Table 1 Agro-meteorological data and basic soil chemical properties of the experimental locations
Experimental Locations
|
|
Agro-meteorological data
|
|
Soil basic chemical properties
|
|
AMaT
|
AMiT
|
AT
|
EAT
|
AD
|
|
pH
|
AN
|
AP
|
AK
|
ZC
|
114.48°E, 37.50°N
|
|
31.16
|
20.03
|
2353.50
|
1473.50
|
13.80
|
|
8.12
|
90.25
|
16.17
|
89.53
|
HZ
|
120.69°E, 30.51°N
|
|
29.31
|
21.56
|
2515.50
|
1635.50
|
12.98
|
|
7.85
|
65.56
|
14.74
|
132.42
|
YZ
|
118.20°E, 26.17°N
|
|
30.28
|
21.18
|
2701.50
|
1651.50
|
13.50
|
|
5.47
|
129.91
|
153.17
|
52.37
|
BL
|
114.29°E, 23.17°N
|
|
28.13
|
19.39
|
1913.50
|
1133.50
|
12.65
|
|
5.77
|
78.02
|
88.89
|
93.66
|
HN
|
109.48°E, 18.31°N
|
|
28.15
|
21.41
|
2329.50
|
1389.50
|
11.11
|
|
6.99
|
69.62
|
24.74
|
234.98
|
Note: ZC, Zhao county; HZ, Hangzhou; YZ, Yangzhong; BL, Boluo; HN, Hainan; AMaT, average maximum temperature, °C; AMiT, average minimum temperature, °C; AT, accumulated temperature, °C·d; EAT, effective accumulated temperature, °C·d; AD, average day-length, hours·day-1; AN, available nitrogen, mg·kg-1; AP, available phosphorus, mg·kg-1; AK, available potassium, mg·kg-1
Table 2 Phenotypic variation and genetic analysis of plant height traits among 308 soybean germplasm varieties grown in two distinct environments
Trait a
|
Env b
|
Mean ± SD
|
MIN
|
MAX
|
CV%
|
Kurt
|
Skew
|
h2b
|
SH
|
BL
|
48.08 ± 14.68
|
12.00
|
110.00
|
30.52
|
2.42
|
1.14
|
0.92
|
|
HN
|
26.50 ± 6.35
|
5.00
|
57.00
|
23.96
|
1.34
|
0.41
|
0.90
|
|
Total
|
36.50 ± 15.4
|
5.00
|
110.00
|
42.20
|
2.37
|
1.29
|
0.39
|
SNN
|
BL
|
12.77 ± 3.01
|
3.00
|
24.00
|
23.60
|
0.27
|
0.27
|
0.89
|
|
HN
|
9.53 ± 1.67
|
4.00
|
17.00
|
17.58
|
0.81
|
0.38
|
0.74
|
|
Total
|
11.02 ± 2.88
|
3.00
|
24.00
|
26.13
|
0.81
|
0.85
|
0.40
|
AIL
|
BL
|
3.81 ± 0.94
|
1.23
|
10.00
|
24.77
|
3.90
|
1.41
|
0.81
|
|
HN
|
2.80 ± 0.56
|
0.56
|
4.89
|
19.94
|
0.87
|
0.17
|
0.83
|
|
Total
|
3.27 ± 0.91
|
0.56
|
10.00
|
27.96
|
4.06
|
1.34
|
0.38
|
Note: a SH, shoot height, cm·plant-1; SNN, stem node number, #·plant-1; AIL, average internode length, cm·per node-1; b BL and HN represented the experimental sites of Boluo and Hainan, respectively; Total, includes data from both environments; MIN and MAX, the minimum and maximum values, respectively, of plant height traits; CV%, coefficient of variation; Kurt and Skew represent the Kurtosis and Skewness of plant height traits, respectively; h2b, broad-sense heritability
Table 3 ANOVA for variation of plant height traits among 308 soybean germplasm varieties grown in two distinct environments
Trait
|
F values
|
Environment
|
Genotype
|
Environment × Genotype
|
SH
|
3420.19***
|
17.70***
|
17.67***
|
SNN
|
948.83***
|
15.80***
|
14.97***
|
AIL
|
942.26***
|
14.93***
|
12.05***
|
Note: SH, shoot height; SNN, stem node number; AIL, average internode length; *** indicates significant differences at the 1‰ level (P<0.001)
Table 4 Phenotypic variation and genetic analysis of plant height traits among 168 F9 soybean RILs grown in four distinct environments
Trait a
|
Env b
|
|
Parents
|
|
RILs c
|
|
BX10 ± SD
|
BD2 ± SD
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
MIN
|
MAX
|
CV%
|
h2b
|
SH
|
ZC
|
|
85.00 ± 5.29
|
122.00 ± 12.70
|
|
112.39 ± 25.51
|
63.33
|
191.67
|
22.70
|
0.82
|
|
HZ
|
|
54.33 ± 4.62
|
54.67 ± 0.58
|
|
55.07 ± 17.15
|
29.33
|
102.00
|
31.14
|
0.91
|
|
YZ
|
|
65.33 ± 4.62
|
