
7.06
|
Base diameter
|
64.04**
|
40.46**
|
19.28*
|
29.96**
|
1.58
|
Core diameter
|
53.48**
|
39.65**
|
22.09**
|
32.30**
|
1.35
|
Middle diameter
|
15.73**
|
5.19**
|
8.07**
|
4.01**
|
3.03
|
Top diameter
|
1.14
|
1.31
|
2.50**
|
1.40*
|
0.87
|
Number of nodes
|
5.94*
|
11.11**
|
8.55**
|
10.30**
|
0.53
|
Days to 1st flowering
|
188.16**
|
23.08**
|
36.03**
|
14.90
|
8.15
|
Days to 50% flowering
|
240.02**
|
49.77*
|
63.39
|
56.44*
|
4.82
|
Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod
|
470219.89**
|
468542.91**
|
576405.65**
|
463451.47**
|
0.99
|
Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod
|
45353.95**
|
13576.78**
|
4757.88
|
12033.75**
|
3.34
|
Dry stick weight
|
5584.33**
|
1730.88**
|
2809.31**
|
2782.49**
|
3.23
|
Dry fibre weight
|
240.33**
|
104.98**
|
55.59**
|
111.88**
|
2.29
|
Number of pods per plant
|
9185.14**
|
5590.47**
|
4864.76**
|
5587.88**
|
1.64
|
Number of seeds per pod
|
51.31**
|
17.65**
|
47.78**
|
14.09**
|
2.91
|
1000 seeds weight
|
240.64**
|
41.05**
|
24.73**
|
55.12**
|
5.86
|
Legend: *Significant at 0.05 probability level, **highly significant at 0.01 probability level, GCA General combining ability, SCA Specific combining ability, GCA* ENV Interaction of GCA and environment, SCA*ENV Interaction of SCA and environment. |
Mean performance of genotypes over two environments. The mean comparison for all genotypes (parents and offspring) was presented in Table 6. Plant heights ranged from 219.58 to 297.85 cm, with hybrid P3 × P7 recording the greatest mean value and P2 × P9 recording the lowest. The base diameter ranged from 19.95 mm (P2 × P9) to 31.68 mm (P2 × P3), but the base diameters of P1 × P9 and P7 × P8 were comparable. The P2 × P3 had the largest core diameter (28.43 mm), while P2 × P9 had the smallest (16.83 mm). The middle diameter was 9.69 mm (P2) to 15.74 mm (P5 × P8), with the maximum and lowest top diameters of P6 × P7 and P1 × P7, respectively. The hybrid P6 × P9 had the most nodes (9.68), while P2 had the least (4.15). Days to first flowering ranged from 43 to 56.33 days in P7 × P9 and P2 × P5, respectively. Days to 50% flowering ranged from 51 to 69.17 days. The hybrid P7 × P9 was the first to mature, while parent P2 was the last to mature (Table 6). Golam et al. (2011) found that 50% flowering and days to maturity, in addition to other morpho-agronomic features, may be the two most important variables in classifying kenaf accessions.
Table 6
Mean performance of nine parents and their hybrids for 15 yield and yield contributing characters in kenaf
Parents/Crosses
|
PH
|
BD
|
CD
|
MD
|
TD
|
NN
|
DTFF
|
P1
|
247.41 i-l
|
25.74 g-l
|
21.77 j-n
|
12.17 c-j
|
4.31 b-h
|
6.91 h-l
|
52.00 b-i
|
P2
|
230.44 g-k
|
21.44 e-k
|
17.89 e-m
|
9.69 f-k
|
4.47 gh
|
4.15 e-l
|
54.17 a-h
|
P3
|
276.91 a-i
|
24.70 a-e
|
21.10 a-f
|
12.49 b-f
|
4.06 a-f
|
4.80 abc
|
48.33 d-l
|
P4
|
280.59 c-i
|
25.47 a-f
|
21.88 b-h
|
12.29 b-f
|
4.31 d-h
|
5.10 a-i
|
52.67 e-l
|
P5
|
265.45 jkl
|
24.61 i-m
|
20.99 k-n
|
12.23 ijk
|
4.36 b-h
|
7.38 a-f
|
49.17 a-d
|
P6
|
255.22 e-k
|
20.88 g-m
|
17.15 g-m
|
10.95 d-j
|
4.15 a-h
|
5.10 a-i
|
51.83 b-j
|
P7
|
278.07 a-d
|
22.36 c-i
|
19.06 b-j
|
10.85 d-j
|
4.10 h
|
6.16 a-i
|
45.17 c-l
|
P8
|
258.23 b-h
|
21.40 e-k
|
18.14 d-m
|
11.57 c-j
|
4.33 fgh
|
6.82 b-l
|
52.00 b-k
|
P9
|
271.53 g-k
|
23.33 k-p
|
19.53 m-r
|
10.73 jk
|
3.77 d-h
|
6.86 k-o
|
49.50 a-f
|
\(\stackrel{-}{\text{x}}\) Parents
|
262.65
|
23.33
|
19.72
|
11.44
|
4.21
|
5.92
|
50.54
|
P1 x P2
|
252.56 kl
|
26.28 n-q
|
22.35 pqr
|
11.22 k
|
3.66 a-h
|
7.17 p
|
52.67 a-d
|
P1 x P3
|
272.47 i-l
|
29.22 a
|
25.32 a
|
12.65 b-g
|
4.87 a-g
|
9.23 ab
|
50.17 a-d
|
P1 x P4
|
264.25 a-g
|
29.06 b-g
|
25.09 c-k
|
12.76 b-g
|
4.06 d-h
|
8.48 a-h
|
50.00 ab
|
P1 x P5
|
234.13 g-k
|
24.96 d-i
|
21.40 c-l
|
10.70 f-k
|
4.19 h
|
8.71 a-d
|
53.83 a
|
P1 x P6
|
255.62 d-j
|
25.47 g-l
|
22.07 g-m
|
11.64 f-k
|
4.51 gh
|
8.53 a-k
|
51.83 b-k
|
P1 x P7
|
285.13 a-i
|
27.89 g-l
|
24.65 h-m
|
11.57 f-k
|
3.45 gh
|
8.53 h-l
|
50.33 l-o
|
P1 x P8
|
268.35 d-j
|
26.35 j-o
|
22.59 l-p
|
12.09 d-j
|
3.82 a-h
|
7.78 d-l
|
51.50 e-l
|
P1 x P9
|
251.86 l
|
23.45 q
|
19.72 r
|
10.62 k
|
4.12 b-h
|
6.35 nop
|
53.67 a-h
|
P2 x P3
|
244.52 a-h
|
31.68 j-m
|
28.43 l-o
|
12.58 b-h
|
4.72 e-h
|
9.36 op
|
54.00 i-n
|
P2 x P4
|
277.81 abc
|
28.21 a-e
|
24.48 a-d
|
12.57 bcd
|
4.10 c-h
|
8.57 a-g
|
55.33 c-k
|
P2 x P5
|
252.45 a-d
|
26.88 e-l
|
23.73 d-m
|
11.35 b-j
|
3.46 b-h
|
8.98 g-l
|
56.33 h-n
|
P2 x P6
|
260.21 a-e
|
25.79 f-l
|
22.13 f-n
|
11.17 b-j
|
3.78 e-h
|
8.01 e-l
|
51.33 g-l
|
P2 x P7
|
269.95 a
|
25.86 j-o
|
22.02 l-p
|
11.09 c-j
|
3.68 a-h
|
6.88 j-n
|
46.33 no
|
P2 x P8
|
259.92 a-g
|
24.48 d-i
|
20.89 d-m
|
11.51 b-i
|
4.39 b-h
|
7.47 a-e
|
50.00 c-k
|
P2 x P9
|
219.58 a-i
|
19.95 j-o
|
16.83 l-p
|
9.74 e-k
|
4.26 a-g
|
4.89 j-o
|
52.67 c-k
|
P3 x P4
|
291.87 a-g
|
29.25 g-m
|
25.41 i-n
|
13.09 b-j
|
4.14 b-h
|
8.67 m-p
|
50.67 a-h
|
P3 x P5
|
285.98 a-i
|
26.11 a-f
|
22.62 b-i
|
12.28 b
|
4.24 a-h
|
6.99 a-k
|
48.67 h-n
|
P3 x P6
|
284.50 a-i
|
25.99 abc
|
22.20 abc
|
12.24 b-f
|
4.05 c-h
|
7.24 a-i
|
49.33 k-n
|
P3 x P7
|
297.85 a-f
|
24.56 g-m
|
20.78 j-n
|
12.14 b-f
|
4.36 a
|
6.56 h-l
|
45.00 k-n
|
P3 x P8
|
280.28 a-e
|
27.01 a-d
|
22.69 a-d
|
12.31 bcd
|
4.22 a
|
8.87 a-i
|
50.67 abc
|
P3 x P9
|
270.78 a-h
|
24.11 a-d
|
20.67 abc
|
11.37 c-j
|
4.60 a-e
|
6.45 j-n
|
50.67 f-l
|
P4 x P5
|
272.93 c-i
|
29.16 j-m
|
24.95 l-p
|
13.88 b-j
|
4.49 a-h
|
7.99 d-l
|
48.67 g-m
|
P4 x P6
|
272.75 a-g
|
30.28 k-p
|
26.48 m-p
|
12.69 d-j
|
4.15 e-h
|
8.35 f-l
|
47.50 h-n
|
P4 x P7
|
281.60 a-g
|
25.54 i-m
|
21.68 k-n
|
12.73 b-f
|
5.27 b-h
|
6.87 f-l
|
47.50 no
|
P4 x P8
|
284.18 ab
|
29.90 ab
|
25.75 ab
|
13.19 a
|
5.23 a-d
|
8.35 a-j
|
54.33 b-k
|
P4 x P9
|
276.71 h-k
|
29.86 l-q
|
25.86 m-r
|
12.06 d-j
|
4.91 gh
|
6.60 c-l
|
49.67 j-n
|
P5 x P6
|
278.45 f-k
|
23.65 pq
|
20.41 q-r
|
11.85 g-k
|
4.06 c-h
|
7.11 nop
|
48.67 b-j
|
P5 x P7
|
280.43 a-i
|
24.93 i-m
|
21.37 j-n
|
12.75 b-i
|
4.30 a
|
7.10 e-l
|
45.00 k-n
|
P5 x P8
|
294.45 c-i
|
31.15 h-m
|
27.80 k-n
|
15.74 h-k
|
5.15 a-h
|
8.13 h-l
|
51.50 a-g
|
P5 x P9
|
248.78 d-j
|
23.03 e-l
|
19.82 e-m
|
11.56 d-j
|
3.77 a-f
|
7.63 a
|
47.83 i-n
|
P6 x P7
|
271.49 a-g
|
24.85 m-q
|
21.62 n-r
|
12.33 h-k
|
5.44 d-h
|
7.18 l-o
|
47.67 mno
|
P6 x P8
|
263.88 a-d
|
25.21 k-p
|
21.37 m-q
|
10.82 f-k
|
4.53 d-h
|
6.91 l-o
|
52.83 mno
|
P6 x P9
|
260.09 ab
|
26.13 a-g
|
22.40 b-g
|
11.89 b-e
|
4.91 b-h
|
9.68 d-l
|
48.50 b-i
|
P7 x P8
|
286.03 d-k
|
23.45 opq
|
20.08 o-r
|
11.28 d-j
|
4.09 b-h
|
6.09 i-m
|
45.17 i-n
|
P7 x P9
|
296.17 d-j
|
28.52 i-m
