1 Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Korkmaz, A. & Rosales-Corral, S. A. Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology. Hum Reprod Update20, 293-307, doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt054 (2014).
2 Bagci, S., Sabir, H., Muller, A. & Reiter, R. J. Effects of altered photoperiod due to COVID-19 lockdown on pregnant women and their fetuses. Chronobiol Int37, 961-973, doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1772809 (2020).
3 Golombek, D. A. & Rosenstein, R. E. Physiology of circadian entrainment. Physiol Rev90, 1063-1102, doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2009 (2010).
4 Blume, C., Garbazza, C. & Spitschan, M. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood. Somnologie (Berl)23, 147-156, doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x (2019).
5 Erren, T. C. & Reiter, R. J. Melatonin: a universal time messenger. Neuro Endocrinol Lett36, 187-192 (2015).
6 Mendez, N. et al. Timed maternal melatonin treatment reverses circadian disruption of the fetal adrenal clock imposed by exposure to constant light. PloS one7, e42713, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042713 (2012).
7 Mirmiran, M., Kok, J. H., Boer, K. & Wolf, H. Perinatal development of human circadian rhythms: role of the foetal biological clock. Neurosci Biobehav Rev16, 371-378, doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80207-6 (1992).
8 Reiter, R. J., Tamura, H., Tan, D. X. & Xu, X. Y. Melatonin and the circadian system: contributions to successful female reproduction. Fertil Steril102, 321-328, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.014 (2014).
9 Tamura, H. et al. Melatonin and pregnancy in the human. Reprod Toxicol25, 291-303, doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.03.005 (2008).
10 Valenzuela, F. J., Vera, J., Venegas, C., Pino, F. & Lagunas, C. Circadian System and Melatonin Hormone: Risk Factors for Complications during Pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology international2015, 825802, doi:10.1155/2015/825802 (2015).
11 Goldenberg, R. L. et al. Bed rest in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol84, 131-136 (1994).
12 Matenchuk, B. et al. Prenatal bed rest in developed and developing regions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open7, E435-E445, doi:10.9778/cmajo.20190014 (2019).
13 Smolensky, M. H., Hermida, R. C., Reinberg, A., Sackett-Lundeen, L. & Portaluppi, F. Circadian disruption: New clinical perspective of disease pathology and basis for chronotherapeutic intervention. Chronobiol Int33, 1101-1119, doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1184678 (2016).
14 Wieduwilt, A. et al. Dramatically altered environmental lighting conditions in women with high-risk pregnancy during hospitalization. Chronobiol Int37, 1201-1206, doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1792484 (2020).
15 Patrick, J., Campbell, K., Carmichael, L., Natale, R. & Richardson, B. Daily Relationships between Fetal and Maternal Heart-Rates at 38 to 40 Weeks of Pregnancy. Canadian Medical Association Journal124, 1177-1178 (1981).
16 Patrick, J., Campbell, K., Carmichael, L., Natale, R. & Richardson, B. Patterns of gross fetal body movements over 24-hour observation intervals during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol142, 363-371, doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)32375-4 (1982).
17 De Vries, J., Visser, G., Mulder, E. & Prechtl, H. Diurnal and other variations in fetal movement and heart rate patterns at 20–22 weeks. Early human development15, 333-348, doi:10.1016/0378-3782(87)90029-6 (1987).
18 Seron-Ferre, M. et al. Circadian rhythms in the fetus. Mol Cell Endocrinol349, 68-75, doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.039 (2012).
19 Okatani, Y. et al. Maternal-fetal transfer of melatonin in pregnant women near term. Journal of pineal research25, 129-134, doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1998.tb00550.x (1998).
20 Nakamura, Y. et al. Changes of serum melatonin level and its relationship to feto-placental unit during pregnancy. Journal of pineal research30, 29-33, doi:10.1034/j.1600-079x.2001.300104.x (2001).
21 Martinez-Nicolas, A., Madrid, J. A. & Rol, M. A. Day-night contrast as source of health for the human circadian system. Chronobiol Int31, 382-393, doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.861845 (2014).
22 Spitschan, M., Aguirre, G. K., Brainard, D. H. & Sweeney, A. M. Variation of outdoor illumination as a function of solar elevation and light pollution. Sci Rep6, 26756, doi:10.1038/srep26756 (2016).
23 Kawasaki, A. et al. Impact of long-term daylight deprivation on retinal light sensitivity, circadian rhythms and sleep during the Antarctic winter. Sci Rep8, 16185, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33450-7 (2018).
24 Hsu, C.-N. & Tain, Y.-L. Light and circadian signaling pathway in pregnancy: Programming of adult health and disease. International journal of molecular sciences21, 2232 (2020).
25 Gomes, P. R. L. et al. Maternal pineal melatonin in gestation and lactation physiology, and in fetal development and programming. General and Comparative Endocrinology300, 113633 (2021).
26 Begtrup, L. M. et al. Night work and miscarriage: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study. Occupational and environmental medicine76, 302-308 (2019).
27 Suzumori, N. et al. Effects of long working hours and shift work during pregnancy on obstetric and perinatal outcomes: A large prospective cohort study—Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Birth47, 67-79 (2020).
28 Langston-Cox, A., Marshall, S. A., Lu, D., Palmer, K. R. & Wallace, E. M. Melatonin for the Management of Preeclampsia: A Review. Antioxidants10, 376 (2021).
29 Bagci, S. et al. Use of nocturnal melatonin concentration and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion to evaluate melatonin status in children with severe sepsis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism24, doi:10.1515/jpem.2011.402 (2011).