61.00 ± 7.37
|
|
72.70 ± 15.32
|
35.00
|
141.33
|
21.08
|
0.84
|
|
BL
|
|
33.56 ± 4.48
|
36.56 ± 6.67
|
|
33.20 ± 6.95
|
19.11
|
53.33
|
20.94
|
0.93
|
|
Total
|
|
50.94 ± 20.53
|
57.83 ± 32.67
|
|
68.35 ± 33.94
|
19.11
|
191.67
|
49.65
|
0.76
|
SNN
|
ZC
|
|
22.33 ± 1.53
|
23.00 ± 1.41
|
|
22.70 ± 3.03
|
13.33
|
31.33
|
13.34
|
0.62
|
|
HZ
|
|
12.33 ± 1.53
|
12.33 ± 1.53
|
|
13.73 ± 2.97
|
7.67
|
22.00
|
21.65
|
0.89
|
|
YZ
|
|
13.00 ± 1.00
|
14.00 ± 2.65
|
|
14.22 ± 1.87
|
8.33
|
19.33
|
13.12
|
0.67
|
|
BL
|
|
9.63 ± 1.30
|
10.11 ± 2.32
|
|
10.07 ± 1.35
|
6.78
|
14.89
|
13.37
|
0.77
|
|
Total
|
|
12.94 ± 4.85
|
12.71 ± 4.62
|
|
15.18 ± 5.23
|
6.78
|
31.33
|
34.41
|
0.72
|
AIL
|
ZC
|
|
3.81 ± 0.14
|
5.27 ± 1.03
|
|
5.06 ± 1.20
|
2.69
|
9.51
|
23.76
|
0.72
|
|
HZ
|
|
4.45 ± 0.24
|
4.45 ± 0.49
|
|
4.00 ± 0.70
|
2.75
|
6.74
|
17.59
|
0.70
|
|
YZ
|
|
5.05 ± 0.55
|
4.37 ± 0.44
|
|
5.16 ± 0.93
|
3.50
|
8.81
|
18.00
|
0.67
|
|
BL
|
|
3.43 ± 0.34
|
3.73 ± 0.89
|
|
3.36 ± 0.48
|
2.38
|
5.00
|
14.40
|
0.70
|
|
Total
|
|
3.96 ± 0.71
|
4.15 ± 0.89
|
|
4.39 ± 1.15
|
2.38
|
9.51
|
26.16
|
0.75
|
Note: a SH, shoot height, cm·plant-1; SNN, stem node number, #·plant-1; AIL, average internode length, cm·per node-1; b ZC, HZ, YZ, and BL represent the experimental sites of Zhao county, Hangzhou, Yangzhong and Boluo, respectively; Total, all the four environments combined; c RILs, recombinant inbred lines; MIN and MAX, the minimum and maximum values of plant height traits; CV%, coefficient of variation; h2b, broad-sense heritability
Table 5 ANOVA for variation in plant height traits among 168 F9 soybean RILs grown in four distinct environments
Trait
|
F values
|
Environment
|
Genotype
|
Environment × Genotype
|
SH
|
5100.59***
|
15.15***
|
5.59***
|
SNN
|
2223.34***
|
4.46***
|
2.62***
|
AIL
|
585.38***
|
5.35***
|
2.23***
|
Note: SH, shoot height; SNN, stem node number; AIL, average internode length; *** indicates significant differences at the 1‰ level (P<0.001)
Table 6 Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for relationships among soybean plant height traits, agro-meteorological data, basic soil chemical properties, and additive effects of QTLs in individual environments
|
SH
|
SNN
|
AIL
|
qSHs
|
qSNNs
|
qAILs
|
AMaT
|
0.827**
|
0.798**
|
0.602**
|
0.613**
|
-0.263**
|
0.483**
|
AMiT
|
ns
|
ns
|
0.220**
|
ns
|
0.491**
|
0.252**
|
AT
|
0.369**
|
0.267**
|
0.472**
|
0.207**
|
0.237**
|
0.411**
|
EAT
|
0.368**
|
0.297**
|
0.424**
|
0.244**
|
0.295**
|
0.399**
|
AD
|
0.821**
|
0.780**
|
0.613**
|
0.591**
|
-0.318**
|
0.475**
|
pH
|
0.461**
|
0.595**
|
0. 092*
|
0.517**
|
ns
|
0.176*
|
AN
|
0.280**
|
0.115**
|
0.463**
|
ns
|
-0.203**
|
0.279**
|
AP
|
-0.250**
|
-0.415**
|
0.109**
|
-0.382**
|
ns
|
ns
|
AK
|
-0.226**
|
-0.079*
|
-0.374**
|
ns
|
0.349**
|
-0.182**
|
Note: SH, shoot height; SNN, stem node number; AIL, average internode length; AMaT, average maximum temperature; AMiT, average minimum temperature; AT, accumulated temperature; EAT, effective accumulated temperature; AD, average day-length; AN, available nitrogen; AP, available phosphorus; AK, available potassium; qSHs, qSNNs and qAILs represent the sum of additive effects of QTL for soybean on shoot height, stem node number and average internode length in single environments; * and ** indicate significant correlations at the 5% (P<0.05) and 1% (P<0.01) levels, respectively