|
25.20 j-n
|
13.03 bc
|
4.28 b-h
|
7.47 a-d
|
43.00 g-l
|
P8 x P9
|
261.70 a-i
|
24.88 k-p
|
21.53 m-r
|
13.67 ijk
|
4.31 gh
|
9.09 h-l
|
48.33 o
|
\(\stackrel{-}{\text{x}}\)Crosses
|
269.71
|
26.47
|
22.84
|
12.11
|
4.32
|
7.73
|
50.03
|
Overall Mean
|
268.30
|
25.85
|
22.22
|
11.98
|
4.30
|
7.37
|
50.13
|
Std Dev
|
32.26
|
5.27
|
5.29
|
2.30
|
1.92
|
5.09
|
4.71
|
Std Error
|
1.96
|
0.32
|
0.32
|
0.14
|
0.12
|
0.31
|
0.29
|
EMS
|
644.08
|
7.80
|
7.73
|
2.18
|
0.92
|
2.28
|
12.34
|
LSD (5%)
|
28.917
|
3.1825
|
3.1673
|
1.6839
|
1.0906
|
1.7196
|
4.002
|
Legend: PH Plant height (cm), BD Base diameter (mm), CD Core diameter (mm), MD Middle diameter (mm), TD Top diameter (mm), NN Number of nodes, DTFF Days to 1st flowering, EMS error means square, LSD least significant difference. |
Cont’d. (Table 6) |
Parents/Crosses
|
D50%F
|
FW1
|
FW2
|
DSW
|
DFW
|
NF
|
NS
|
SW
|
P1
|
60.67 b-j
|
1127.22 k-r
|
328.89 a
|
93.78 g-o
|
26.71 e-i
|
86.83 o-t
|
26.08 b-f
|
34.18 ab
|
P2
|
69.17 c-k
|
670.50 f-o
|
225.00 ab
|
74.56 f-o
|
17.55 f-i
|
50.82 i-o
|
20.08 s
|
33.78 abc
|
P3
|
57.67 c-k
|
962.03 a-d
|
331.94 ab
|
123.24 a-i
|
22.82 bcd
|
70.83 d-j
|
26.65 b-f
|
31.92 c-i
|
P4
|
63.83 d-n
|
1118.01 b-g
|
351.42 abc
|
90.62 a
|
24.78 b-e
|
67.56 b-f
|
26.02 b-f
|
30.50 b-f
|
P5
|
58.00 b-i
|
818.14 l-r
|
247.97 abc
|
79.60 d-o
|
19.49 i-n
|
92.84 m-t
|
28.76 h-k
|
30.33 x
|
P6
|
64.00 b-j
|
929.25 c-l
|
222.41 abc
|
71.35 c-n
|
17.64 g-k
|
97.54 g-m
|
25.73 mno
|
33.79 m-r
|
P7
|
55.67 f-n
|
937.78 b-h
|
258.77 a-d
|
96.26 c-m
|
16.30 c-h
|
121.94 bcd
|
20.59 k-n
|
32.65 g-o
|
P8
|
60.50 c-m
|
911.30 f-o
|
287.22 a-e
|
95.06 c-m
|
23.59 d-h
|
83.87 b-g
|
27.36 b-g
|
33.04 c-i
|
P9
|
55.83 a-f
|
1102.31 m-s
|
255.87 a-e
|
81.46 i-o
|
19.17 g-k
|
106.78 b-h
|
27.79 e-h
|
32.47 j-q
|
Parents
|
60.59
|
952.95
|
278.83
|
89.55
|
20.89
|
86.56
|
25.45
|
32.52
|
P1 x P2
|
59.83 a
|
1214.51 tu
|
328.52 a-f
|
97.78 no
|
25.96 no
|
115.30 u
|
15.08 l-o
|
33.90 a-d
|
P1 x P3
|
59.83 b-j
|
1526.75 a-e
|
379.58 b-g
|
122.30 c-m
|
31.54 a
|
136.92 q-u
|
25.95 qrs
|
32.79 b-h
|
P1 x P4
|
57.50 abc
|
1490.28 e-n
|
410.69 b-h
|
152.93 a-i
|
31.34 b-e
|
156.96 j-p
|
25.85 opq
|
33.36 d-j
|
P1 x P5
|
61.50 ab
|
1112.78 h-p
|
272.33 b-i
|
103.16 c-o
|
21.11 b-g
|
95.92 m-r
|
22.57 l-o
|
26.20 h-p
|
P1 x P6
|
61.00 c-l
|
1362.22 l-s
|
316.11 b-i
|
108.05 h-o
|
25.12 f-i
|
123.14 m-s
|
20.03 c-g
|
30.70 f-m
|
P1 x P7
|
56.83 mn
|
1483.89 d-m
|
350.83 b-i
|
111.67 c-n
|
27.42 f-i
|
162.83 e-l
|
20.69 l-o
|
31.83 l-q
|
P1 x P8
|
58.83 c-l
|
1211.11 g-p
|
323.43 c-j
|
109.12 g-o
|
27.25 f-j
|
151.15 d-i
|
25.79 rs
|
32.65 a
|
P1 x P9
|
62.83 c-k
|
1044.78 u
|
312.56 d-k
|
84.37 mno
|
24.62 mno
|
144.50 p-t
|
24.54 pqr
|
31.13 b-e
|
P2 x P3
|
61.33 c-m
|
1521.67 n-t
|
414.45 d-k
|
110.00 a-h
|
38.74 h-m
|
75.88 stu
|
16.45 a-e
|
32.91 g-m
|
P2 x P4
|
64.17 c-m
|
1230.00 a-d
|
386.11 d-l
|
121.12 a-e
|
31.46 b-f
|
109.50 m-s
|
18.42 b-g
|
32.44 r-u
|
P2 x P5
|
66.50 c-l
|
1192.92 b-h
|
322.08 d-l
|
104.17 a-f
|
29.03 f-j
|
101.67 g-m
|
20.25 b-e
|
31.57 i-p
|
P2 x P6
|
59.00 c-l
|
1071.88 l-s
|
331.67 e-l
|
90.58 b-k
|
26.04 h-m
|
96.58 d-j
|
24.96 f-i
|
32.00 k-q
|
P2 x P7
|
52.33 n
|
1301.58 k-r
|
318.10 e-l
|
107.78 a-g
|
26.00 g-k
|
131.35 l-p
|
20.39 k-n
|
30.85 g-p
|
P2 x P8
|
59.33 c-m
|
1198.18 b-k
|
303.06 e-m
|
95.69 a-f
|
25.91 g-k
|
140.24 d-k
|
15.74 g-j
|
35.05 uv
|
P2 x P9
|
59.83 c-m
|
584.31 q-t
|
229.22 e-m
|
78.82 c-n
|
18.94 i-n
|
83.91 k-p
|
17.81 a-d
|
33.67 q-t
|
P3 x P4
|
57.67 a-e
|
1573.89 l-r
|
415.19 e-m
|
133.33 h-o
|
29.92 g-k
|
98.61 tu
|
25.67 b-f
|
29.40 n-s
|
P3 x P5
|
59.50 c-l
|
1478.81 ab
|
383.70 e-m
|
130.00 b-j
|
25.89 b-g
|
123.69 h-n
|
26.56 a-e
|
31.49 tuv
|
P3 x P6
|
59.00 i-n
|
1101.85 a
|
305.56 e-m
|
114.54 a-d
|
22.86 b-g
|
136.07 b
|
24.18 c-g
|
30.98 f-l
|
P3 x P7
|
51.00 c-m
|
1137.01 i-q
|
353.02 f-m
|
126.30 c-l
|
24.88 h-m
|
105.17 r-u
|
20.95 nop
|
31.69 vw
|
P3 x P8
|
58.17 b-j
|
1413.89 c-l
|
343.33 f-m
|
130.00 a-d
|
24.78 b-g
|
134.39 m-t
|
23.68 abc
|
28.35 q-t
|
P3 x P9
|
58.33 f-n
|
887.92 abc
|
290.00 g-n
|
105.31 ab
|
22.29 bc
|
106.08 m-r
|
26.72 ab
|
29.90 e-k
|
P4 x P5
|
59.33 c-m
|
1660.39 stu
|
367.50 g-n
|
116.79 l-o
|
28.75 mno
|
120.28 n-t
|
26.68 a
|
28.72 p-s
|
P4 x P6
|
55.67 c-m
|
1786.48 r-u
|
419.35 g-o
|
134.46 g-o
|
28.87 i-n
|
172.30 l-q
|
24.98 b-e
|
32.11 s-u
|
P4 x P7
|
58.67 lmn
|
1174.26 f-o
|
303.52 g-o
|
112.92 h-o
|
23.47 l-o
|
75.45 b-e
|
19.26 a-d
|
27.55 m-r
|
P4 x P8
|
60.50 g-n
|
1360.67 ab
|
403.78 h-o
|
134.09 abc
|
29.05 b
|
96.00 d-k
|
26.86 i-l
|
29.78 w
|
P4 x P9
|
56.33 h-n
|
1627.02 g-o
|
449.96 h-o
|
147.69 d-o
|
32.11 f-k
|
100.78 f-l
|
27.30 d-h
|
32.31 p-s
|
P5 x P6
|
57.67 a-d
|
850.86 o-t
|
266.85 i-o
|
95.37 o
|
22.29 no
|
104.46 m-s
|
26.47 b-g
|
29.18 a-d
|
P5 x P7
|
53.17 e-n
|
1209.44 l-s
|
329.35 i-o
|
92.22 i-o
|
19.73 k-o
|
160.25 b-h
|
26.78 h-k
|
30.72 g-n
|
P5 x P8
|
56.17 a-g
|
1655.33 b-j
|
419.49 i-o
|
137.78 h-o
|
32.81 i-n
|
134.25 b-f
|
22.22 b-f
|
26.95 g-o
|
P5 x P9
|
56.00 b-h
|
1206.69 b-i
|
277.08 k-o
|
103.78 e-o
|
25.14 g-l
|
130.72 bc
|
24.67 b-g
|
30.43 o-s
|
P6 x P7
|
57.33 i-n
|
1088.89 n-t
|
270.83 k-o
|
88.89 f-o
|
20.36 o
|
144.31 h-m
|
22.63 k-n
|
31.87 c-i
|
P6 x P8
|
62.67 k-n
|
1435.15 j-q
|
294.83 l-o
|
90.72 c-m
|
22.16 i-n
|
158.92 i-o
|
26.28 nop
|
31.82 vw
|
P6 x P9
|
62.50 n
|
1463.17 abc
|
305.50 mno
|
100.12 a-e
|
24.51 f-j
|
170.63 a
|
25.70 j-m
|
30.46 q-t
|
P7 x P8
|
53.33 b-j
|
1149.64 p-t
|
313.34 no
|
109.30 g-o
|
22.05 h-m
|
113.99 p-t
|
19.18 ab
|
28.03 b-g
|
P7 x P9
|
51.00 j-n
|
1652.45 a-f
|
348.28 o
|
132.68 b-j
|
25.56 g-k
|
217.15 c-i
|
21.82 ab
|
30.07 p-s
|
P8 x P9
|
54.83 i-n
|
1501.94 l-s
|
296.76 o
|
115.65 k-o
|
25.03 mno
|
142.44 k-p
|
27.27 ab
|
30.33 d-j
|
Crosses
|
58.32
|
1304.52
|
337.67
|
112.49
|
26.19
|
126.99
|
23.07
|
30.92
|
OA Mean
|
58.77
|
1234.20
|
325.90
|
107.90
|
25.13
|
118.91
|
23.54
|
31.24
|
Std Dev
|
7.38
|
518.40
|
100.62
|
39.78
|
8.44
|
52.10
|
5.53
|
4.23
|
Std Error
|
0.45
|
31.55
|
6.12
|
2.42
|
0.51
|
3.17
|
0.34
|
0.26
|
EMS
|
33.12
|
65920.85
|
4361.17
|
877.24
|
17.80
|
646.90
|
3.60
|
1.46
|
LSD (5%)
|
6.5575
|
292.55
|
75.246
|
33.748
|
4.8066
|
28.98
|
2.1605
|
1.3767
|
Legend: D50%F Days to 50% flowering, FW1 Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod (g), FW2 Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod (g), DSW Dry stick weight (g), DFW Dry fibre weight (g), NF Number of pods per plant, NS Number of seeds per pod, SW 1000 seeds weight (g), OA Mean Overall Mean, EMS Error means square, LSD Least significant difference.
Fresh stem weight with leaves and pods ranged from 584.31 g (P2 × P9) to 1786.48 g (P4 × P6), with the highest and lowest fresh stem weight without leaves and pods being 449.96 g (P4 × P9) and 222.41 g (P6), respectively. The dry stick weight ranged from 71.35 to 152.93 g, with P1 × P4 having the highest mean value (152.93 g), followed by P4 × P9 (147.69 g), and P6 having the lowest mean value (71.35 g). The hybrid P2 × P3 yielded its most dry fibre weight per plant (38.74 g), whereas P7 yielded the least (16.3 g). Aside from that, the hybrid P7 × P9 produced the most pods per plant (216.15), whereas P2 had the least (50.82). The number of seeds per pod ranged from 15.08 to 28.76. Parent P5 had the most seeds per pod, while P1 × P2 and P2 × P8 contained the fewest. The weight of 1000 seeds varied from 26.20 to 35.05 g. The hybrid P2 × P8 had the highest 1000 seed weight (35.05 g), while hybrid P1 × P5 had the lowest 1000 seed weight (26.20 g) (Table 6).
Plant height, base diameter, core diameter, middle diameter, top diameter, number of nodes, fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, dry stick weight, dry fibre weight, and pods number per plant are all higher than parental mean. In comparison to the hybrid mean, the parental mean has somewhat longer days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering. Similarly, the parental mean had more seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight than the hybrid means. The fact that the hybrid mean has a lower weight per 1000 seeds than the parental mean is advantageous because it allows for smaller seed sizes. The largest standard deviation (SD) value was observed for fresh stem weight with leaves and pod (518.40) with standard error (Sem, ±31.55), while the lowest was for top diameter (SD, 1.92; Sem, ±0.12) (Table 6). The standard error (SE) indicates of consistency of the average values, lower SE values suggest that the sample mean is a more precise depiction of the true population mean.
Combining ability effects on genotypes (parents and offspring)
General combining ability effects on genotypes (parents and offspring) in pooled environment. For a taller stature combination, a positive GCA effect is desired for plant height. The parent P7 had the most considerable plant height and number of pods per plant, with GCA values of 11.99 and 17.57, respectively. Parent P7, on the other hand, had the lowest GCA effect for days to first flowering and days to 50% flowering, with -3.74 and -3.71, respectively (Table 7). Whereas, for base diameter (2.32), core diameter (2.12), middle diameter (0.8), top diameter (0.24), fresh stem weight with leaves and pod (176.17), fresh stem weight without leaves and pod (59.86), dry stick weight (16.57), and dry fibre weight (16.57), Parent P4 had the highest positively significant GCA effect (3.53).
Table 7
Estimates of general combining ability effect for 15 morphological characters of kenaf
Traits
|
P1
|
P2
|
P3
|
P4
|
P5
|
P6
|
P7
|
P8
|
P9
|
LSD (gi-gj)
|
5%
|
1%
|
PH
|
-10.34**
|
-17.73**
|
8.11*
|
8.22**
|
-1.31
|
-3.22
|
11.99**
|
2.03
|
2.24
|
4.11
|
5.43
|
BD
|
0.68
|
-0.43
|
0.96**
|
2.32**
|
0.22
|
-0.69*
|
-0.58
|
-0.14
|
-2.34*
|
0.45
|
0.60
|
CD
|
0.60
|
-0.32
|
0.92**
|
2.12**
|
0.36
|
-0.65
|
-0.42
|
-0.11
|
-2.49*
|
0.45
|
0.59
|
MD
|
-0.11
|
-0.74**
|
0.44*
|
0.80**
|
0.53**
|
-0.21
|
-0.01
|
0.45*
|
-1.15*
|
0.24
|
0.32
|
TD
|
-0.10
|
-0.13
|
0.09
|
0.24*
|
0.00
|
0.12
|
0.06
|
0.18
|
-0.46
|
0.16
|
0.20
|
NN
|
0.49**
|
-0.33
|
-0.03
|
0.07
|
0.38*
|
-0.01
|
-0.39*
|
0.28
|
-0.47
|
0.24
|
0.32
|
DTFF
|
1.50**
|
2.32**
|
-0.51
|
0.69
|
-0.24
|
-0.01
|
-3.74**
|
0.63
|
-0.64
|
0.57
|
0.75
|
D50%F
|
1.25
|
3.17**
|
-0.51
|
1.07
|
0.01
|
1.55*
|
-3.71**
|
-0.09
|
-2.74
|
0.93
|
1.23
|
FW1
|
45.42
|
-140.47**
|
33.15
|
176.17**
|
-17.97
|
-16.56
|
-11.68
|
49.76
|
-117.80
|
41.59
|
54.89
|
FW2
|
13.76
|
-10.66
|
31.66**
|
59.86**
|
-6.01
|
-22.27**
|
-8.70
|
6.54
|
-64.18**
|
10.70
|
14.12
|
DSW
|
2.24
|
-8.84*
|
15.09**
|
16.57**
|
-0.89
|
-7.89*
|
2.00
|
5.47
|
-23.76*
|
4.80
|
6.33
|
DFW
|
2.00**
|
1.04*
|
1.89**
|
3.53**
|
-0.19
|
-1.66**
|
-2.15**
|
0.95
|
-5.41**
|
0.68
|
0.90
|
NF
|
9.02**
|
-18.64**
|
-9.33**
|
-8.74**
|
-0.38
|
12.76**
|
17.57**
|
7.09*
|
-9.34
|
4.12
|
5.44
|
NS
|
-0.56*
|
-4.50**
|
0.42
|
0.75**
|
1.36**
|
0.72**
|
-2.36**
|
0.27
|
3.91**
|
0.31
|
0.41
|
SW
|
0.65**
|
1.47**
|
-0.22
|
-0.65**
|
-1.63**
|
0.26
|
-0.54**
|
-0.43**
|
1.09*
|
0.20
|
0.26
|
Legend: *, ** Significant at P≤0.05 and P≤0.01 respectively, PH Plant height, BD Base diameter, CD Core diameter, MD Middle diameter, TD Top diameter, NN Number of nodes, DTFF Days to 1st flowering, D50%F Days to 50% flowering, FW1 Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, FW2 Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, DSW Dry stick weight, DFW Dry fibre weight, NF Number of pods per plant, NS Number of seeds per pod, SW 1000 seeds weight. |
Parent P4, for example, had the highest positively significant GCA values for the trait’s base diameter, core diameter, middle diameter, top diameter, fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, dry stick weight, and dry fibre weight, all of which are favorable traits, and it contributed positively to the hybrid for these traits. Besides the P4, parent P1 (2), P3 (1.89), and P2 (1.04) were also shown to be positive and significant general combiners for dry fibre weight, and parent P3 also showed a positive and very significant GCA effect for dry stick weight (15.09). Seed yield, a crucial feature that determines the number of pods per plant, was favorable and considerably a good general combiner for the parent P6 (12.76), P1 (9.02), and P8 (7.09).
With values of 2.32 and 3.17 for days to 1st flowering and days to 50% flowering, respectively, the Parent P2 had the most positively significant GCA effect. Plant height, fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod, on the other hand, revealed the lowest GCA effect with values of -17.73, -140.47, -18.64, and -4.5, respectively, for the parent P2. The parent P9 had the highest positive GCA value for number of seeds per pod (-2.34) and the lowest negative GCA values for base diameter (-2.49), core diameter (-1.15), middle diameter (-1.15), top diameter (-0.46), number of nodes (-0.47), fresh stem weight (-64.18), dry stick weight (-23.76), and dry fibre weight (-5.41). To produce a smaller seed size combination, a negative GCA effect is desired for 1000 seeds weight. P5 had the smallest (-1.63) and most significant negative GCA effect, followed by P4 (-0.65) and P7 (-0.54), indicating that they were good general combiners for reduced seed sizes and would be beneficial in future breeding programs. To increase the number of nodes, a negative GCA effect is desired. P9 had the smallest (-0.47) and most significant negative GCA effect, followed by P7 (-0.39) and P2 (-0.33), indicating that they were good general combiners for fibre output and might be used in future breeding efforts.
Specific combining ability effects on hybrids across the environment. The SCA effects on hybrids in various contexts shows in Table 8. Hibiscus cannabinus has a major fibre yield component in the form of plant height and base diameter. SCA effects were found in all 36 hybrids studied, with 19 combinations showing positive (desire direction) SCA impacts for plant height. The cross P5 × P8 (24.44), which were rated good combiners for tallness, had the best hybrids with significant and positive SCA effects. Conversely, as evidenced by the considerable negative SCA effects for plant height, the hybrids P2 × P9 (-37.62) and P1 × P5 (-23.51) were identified as poor specific combiners for this trait. When it came to base diameter, the SCA effects ranged from -6.33 to 5.47. These 5 cross combinations (P2 × P3, P5 × P8, P7 × P9, P4 × P6, and P1 × P7) were found as good specific combiners for this characteristic. A total of 16 crosses had positive but negligible SCA scores, indicating that they may be considered average combiners. Other crosses had negative SCA effects, with one (P2 × P9) having a highly significant SCA value of -6.33 and another (P3 × P9) having a substantial SCA value of -3.08, respectively. As a result, this cross combination is regarded as the poorest specific combiner for base diameter. Only 5 crosses demonstrated significant positive SCA values for core diameter in kenaf, indicating heterotic performance over the mean of their parents, out of 36 cross combinations. Except for one, all the remaining cross pairings had negligible SCA effects (P2 × P9). The P2 × P3 cross had the most significant positive SCA effect, indicating that it was the best specific combiner for the trait. P2 × P9 had the most negative SCA effect and was considered the worst specific combiner for core diameter.
Table 8
Estimates of specific combining ability (SCA) effects for 15 different morphological characters of kenaf
Hybrids
|
PH
|
BD
|
CD
|
MD
|
TD
|
NN
|
DTFF
|
D50%F
|
FW1
|
FW2
|
DSW
|
DFW
|
NF
|
NS
|
SW
|
P1 x P2
|
11.33
|
0.36
|
0.06
|
0.20
|
-0.35
|
-0.31
|
-1.31
|
-3.16
|
89.44
|
5.37
|
-0.85
|
-1.66
|
8.80
|
-3.73**
|
0.40
|
P1 x P3
|
5.4
|
1.91
|
1.78
|
0.44
|
0.64
|
1.45*
|
-0.97
|
0.52
|
228.07*
|
14.12
|
-0.26
|
3.07
|
21.11*
|
2.20**
|
0.98*
|
P1 x P4
|
-2.92
|
0.40
|
0.36
|
0.20
|
-0.32
|
0.59
|
-2.34
|
-3.39
|
48.58
|
17.03
|
28.89*
|
1.23
|
40.57**
|
1.78*
|
1.98**
|
P1 x P5
|
-23.51*
|
-1.61
|
-1.57
|
-1.60**
|
0.05
|
0.52
|
2.42
|
1.67
|
-134.78
|
-55.46*
|
-3.42
|
-5.28**
|
-28.84**
|
-2.11**
|
-4.20**
|
P1 x P6
|
-0.11
|
-0.19
|
0.11
|
0.08
|
0.24
|
0.73
|
0.19
|
-0.38
|
113.25
|
4.57
|
8.48
|
0.20
|
-14.76
|
-4.01**
|
-1.59**
|
P1 x P7
|
14.19
|
2.12*
|
2.46*
|
-0.19
|
-0.75*
|
1.11
|
2.42
|
0.71
|
230.03*
|
25.72
|
2.20
|
2.99
|
20.13*
|
-0.28
|
0.34
|
P1 x P8
|
7.36
|
0.14
|
0.09
|
-0.14
|
-0.51
|
-0.31
|
-0.78
|
-0.91
|
-104.18
|
-16.92
|
-3.82
|
-0.28
|
18.92*
|
2.20**
|
1.06*
|
P1 x P9
|
-10.54
|
-1.84
|
-1.84
|
0.50
|
0.72
|
-2.38**
|
1.51
|
5.34
|
-286.68
|
24.25
|
-15.27
|
1.58
|
-18.62
|
0.63
|
-0.48
|
P2 x P3
|
-15.15
|
5.47**
|
5.81**
|
1.00
|
0.52
|
2.39**
|
2.04
|
0.09
|
408.87**
|
73.40**
|
-1.48
|
11.24**
|
-12.26
|
-3.35**
|
0.29
|
P2 x P4
|
18.03
|
0.65
|
0.67
|
0.64
|
-0.25
|
1.50**
|
2.18
|
1.35
|
-25.82
|
16.87
|
8.16
|
2.32
|
20.77*
|
-1.71*
|
0.24
|
P2 x P5
|
2.20
|
1.42
|
1.68
|
-0.32
|
-0.66
|
1.60**
|
4.10**
|
4.74*
|
131.24
|
18.71
|
8.67
|
3.60*
|
4.58
|
-0.49
|
0.35
|
P2 x P6
|
11.87
|
1.23
|
1.09
|
0.24
|
-0.46
|
1.02
|
-1.12
|
-4.30*
|
8.79
|
44.55
|
2.09
|
2.08
|
-13.65
|
4.87**
|
-1.11*
|
P2 x P7
|
6.40
|
1.20
|
0.75
|
-0.03
|
-0.49
|
0.27
|
-2.40
|
-5.71**
|
233.61*
|
17.41
|
9.39
|
2.54
|
16.32
|
3.37**
|
-1.46**
|
P2 x P8
|
6.33
|
-0.63
|
-0.70
|
-0.07
|
0.10
|
0.19
|
-3.09*
|
-2.33
|
68.77
|
-12.87
|
-6.17
|
-0.66
|
35.68**
|
-3.91**
|
2.64**
|
P2 x P9
|
-37.62**
|
-6.33**
|
-5.86**
|
-0.95
|
1.10*
|
-4.15**
|
0.22
|
5.07
|
-646.22**
|
-89.71*
|
-6.81
|
-10.37**
|
-32.23*
|
-0.26
|
-0.81
|
P3 x P4
|
6.26
|
0.30
|
0.36
|
-0.03
|
-0.42
|
1.30*
|
0.35
|
-1.47
|
144.45
|
3.62
|
-3.56
|
-0.07
|
0.57
|
0.61
|
-1.11*
|
P3 x P5
|
9.89
|
-0.74
|
-0.67
|
-0.57
|
-0.08
|
-0.68
|
-0.73
|
1.43
|
243.52*
|
38.01
|
10.57
|
-0.39
|
17.30
|
0.90
|
1.96**
|
P3 x P6
|
10.33
|
0.04
|
-0.09
|
0.12
|
-0.39
|
-0.06
|
-0.29
|
-0.62
|
-134.86
|
-23.88
|
2.12
|
-1.95
|
16.53
|
-0.84
|
-0.44
|
P3 x P7
|
8.46
|
-1.49
|
-1.73
|
-0.17
|
-0.03
|
-0.35
|
-0.90
|
-3.36
|
-104.58
|
10.01
|
3.98
|
0.57
|
-19.18
|
-0.99
|
1.07*
|
P3 x P8
|
0.85
|
0.51
|
-0.14
|
-0.46
|
-0.28
|
1.29*
|
0.41
|
0.18
|
110.86
|
-14.92
|
4.21
|
-2.64
|
20.52*
|
-0.89
|
-2.37**
|
P3 x P9
|
-17.46
|
-3.08*
|
-2.54
|
-0.07
|
0.39
|
-2.86**
|
0.89
|
3.12
|
-571.94**
|
-48.94
|
-3.41
|
-4.30
|
-17.98
|
0.43
|
-1.36*
|
P4 x P5
|
-3.27
|
0.96
|
0.46
|
0.68
|
0.02
|
0.22
|
-1.93
|
-0.32
|
282.07**
|
-6.40
|
-4.12
|
0.84
|
13.29
|
0.70
|
-0.39
|
P4 x P6
|
-1.54
|
2.98**
|
3.00**
|
0.22
|
-0.45
|
0.95
|
-3.32*
|
-5.53*
|
406.76**
|
61.71*
|
20.56
|
2.43
|
52.16**
|
-0.37
|
1.11*
|
P4 x P7
|
-7.90
|
-1.87
|
-2.03
|
0.07
|
0.73*
|
-0.15
|
0.41
|
2.73
|
-210.35*
|
-67.69**
|
-10.88
|
-2.48
|
-49.49**
|
-3.01**
|
-2.64**
|
P4 x P8
|
4.64
|
2.05
|
1.73
|
0.07
|
0.57
|
0.67
|
2.88*
|
0.94
|
-85.37
|
17.33
|
6.81
|
0.00
|
-18.46
|
1.96**
|
-0.52
|
P4 x P9
|
-8.17
|
-0.62
|
-0.16
|
-0.65
|
0.50
|
-2.71**
|
0.63
|
2.56
|
-105.89
|
45.89
|
1.89
|
2.57
|
-28.33*
|
-0.60
|
0.91
|
P5 x P6
|
13.69
|
-1.55
|
-1.31
|
-0.35
|
-0.30
|
-0.59
|
-1.23
|
-2.47
|
-334.72**
|
-24.91
|
-1.07
|
-0.44
|
-24.03*
|
0.52
|
-0.84
|
P5 x P7
|
0.46
|
-0.38
|
-0.58
|
0.36**
|
0.00
|
-0.22
|
-1.17
|
-1.71
|
18.98
|
24.01
|
-14.12
|
-2.51
|
26.95**
|
3.90**
|
1.50**
|
P5 x P8
|
24.44*
|
5.40**
|
5.53**
|
2.88
|
0.73*
|
0.15
|
0.97
|
-2.33
|
403.43**
|
98.91**
|
27.97*
|
7.47**
|
11.43
|
-3.28**
|
-2.37**
|
P5 x P9
|
-22.66
|
-2.01
|
-1.80
|
-0.39
|
0.12
|
-0.30
|
-1.93
|
-0.43
|
-243.69
|
-32.82
|
-0.65
|
1.43
|
1.82
|
-2.31*
|
1.79**
|
P6 x P7
|
-6.57
|
0.45
|
0.68
|
0.67
|
1.01**
|
0.24
|
1.27
|
0.91
|
-102.99
|
-18.25
|
-10.45
|
-0.41
|
-2.13
|
0.39
|
0.76
|
P6 x P8
|
-4.22
|
0.36
|
0.12
|
-1.31*
|
-0.01
|
-0.69
|
2.07
|
2.62
|
181.83
|
-9.49
|
-12.09
|
-1.70
|
22.96*
|
1.42*
|
0.61
|
P6 x P9
|
-15.84
|
0.08
|
-0.04
|
0.85
|
0.68
|
0.61
|
0.72
|
7.44*
|
119.67
|
18.80
|
8.46
|
3.39
|
7.00
|
-2.39*
|
-0.39
|
P7 x P8
|
2.72
|
-1.51
|
-1.41
|
-1.04
|
-0.40
|
-1.13*
|
-1.87
|
-1.45
|
-108.55
|
-4.56
|
-3.40
|
-1.32
|
-26.78**
|
-2.61**
|
-2.38**
|
P7 x P9
|
-2.56
|
3.62*
|
3.98*
|
1.32
|
0.18
|
0.62
|
-0.27
|
3.38
|
302.83*
|
57.22
|
36.25*
|
4.57
|
63.49**
|
-2.19*
|
0.47
|
P8 x P9
|
-27.00
|
-2.32
|
-1.55
|
1.28
|
0.08
|
0.89
|
-1.19
|
1.18
|
-58.46
|
-11.56
|
7.59
|
2.02
|
-17.84
|
2.17
|
0.82
|
LSD (sij-slk)5%
|
18.70
|
2.06
|
2.05
|
1.09
|
0.71
|
1.11
|
2.59
|
4.24
|
189.23
|
48.7
|
21.83
|
3.11
|
18.75
|
1.40
|
0.89
|
LSD (sij-slk)1%
|
24.68
|
2.72
|
2.70
|
1.44
|
0.93
|
1.47
|
3.42
|
5.60
|
249.71
|
64.2
|
28.81
|
4.10
|
24.74
|
1.84
|
1.18
|
LSD (sij-skl)5%
|
16.55
|
1.82
|
1.81
|
0.96
|
0.62
|
0.98
|
2.29
|
3.75
|
167.40
|
43.1
|
19.31
|
2.75
|
16.58
|
1.24
|
0.79
|
LSD (sij-skl)1%
|
21.84
|
2.40
|
2.39
|
1.27
|
0.82
|
1.30
|
3.02
|
4.95
|
220.91
|
56.8
|
25.48
|
3.63
|
21.88
|
1.63
|
1.04
|
Legend: *Significant at 0.05 probability level, **highly significant at 0.01 probability level, PH Plant height, BD Base diameter, CD Core diameter, MD Middle diameter, TD Top diameter, NN Number of nodes, DTFF Days to 1st flowering, D50%F Days to 50% flowering, FW1 Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, FW2 Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, DSW Dry stick weight, DFW Dry fibre weight, NF Number of pods per plant, NS Number of seeds per pod, SW 1000 seeds weight. |
For stem mid-diameter, the SCA effects ranged from -1.60 to 2.88. P5 × P7 (0.36) were the best hybrids with significant and positive SCA effects, and they were regarded as good specific combiners for this trait. Another 18 crosses had SCA values that were positive but insignificant, indicating that they may be used as average combiners. Other crossings had negative SCA effects, with one (P1 × P5) being highly significant (-1.60) and another (P6 × P8) being significant (-1.31). As a result, this cross combination is regarded as the worst specific combiner for medium diameters (Table 8). When it came to top diameter, the SCA effects ranged from -0.75 to 1.10. P6 × P7, P2 × P9, P4 × P7, and P5 × P8 were selected as good specific combiners for this trait since three crossings showed significant positive SCA effects, one of which was highly significant (P6 × P7, P2 × P9, P4 × P7, and P5 × P8) Another 14 crosses had SCA values that were positive but not significant, thus they may be considered average combiners. Conversely, had negative SCA impacts, with one (P1 × P7) having a large SCA value (-0.75). As a result, this cross combination is regarded as the worst specific combiner for top diameter. For the given number of nodes, SCA impacts ranged from -4.15 to 2.39. P2 × P9 (-4.15) had the highest negative and highly significant SCA estimate, followed by P3 × P9 (-2.86), P4 × P9 (-2.71), and P1 × P9 (-2.38), with one negative significant P7 × P8 (-1.13), indicating that these hybrids had good SCA for lower branch stem and better fibre yield. On the other hand, three of the 21 positive SCA effects were found to be highly significant (P2 × P3, P2 × P5, and P2 × P4), and three were determined to be significant (P1 × P3, P3 × P4 and P3 × P8). As a result, they were classified as poor combiners. The average combiners for the number of nodes characteristic were found as negative but insignificant SCA impacts in the other ten crossovers.
For days to first flowering, the SCA effects varied from -3.32 to 4.10. (Table 8). The crosses P2 × P5 (4.10) and P4 × P8 (2.88) showed the largest significant and positive SCA effects, showing that these hybrids had good SCA for this trait. On the other hand, the offspring P4 × P6 (-3.32) had the greatest negative and significant SCA estimate, followed by P2 × P8 (-3.09), both of which were judged poor specific combiners for the days to 1st flowering trait. For days to 50% flowering, SCA impacts varied from -5.71 to 7.44. The most significant SCA effects were identified in P6 × P9 (7.44) and P2 × P5 (4.74), showing that these hybrids exhibited good specific combining capacity for this trait. On the other hand, the hybrid P2 × P7 (-5.71) had the greatest negative and significant SCA estimate, followed by P4 × P6 (-5.53) and P2 × P6 (-4.30), both of which were judged poor specific combiners for days to 50% flowering. Four crosses viz. P2 × P3 (408.87), P4 × P6 (406.76), P5 × P8 (403.43) and P4 × P5 (282.07) showed highly significant positive SCA effects for fresh stem weight with leaves and pod trait, but the other five crosses viz. P7 × P9 (302.83), P3 × P5 (243.52), P2 × P7 (233.61), P1 × P7 (230.03) and P1 × P3 (228.07) exhibited significant positive SCA effects. Eleven more crossings had favorable but negligible SCA effects, thus they may be considered average specific combiners (Table 8). The remaining sixteen crosses had negative SCA effects, with four of them showing significant SCA values: P4 × P7 (-210.35), P5 × P6 (-334.72), P3 × P9 (-571.94), and P2 × P9 (-646.22). As a result, they were considered poor specific combiners for the fresh stem weight with leaves and pod characteristic.
Two crosses, P5 × P8 (98.91) and P2 × P3 (73.40), showed highly significant favorable SCA effects, with one cross, P4 × P6 (61.71), showing these hybrids had good SCA for fresh stem weight without leaves and pod trait. Another eighteen crossings had positive but insignificant SCA effects and may be considered average specific combiners (Table 8). The remaining 15 crosses had negative SCA effects, with three of them having significant SCA values: P1 × P5 (-55.46), P4 × P7 (-67.69), and P2 × P9 (-89.71). As a result, they were considered as poor specific combiners for fresh stem weight without leaves and the pod characteristic. For dry stick weight per plant in kenaf, 18 cross combinations showed positive SCA effects, while the remaining 18 cross combinations showed negative SCA values, showing heterotic performance over the mean of their parents. The cross P7 × P9 had the highest significant positive SCA effect (36.25), followed by P1 × P4 (28.89) and P5 × P8 (27.97), showing that it was the best specific combiner for the stick weight per plant trait. Only three of the 36 crosses had significant positive SCA effects for dry fibre weight per plant, whereas the remaining 17 had positive but negligible SCA effects. The cross P2 × P3 (11.24) yielded the greatest significant positive SCA value, followed by P5 x P8 (7.47) and P2 x P5 (3.60), suggesting better fibre yielding hybrids than their parents' mean and considered best specific combiners for enhanced fibre weight per plant of kenaf. The remaining 16 hybrids, on the other hand, showed unfavorable SCA consequences. Two of them, P1 × P5 (-5.28) and P2 × P9 (-10.37), showed highly significant negative values and were considered the lowest combiners for the trait in consideration.
For the number of pods per plant, the SCA impacts varied from -49.49 to 63.49. (Table 8). There were 21 positive SCA effects among the cross combinations, and 11 of them had significant positive SCA values for the number of pods per plant. The remaining 15 crosses had negative SCA effects, with six of them having severe negative SCA effects. As a result, the crosses P4 × P7, P2 × P9, P1 × P5, P4 × P9, P7 × P8, and P5 × P6 yielded the most pods per plant. The crosses P2 × P3 (7.20), P3 × P4 (4.70), and P2 × P4 (3.32) revealed highly significant positive SCA effects, whereas P4 × P6 (-3.43), P1 × P3 (-2.18), and P1 × P5 (-1.05) showed highly significant negative SCA effects. The hybrids with non-significant positive or negative SCA values were considered average specific combiners for the number of pods per plant. For the number of seeds per pod, SCA impacts varied from -4.01 to 4.87 (Table 8). Sixteen of the cross combinations had positive SCA effects, with nine of them having significant positive SCA values for the number of seeds per pod. The remaining 20 crosses had negative SCA effects, with 12 of them having significant negative SCA effects. As a result, the crosses P2 × P6, P5 × P7, P2 × P7, P1 × P3, P1 × P8, P8 × P9, P4 × P8, P1 × P4, and P6 × P8 yielded the most seeds per pod.
The SCA impacts for the character 1000 seeds weight ranged from -4.20 to 2.64. (Table 8). P1 × P5, P4 × P7, P7 × P8, P3 × P8, P5 × P8, P1 × P6, and P2 × P7 had extremely significant negative SCA effects, whereas P3 × P9, P3 × P4, and P2 × P6 had significant negative SCA effects, showing that these hybrids had good SCA for lower seed size. Seven more crossings had negative but small SCA effects, thus they may be considered average specific combiners (Table 8). The crosses P2 × P8, P1 × P4, P3 × P5, P5 × P9, P5 × P7, P4 × P6, P3 × P7, P1 × P8, and P1 × P3 were among the remaining nineteen crosses that indicated positive SCA effects. As a result, they were judged to be poor specific combiners for the 1000 seed weight trait.
Estimation of heterosis effect of kenaf hybrids for yield and yield components and morphological traits. The relative performance of the hybrids of the mid-parent (MPH) and better parent (BPH) values was used to estimate heterosis. In hybrid development, better parent heterosis is preferred over mid parent heterosis. High positive heterosis values are preferred for yield production traits, but negative values are preferred for node number and 1000 seed weight.
Relative heterosis response in pooled environments. Percentage heterosis relative to mid-parents (MPs) was significantly positive in 13 of the 36 crosses in dry fibre weight (25.74 to 91.94), five crosses in dry stick weight (8.95 to 42.54), and 20 crosses in number of pods per plant (49.22 to 108.72). However, mid-parents of eighteen fresh stem weights with leaves and pod crosses (32.75 to 91.43) and five fresh stem weights without leaves and pod crosses (46.16 to 56.76) were significantly positive (Table 9). For 1000 seed weight, 29 hybrids out of 36 had negative heterosis (in the desired direction). This indicates that they had smaller-sized seeds. Over dominance was observed in cross P5 x P8 for plant height, base diameter, core diameter, middle diameter, fresh stem weight with leaves and pods, and fresh stem weight without leaves and pods, as well as cross P4 ×P6 for base diameter, core diameter, fresh stem weight with leaves and pods, fresh stem weight without leaves and pods, and pods number per plant and the cross P2 × P3 for base diameter and core diameter, with a high potency’s ratio. Furthermore, the crosses P2 × P3 and P2 × P5 for fibre yield and the crosses P1 × P4 and P4 × P9 for stick yield, cross P6 × P7 for top diameter, and cross P2 × P5 for 1st flowering and days to 50% flowering features in late maturity cultivars had the highest mid parent heterosis. Due to the existence of over dominance, hybrid P7 × P9 was chosen for pods number per plant and P2 × P6 for seeds number per pod for seed yield. Negative heterosis estimates for the nodes number and 1000 seed weight are desirable, where small values for these traits indicate good fiber quality and smaller seed size, therefore negative magnitude implies high heterosis. Cross P2 × P9 had the lowest negative nodes number value (-11.02) for quality fibre yield, and cross P1 × P5 with the lowest negative heterosis for 1000 seed weight would produce well where smaller seed size kenaf accessions perform well.
Table 9
Estimates of mid-parent and better parent heterosis for 15 characteristics of 36 crosses in kenaf over two environments
Hybrids
|
PH
|
BD
|
CD
|
MD
|
TD
|
NN
|
DTFF
|
D50%F
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
P1 x P2
|
5.71
|
2.08
|
11.39
|
2.09
|
12.7
|
2.66
|
2.67
|
-7.8
|
-16.57
|
-18.04
|
29.7
|
3.74
|
-0.78
|
1.28
|
-7.83
|
-13.49
|
P1 x P3
|
3.93
|
-1.61
|
15.87*
|
13.51*
|
18.12
|
16.3
|
2.62
|
1.32
|
16.36
|
12.9
|
57.74**
|
33.59
|
0
|
-3.53
|
1.13
|
-1.37
|
P1 x P4
|
0.09
|
-5.82
|
13.51
|
12.91
|
14.96
|
14.66
|
4.37
|
3.87
|
-5.79
|
-5.86
|
41.09*
|
22.63
|
-4.46
|
-5.06
|
-7.63
|
-9.92
|
P1 x P5
|
-8.7
|
-11.8
|
-0.87
|
-3.05
|
0.11
|
-1.68
|
-12.34
|
-12.56
|
-3.33
|
-3.83
|
21.95
|
18.12
|
6.43
|
3.53
|
3.65
|
1.37
|
P1 x P6
|
1.71
|
0.16
|
9.26
|
-1.06
|
13.44
|
1.4
|
0.69
|
-4.35
|
6.47
|
4.48
|
42.14*
|
23.46
|
-0.16
|
-0.32
|
-2.14
|
-4.69
|
P1 x P7
|
8.52
|
2.54
|
15.98
|
8.35
|
20.75*
|
13.24*
|
0.49
|
-4.96
|
-18.07
|
-20.06
|
30.53
|
23.46
|
3.6
|
-3.21
|
-2.29
|
-6.32
|
P1 x P8
|
6.14
|
3.92
|
11.8
|
2.36
|
13.22
|
3.79
|
1.81
|
-0.7
|
-11.63
|
-11.79
|
13.28
|
12.54
|
-0.96
|
-0.96
|
-2.89
|
-3.02
|
P1 x P9
|
-2.94
|
-7.25
|
-4.42
|
-8.9
|
-4.49
|
-9.4
|
-7.28
|
-12.78
|
1.94
|
-4.45
|
-7.82
|
-8.2
|
5.75
|
3.21
|
7.87
|
3.57
|
P2 x P3
|
-3.61
|
-11.7
|
37.32**
|
28.28**
|
45.81**
|
34.73**
|
13.45
|
0.73
|
10.74
|
5.6
|
109.27**
|
95.1**
|
5.37
|
-0.31
|
-3.29
|
-11.33
|
P2 x P4
|
8.72
|
-0.99
|
20.25*
|
10.75*
|
23.12*
|
11.89*
|
14.4
|
2.3
|
-6.62
|
-8.34
|
85.24**
|
67.85**
|
3.59
|
2.15
|
-3.51
|
-7.23
|
P2 x P5
|
1.82
|
-4.9
|
16.75
|
9.24
|
22.09*
|
13.08*
|
3.51
|
-7.26
|
-21.71
|
-22.7
|
55.81**
|
21.69
|
9.03
|
4
|
4.59
|
-3.86
|
P2 x P6
|
7.15
|
1.95
|
21.85*
|
20.26*
|
26.3*
|
23.68*
|
8.19
|
1.95
|
-12.38
|
-15.5
|
73.4**
|
57.25*
|
-3.14
|
-5.23
|
-11.39
|
-14.7
|
P2 x P7
|
6.17
|
-2.92
|
18.1
|
15.69
|
19.18
|
15.53
|
7.98
|
2.19
|
-14.09
|
-17.63
|
33.42
|
11.58
|
-6.71
|
-14.46
|
-16.15
|
-24.34
|
P2 x P8
|
6.38
|
0.66
|
14.29
|
14.16
|
15.93
|
15.13
|
8.32
|
-0.49
|
-0.16
|
-1.76
|
36.18
|
9.47
|
-5.81
|
-7.69
|
-8.48
|
-14.22
|
P2 x P9
|
-12.51
|
-19.13
|
-10.9
|
-14.5
|
-10.05
|
-13.82
|
-4.58
|
-9.21
|
3.38
|
-4.69
|
-11.02
|
-28.61
|
1.61
|
-2.77
|
-4.27
|
-13.49
|
P3 x P4
|
4.71
|
4.71
|
16.61*
|
16.61*
|
18.26
|
18.26
|
5.67
|
5.67
|
-0.97
|
-0.97
|
75.25**
|
75.25**
|
0.33
|
0.33
|
-5.08
|
-5.08
|
P3 x P5
|
5.46
|
3.27
|
5.92
|
5.74
|
7.5
|
7.22
|
-0.65
|
-1.67
|
0.77
|
-2.72
|
14.87
|
-5.22
|
-0.17
|
-1.02
|
2.88
|
2.59
|
P3 x P6
|
6.93
|
2.74
|
14.04
|
5.24
|
16.07
|
5.2
|
4.4
|
-2.03
|
-1.29
|
-2.44
|
46.34*
|
42.03
|
-1.5
|
-4.82
|
-3.01
|
-7.81
|
P3 x P7
|
7.34
|
7.11
|
4.41
|
-0.54
|
3.51
|
-1.5
|
4.01
|
-2.8
|
6.84
|
6.23
|
19.76
|
6.47
|
-3.74
|
-6.9
|
-10
|
-11.56
|
P3 x P8
|
4.75
|
1.22
|
17.19
|
9.36
|
15.64
|
7.54
|
2.32
|
-1.44
|
0.74
|
-2.43
|
52.65**
|
29.98
|
1
|
-2.56
|
-1.55
|
-3.86
|
P3 x P9
|
-1.26
|
-2.22
|
0.42
|
-2.36
|
1.75
|
-2.03
|
-2.04
|
-8.94
|
17.55
|
13.44
|
10.73
|
-5.91
|
3.58
|
2.36
|
2.79
|
1.16
|
P4 x P5
|
-0.03
|
-2.73
|
16.46*
|
14.5*
|
16.41
|
14.03
|
13.2
|
12.94
|
3.75
|
3.13
|
28.09
|
8.37
|
-4.42
|
-7.59
|
-2.6
|
-7.05
|
P4 x P6
|
1.81
|
-2.79
|
30.64**
|
18.88**
|
35.71**
|
21.02**
|
9.21
|
3.26
|
-1.94
|
-3.69
|
63.65**
|
63.5*
|
-9.09
|
-9.81
|
-12.91
|
-13.02
|
P4 x P7
|
0.81
|
0.36
|
6.8
|
0.27
|
5.9
|
-0.93
|
9.99
|
3.56
|
25.34
|
22.38
|
21.89
|
11.42
|
-2.9
|
-9.81
|
-1.81
|
-8.09
|
P4 x P8
|
5.49
|
1.28
|
27.6**
|
17.4**
|
28.69**
|
17.7**
|
10.59
|
7.36
|
21.08
|
20.78
|
40.04*
|
22.4
|
3.82
|
3.16
|
-2.68
|
-5.22
|
P4 x P9
|
0.24
|
-1.38
|
22.4**
|
17.26**
|
24.89*
|
18.18*
|
4.76
|
-1.89
|
21.65
|
14.12
|
10.29
|
-3.79
|
-2.77
|
-5.7
|
-5.85
|
-11.75
|
P5 x P6
|
6.96
|
4.9
|
3.97
|
-3.91
|
7.05
|
-2.75
|
2.24
|
-3.12
|
-4.66
|
-6.92
|
14.03
|
-3.59
|
-3.63
|
-6.11
|
-5.46
|
-9.9
|
P5 x P7
|
3.19
|
0.85
|
6.14
|
1.28
|
6.74
|
1.83
|
10.42
|
4.19
|
1.55
|
-1.42
|
4.82
|
-3.8
|
-4.59
|
-8.47
|
-6.45
|
-8.33
|
P5 x P8
|
12.46
|
10.92
|
35.43**
|
26.59**
|
42.06**
|
32.43**
|
32.25**
|
28.67**
|
18.55
|
18.14
|
14.58
|
10.28
|
1.81
|
-0.96
|
-5.2
|
-7.16
|
P5 x P9
|
-7.34
|
-8.38
|
-3.91
|
-6.41
|
-2.16
|
-5.56
|
0.68
|
-5.5
|
-7.32
|
-13.54
|
7.23
|
3.45
|
-3.04
|
-3.37
|
-1.61
|
-3.45
|
P6 x P7
|
1.82
|
-2.37
|
14.96
|
11.18
|
19.42
|
13.43
|
13.07
|
12.56
|
31.71
|
30.93
|
27.51
|
16.46
|
-1.72
|
-8.04
|
-4.18
|
-10.42
|
P6 x P8
|
2.79
|
2.19
|
19.25*
|
17.82*
|
21.13
|
17.8
|
-3.95
|
-6.52
|
6.92
|
4.75
|
15.89
|
1.22
|
1.77
|
1.6
|
0.67
|
-2.08
|
P6 x P9
|
-1.25
|
-4.21
|
18.21*
|
12.01*
|
22.15*
|
14.69*
|
9.64
|
8.53
|
23.82
|
18.16
|
62.02**
|
41.22*
|
-4.28
|
-6.43
|
4.31
|
-2.34
|
P7 x P8
|
6.67
|
2.86
|
7.18
|
4.88
|
7.94
|
5.35
|
0.59
|
-2.53
|
-3.01
|
-5.53
|
-6.2
|
-10.73
|
-7.03
|
-13.14
|
-8.18
|
-11.85
|
P7 x P9
|
7.78
|
6.51
|
24.86**
|
22.25**
|
30.62**
|
29.04**
|
20.77*
|
20.08
|
8.65
|
4.28
|
14.82
|
9.02
|
-9.15
|
-13.13
|
-8.52
|
-8.66
|
P8 x P9
|
-1.2
|
-3.62
|
11.24
|
6.64
|
14.33
|
10.27
|
22.6*
|
18.13
|
6.39
|
-0.44
|
32.91*
|
32.59
|
-4.76
|
-7.05
|
-5.73
|
-9.37
|
Mean
|
2.69
|
-0.93
|
13.61
|
8.47
|
15.97
|
10.07
|
5.95
|
1.13
|
2.91
|
0.13
|
32.84
|
19.56
|
-1.03
|
-3.80
|
-3.69
|
-7.40
|
LSD5%
|
35.42
|
40.90
|
3.90
|
4.50
|
3.88
|
4.48
|
2.06
|
2.38
|
1.34
|
1.55
|
2.11
|
2.43
|
4.90
|
5.66
|
8.03
|
9.28
|
LSD1%
|
46.75
|
53.98
|
5.14
|
5.94
|
5.12
|
5.91
|
2.72
|
3.14
|
1.77
|
2.04
|
2.78
|
3.21
|
6.47
|
7.47
|
10.60
|
12.24
|
Legend: **Highly significant at P ≤ 0.01 level, *Significant at P ≤ 0.05 level, LSD least significant difference, PH Plant height, BD Base diameter, CD Core diameter, MD Middle diameter, TD Top diameter, NN Number of nodes, DTFF Days to 1st flowering, D50%F Days to 50% flowering. |
Cont’d. (Table 9) |
Hybrids
|
FW1
|
FW2
|
DSW
|
DFW
|
NF
|
NS
|
SW
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
MPH
|
BPH
|
P1 x P2
|
35.12
|
7.74
|
18.62
|
-0.11
|
16.17
|
4.26
|
17.29
|
-2.81
|
67.52*
|
32.78
|
-34.66
|
-42.18
|
-0.24
|
-0.82
|
P1 x P3
|
46.15*
|
35.44*
|
14.88
|
14.35
|
12.71
|
-0.76
|
27.35*
|
18.06
|
73.68**
|
57.68*
|
-1.6
|
-2.65
|
-0.79
|
-4.07
|
P1 x P4
|
32.75*
|
32.21*
|
20.74
|
16.87
|
65.88**
|
63.08*
|
21.72
|
17.32
|
103.33**
|
80.76**
|
-0.79
|
-0.91
|
3.16
|
-2.39
|
P1 x P5
|
14.4
|
-1.28
|
-5.58
|
-17.2
|
19.01
|
10.01
|
-8.6
|
-20.96
|
6.77
|
3.31
|
-17.7
|
-21.53
|
-18.76
|
-23.34
|
P1 x P6
|
32.48
|
20.85
|
14.68
|
-3.88
|
30.87
|
15.22
|
13.24
|
-5.98
|
33.57
|
26.24
|
-22.69
|
-23.21
|
-9.68
|
-10.19
|
P1 x P7
|
43.72*
|
31.64*
|
19.4
|
6.67
|
17.52
|
19.08
|
27.5
|
2.65
|
55.99**
|
33.54
|
-11.34
|
-20.68
|
-4.73
|
-6.87
|
P1 x P8
|
18.82
|
7.44
|
4.99
|
-1.66
|
15.57
|
14.79
|
8.34
|
2.01
|
77.09**
|
74.07**
|
-3.5
|
-5.75
|
-2.84
|
-4.46
|
P1 x P9
|
-6.28
|
-7.31
|
6.9
|
-4.97
|
-3.71
|
-10.03
|
7.32
|
-7.83
|
49.27*
|
35.33
|
-8.91
|
-11.71
|
-6.59
|
-8.93
|
P2 x P3
|
86.42**
|
58.17**
|
48.83**
|
24.85
|
11.22
|
-10.74
|
91.94**
|
69.82**
|
24.74
|
7.12
|
-29.6
|
-38.27
|
0.19
|
-2.57
|
P2 x P4
|
37.54
|
10.02
|
33.97
|
9.87
|
46.66
|
33.66
|
48.6**
|
26.93
|
85**
|
62.09*
|
-20.11
|
-29.22
|
0.93
|
-3.96
|
P2 x P5
|
60.27*
|
45.81*
|
36.2
|
29.89
|
35.15
|
30.87
|
56.74**
|
48.97**
|
41.54
|
9.51
|
-17.1
|
-29.61
|
-1.51
|
-6.54
|
P2 x P6
|
34.01
|
15.35
|
48.26*
|
47.41
|
24.17
|
21.5
|
47.93**
|
47.55*
|
30.2
|
-0.98
|
8.95
|
-3.01
|
-5.27
|
-5.29
|
P2 x P7
|
61.86**
|
38.79**
|
31.51
|
22.93
|
26.19
|
11.96
|
53.63**
|
48.13*
|
52.07*
|
7.72
|
0.27
|
-0.96
|
-7.12
|
-8.67
|
P2 x P8
|
51.5*
|
31.48*
|
18.33
|
5.51
|
12.84
|
0.67
|
25.93
|
9.83
|
108.24**
|
67.21**
|
-33.66
|
-42.48
|
4.92
|
3.76
|
P2 x P9
|
-34.08
|
-46.99
|
-4.66
|
-10.41
|
1.03
|
-3.25
|
3.12
|
-1.22
|
6.48
|
-21.42
|
-25.59
|
-35.91
|
1.64
|
-0.34
|
P3 x P4
|
51.33**
|
51.33**
|
21.51
|
21.51
|
24.69
|
24.69
|
25.74*
|
25.74*
|
42.51
|
42.51
|
-2.54
|
-2.54
|
-5.79
|
-5.79
|
P3 x P5
|
66.14**
|
53.72**
|
32.33
|
15.59
|
28.18
|
5.48
|
22.39
|
13.47
|
51.15*
|
33.23
|
-4.12
|
-7.64
|
1.18
|
-1.34
|
P3 x P6
|
16.52
|
14.53
|
10.24
|
-7.95
|
17.72
|
-7.06
|
12.98
|
0.18
|
61.63**
|
39.5
|
-7.67
|
-9.26
|
-5.69
|
-8.31
|
P3 x P7
|
19.7
|
18.19
|
19.53
|
6.35
|
15.07
|
2.48
|
27.25
|
9.07
|
9.11
|
-13.75
|
-11.29
|
-21.38
|
-1.83
|
-2.93
|
P3 x P8
|
50.95*
|
46.97*
|
10.9
|
3.43
|
19.1
|
5.49
|
6.79
|
5.05
|
73.74**
|
60.23*
|
-12.29
|
-13.43
|
-12.69
|
-14.17
|
P3 x P9
|
-13.98
|
-19.45
|
-1.33
|
-12.64
|
2.88
|
-14.55
|
6.2
|
-2.29
|
19.46
|
-0.65
|
-1.83
|
-3.84
|
-7.11
|
-7.9
|
P4 x P5
|
71.51**
|
48.51**
|
22.62
|
4.58
|
37.23
|
28.88
|
29.91*
|
16.03
|
49.97*
|
29.55
|
-2.58
|
-7.22
|
-5.57
|
-5.84
|
P4 x P6
|
74.52**
|
59.79**
|
46.16**
|
19.33
|
66.04*
|
48.39
|
36.11*
|
16.51
|
108.72**
|
76.64*
|
-3.47
|
-3.99
|
-0.12
|
-4.99
|
P4 x P7
|
14.24
|
5.03
|
-0.52
|
-13.63
|
20.85
|
17.3
|
14.27
|
-5.29
|
-20.37
|
-38.12
|
-17.34
|
-25.96
|
-12.74
|
-15.61
|
P4 x P8
|
34.1
|
21.7
|
26.45
|
14.9
|
44.43
|
41.06
|
20.11
|
17.22
|
26.79
|
14.46
|
0.65
|
-1.82
|
-6.26
|
-9.85
|
P4 x P9
|
46.56**
|
45.53**
|
48.19**
|
28.04
|
71.65**
|
62.98*
|
46.13**
|
29.58*
|
15.61
|
-5.62
|
1.48
|
-1.76
|
2.63
|
-0.48
|
P5 x P6
|
-2.61
|
-8.44
|
13.46
|
7.61
|
26.37
|
19.82
|
20.06
|
14.38
|
9.74
|
7.1
|
-2.84
|
-7.96
|
-9
|
-13.66
|
P5 x P7
|
37.76
|
28.97
|
29.99
|
27.28
|
4.88
|
-4.2
|
10.25
|
1.22
|
49.22**
|
31.42
|
8.53
|
-6.88
|
-2.44
|
-5.91
|
P5 x P8
|
91.43**
|
81.65**
|
56.76**
|
46.05*
|
57.78*
|
44.94
|
52.34**
|
39.1*
|
51.94*
|
44.6
|
-20.8
|
-22.73
|
-14.93
|
-18.41
|
P5 x P9
|
25.67
|
9.47
|
9.99
|
8.29
|
28.87
|
27.39
|
30.04
|
28.98
|
30.97
|
22.42
|
-12.74
|
-14.21
|
-3.09
|
-6.29
|
P6 x P7
|
16.64
|
16.11
|
12.57
|
4.66
|
6.06
|
-7.66
|
19.94
|
15.36
|
31.5
|
18.35
|
-2.28
|
-12.05
|
-4.06
|
-5.68
|
P6 x P8
|
55.95**
|
54.44**
|
15.71
|
2.65
|
9.03
|
-4.56
|
7.49
|
-6.05
|
75.2**
|
62.92**
|
-1
|
-3.94
|
-4.78
|
-5.84
|
P6 x P9
|
44.04*
|
32.74*
|
27.75
|
19.4
|
31.04
|
22.9
|
33.13*
|
27.83
|
67.02**
|
59.8**
|
-3.99
|
-7.54
|
-8.05
|
-9.85
|
P7 x P8
|
24.35
|
22.59
|
14.78
|
9.09
|
14.26
|
13.54
|
10.58
|
-6.51
|
10.77
|
-6.52
|
-19.99
|
-29.89
|
-14.65
|
-15.15
|
P7 x P9
|
62**
|
49.91**
|
35.35
|
34.59
|
49.3*
|
37.83
|
44.14*
|
33.33
|
89.89**
|
78.09**
|
-9.79
|
-21.48
|
-7.66
|
-7.91
|
P8 x P9
|
49.18**
|
36.25**
|
9.29
|
3.32
|
31.03
|
21.66
|
17.07
|
6.1
|
49.43*
|
33.4
|
-1.11
|
-1.88
|
-7.39
|
-8.18
|
Mean
|
37.52
|
26.36
|
21.36
|
10.63
|
26.05
|
16.31
|
25.97
|
14.76
|
47.76
|
29.57
|
-9.58
|
-14.87
|
-4.91
|
-7.19
|
LSD5%
|
358.38
|
413.82
|
92.18
|
106.44
|
41.34
|
47.74
|
5.89
|
6.80
|
35.50
|
40.99
|
2.65
|
3.06
|
1.69
|
1.95
|
LSD1%
|
472.94
|
546.10
|
121.64
|
140.46
|
54.56
|
63.00
|
7.77
|
8.97
|
46.85
|
54.10
|
3.49
|
4.04
|
2.23
|
2.57
|
Legend: **Highly significant at P ≤ 0.01 level, *Significant at P ≤ 0.05 level, LSD least significant difference, FW1 Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, FW2 Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, DSW Dry stick weight, DFW Dry fibre weight, NF Number of pods per plant, NS Number of seeds per pod, SW 1000 seeds weight.
Heterobeltiosis response exposed to a pooled environment. Overdominance for heterobeltiosis was seen in the most striking crosses P2 × P3 and P2 × P5 for fibre yield and the crosses P1 × P4 and P4 × P9 for stick yield, as shown in Table 9, since their heterobeltiosis values were very significant positive with high potence ratio. For 1st flowering and days to 50% flowering attributes in late maturity cultivars, the crosses P2 × P5 and P1 × P9 will be the best choice. Due to the presence of over dominance, the seed yield cross P1 × P4 was chosen for pods per plant and seeds per pod. Overdominance for heterobeltiosis, as indicated by the potence ratio, was found in the promising crosses P2 × P3 and P5 × P8 for base diameter and core diameter, cross P6 × P7 for top diameter, cross P5 x P8 for plant height, middle diameter, fresh stem weight with leaves and pods, cross P4 ×P6 for base diameter, core diameter, fresh stem weight with leaves and pods, fresh stem weight without leaves and pods, and pods number per plant, and cross P2 ×P6 for fresh stem weight without leaves and pods. In terms of node number and seed weight, negative heterosis is preferable. Meanwhile, in terms of percentage F1 heterosis above high parent in node number and 1000 seed weight, crosses P2 × P9 and P1 × P5 had the lowest negative heterosis values.
Selection of best parents and offspring. The yield and yield contributing components of fifteen parents and crosses were investigated in this study. Table 10 lists the best general and specific combiners based on trait performance. It's always possible that some crosses will work better in some characters than others. To determine the most favorable, rate each on a character-by-character basis and see which ones perform better across the range. When the SCA results of 36 crosses were reviewed, the cross P5 × P8 was shown to be the best in ranking for all the characters. P7 × P9, P1 × P3, P2 × P3, P1 × P7, P4 × P8, and P2 × P4 were the next crosses (Table 11). This was possibly due to their greater distance from the others. The performance of the cross P5 × P9 was determined to be extremely low. This was because these two genotypes are the most similar. However, based on their cumulative rating, ten superior crossings were selected for inclusion in a future breeding effort. Thirty-six kenaf F1s were arrayed in order of merit, with the rank total against the crosses indicating the lot's position.
Table 10
Best general and specific combiner for 15 traits
Sl No
|
Traits
|
General combiner
|
Specific combiner
|
1
|
Plant height (cm)
|
P7 (BJRI Kenaf4)
|
P5 (ML36-25) × P8 (MLRing4 P2)
|
2
|
Base diameter (mm)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P2 (ML9) × P3 (ML36-10)
|
3
|
Core diameter (mm)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P2 (ML9) × P3 (ML36-10)
|
4
|
Middle diameter (mm)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P5 (ML36-25) × P7 (BJRI Kenaf4)
|
5
|
Top diameter (mm)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P6 (ML36-27) × P7 (BJRI Kenaf4)
|
6
|
Number of nodes
|
P1 (ML5)
|
P2 (ML9) × P9 (ML36-21(2))
|
7
|
Days to first flowering
|
P2 (ML9)
|
P2 (ML9) ×x P5 (ML36-25)
|
8
|
Days to 50% flowering
|
P2 (ML9)
|
P6 (ML36-27) × P9 (ML36-21(2))
|
9
|
Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod (g)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P2 (ML9) × P3 (ML36-10)
|
10
|
Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod (g)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P5 (ML36-25) × P8 (MLRing4 P2)
|
11
|
Dry stick weight (g)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P7 (BJRI Kenaf4) × P9 (ML36-21(2))
|
12
|
Dry fibre weight (g)
|
P4 (ML36-24)
|
P2 (ML9) × P3 (ML36-10)
|
13
|
Number of pods per plant
|
P7 (BJRI Kenaf4)
|
P7 (BJRI Kenaf4) × P9 (ML36-21(2))
|
14
|
Number of seeds per pod
|
P9 (ML36-21(2))
|
P2 (ML9) × P6 (ML36-27)
|
15
|
1000 seeds weight (g)
|
P2 (ML9)
|
P1 (ML5) × P5 (ML36-25)
|
Table 11
Rank positions of the F1’s based on 15 morpho-physiological characters
Crosses
|
PH
|
BD
|
CD
|
MD
|
TD
|
NN
|
DTFF
|
D50%F
|
FW1
|
FW2
|
DSW
|
DFW
|
NF
|
NS
|
SW
|
Cumulative
Rank
|
Position of
crosses
|
P1 x P2
|
6
|
17
|
19
|
15
|
27
|
11
|
29
|
31
|
16
|
19
|
21
|
28
|
17
|
34
|
22
|
312
|
26
|
P1 x P3
|
14
|
7
|
6
|
10
|
7
|
33
|
24
|
17
|
9
|
17
|
19
|
6
|
7
|
4
|
28
|
208
|
3
|
P1 x P4
|
23
|
15
|
14
|
14
|
26
|
22
|
33
|
33
|
18
|
15
|
2
|
16
|
3
|
8
|
35
|
277
|
18
|
P1 x P5
|
34
|
30
|
30
|
36
|
17
|
21
|
3
|
10
|
29
|
34
|
26
|
35
|
34
|
26
|
1
|
366
|
34
|
P1 x P6
|
20
|
22
|
17
|
17
|
12
|
26
|
18
|
21
|
14
|
20
|
8
|
19
|
25
|
36
|
6
|
281
|
20
|
P1 x P7
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
26
|
36
|
30
|
4
|
16
|
8
|
8
|
15
|
7
|
10
|
18
|
20
|
211
|
5
|
P1 x P8
|
10
|
19
|
18
|
24
|
34
|
10
|
22
|
24
|
25
|
28
|
28
|
22
|
11
|
5
|
29
|
309
|
25
|
P1 x P9
|
29
|
31
|
33
|
9
|
5
|
4
|
8
|
2
|
33
|
9
|
36
|
14
|
29
|
12
|
14
|
268
|
15
|
P2 x P3
|
30
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
9
|
36
|
7
|
19
|
1
|
2
|
23
|
1
|
23
|
33
|
19
|
209
|
4
|
P2 x P4
|
2
|
12
|
12
|
8
|
23
|
34
|
5
|
12
|
21
|
16
|
10
|
11
|
8
|
25
|
18
|
217
|
7
|
P2 x P5
|
17
|
8
|
8
|
27
|
35
|
35
|
1
|
4
|
12
|
12
|
7
|
4
|
19
|
20
|
21
|
230
|
9
|
P2 x P6
|
5
|
9
|
9
|
12
|
32
|
29
|
25
|
34
|
20
|
6
|
17
|
12
|
24
|
1
|
10
|
245
|
12
|
P2 x P7
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
21
|
33
|
20
|
34
|
36
|
7
|
13
|
6
|
9
|
14
|
3
|
7
|
234
|
10
|
P2 x P8
|
12
|
25
|
26
|
23
|
15
|
17
|
35
|
28
|
17
|
26
|
30
|
26
|
4
|
35
|
36
|
355
|
32
|
P2 x P9
|
36
|
36
|
36
|
33
|
1
|
1
|
17
|
3
|
36
|
36
|
31
|
36
|
35
|
17
|
12
|
366
|
35
|
P3 x P4
|
13
|
18
|
15
|
20
|
30
|
32
|
16
|
26
|
11
|
21
|
27
|
21
|
21
|
13
|
9
|
293
|
21
|
P3 x P5
|
8
|
26
|
25
|
31
|
22
|
7
|
21
|
11
|
6
|
7
|
5
|
23
|
12
|
10
|
34
|
248
|
13
|
P3 x P6
|
7
|
21
|
21
|
16
|
28
|
15
|
20
|
23
|
30
|
30
|
16
|
30
|
13
|
22
|
15
|
307
|
24
|
P3 x P7
|
9
|
27
|
31
|
25
|
21
|
9
|
23
|
32
|
26
|
18
|
14
|
18
|
30
|
24
|
30
|
337
|
29
|
P3 x P8
|
18
|
13
|
22
|
30
|
24
|
31
|
14
|
18
|
15
|
27
|
13
|
33
|
9
|
23
|
4
|
294
|
22
|
P3 x P9
|
32
|
35
|
35
|
22
|
11
|
2
|
11
|
6
|
35
|
33
|
25
|
34
|
27
|
15
|
8
|
331
|
28
|
P4 x P5
|
24
|
11
|
13
|
6
|
18
|
18
|
31
|
20
|
5
|
23
|
29
|
17
|
15
|
11
|
16
|
257
|
14
|
P4 x P6
|
21
|
4
|
4
|
13
|
31
|
28
|
36
|
35
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
10
|
2
|
19
|
31
|
243
|
11
|
P4 x P7
|
27
|
32
|
34
|
18
|
3
|
14
|
15
|
7
|
31
|
35
|
33
|
31
|
36
|
31
|
2
|
349
|
31
|
P4 x P8
|
15
|
6
|
7
|
19
|
8
|
25
|
2
|
14
|
23
|
14
|
12
|
20
|
28
|
7
|
13
|
213
|
6
|
P4 x P9
|
28
|
24
|
23
|
32
|
10
|
3
|
13
|
9
|
27
|
5
|
18
|
8
|
33
|
21
|
27
|
281
|
19
|
P5 x P6
|
4
|
29
|
27
|
28
|
25
|
8
|
28
|
30
|
34
|
31
|
22
|
25
|
31
|
14
|
11
|
347
|
30
|
P5 x P7
|
19
|
23
|
24
|
11
|
19
|
13
|
26
|
27
|
19
|
10
|
35
|
32
|
5
|
2
|
32
|
297
|
23
|
P5 x P8
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
16
|
10
|
29
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
16
|
32
|
5
|
127
|
1
|
P5 x P9
|
33
|
33
|
32
|
29
|
14
|
12
|
32
|
22
|
32
|
32
|
20
|
15
|
20
|
28
|
33
|
387
|
36
|
P6 x P7
|
26
|
14
|
11
|
7
|
2
|
19
|
9
|
15
|
24
|
29
|
32
|
24
|
22
|
16
|
25
|
275
|
17
|
P6 x P8
|
25
|
16
|
16
|
35
|
20
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
10
|
24
|
34
|
29
|
6
|
9
|
24
|
268
|
16
|
P6 x P9
|
31
|
20
|
20
|
5
|
6
|
23
|
12
|
1
|
13
|
11
|
9
|
5
|
18
|
29
|
17
|
220
|
8
|
P7 x P8
|
16
|
28
|
28
|
34
|
29
|
5
|
30
|
25
|
28
|
22
|
24
|
27
|
32
|
30
|
3
|
361
|
33
|
P7 x P9
|
22
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
13
|
24
|
19
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
27
|
23
|
154
|
2
|
P8 x P9
|
35
|
34
|
29
|
3
|
16
|
27
|
27
|
13
|
22
|
25
|
11
|
13
|
26
|
6
|
26
|
313
|
27
|
Legend: The lowest value for each character indicates the best one, PH Plant height, BD Base diameter, CD Core diameter, MD Middle diameter, TD Top diameter, NN Number of nodes, DTFF Days to 1st flowering, D50%F Days to 50% flowering, FW1 Fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, FW2 Fresh stem weight without leaves and pod, DSW Dry stick weight, DFW Dry fibre weight, NF Number of pods per plant, NS Number of seeds per pod, SW 1000 seeds weight. |