Titanium tetra chloride | Orange peel | 500 | Crytallite: 17.30 | Porous angular | ZOI: E. coli: 9 mm, P. aeruginosa: 14 mm and S. aureus: 12 mm | Nanoparticle's attachment and generation of ROS | Nil | Antibacterial, anticancer and humidity sensor | [3] |
TiO(OH)2 | Euphorbia prostrata | Nil | Grain: 83.22 | Circular and irregular | Leishmania parasites | ROS production | Nil | Antileishmanial agents | [4] |
Titanium isopropoxide | Aloe vera | 500 | Grain: 60 ̶ 80 | Irregular | Nil | Nil | Nil | Semiconductor material | [5] |
TiO2 solution | Lemon-Fruit | Nil | Grain: 20 ̶ 200 | Near-spheroid and irregular | Dickeya dadantii: 60% reduction at 50 µg/mL | Generation of oxidative stress | Nil | Phytopathogenic agent | [6] |
TiCl4 | Cicer arietinum L. | 500 | Crytallite: 14 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Lithium Ion Battery | [7] |
TiO2 solution | Vigna unguiculata | Nil | Nil | Oval | ZOI: E. coli: 2 cm, Salmonella: 4 cm, Enterobacter: 4 cm, P. aeruginosa: 3.5 cm and S. marcescens: 4 cm at 75 µl | Nil | Nil | Anticancer treatments | [8] |
TiO2 solution | Vigna radiata legumes | Nil | Nil | Oval | ZOI: S. aureus: 2.8 cm, E. coli: 3.3 cm, Enterobacter sp.: 3.2 cm, S. marcescens: 3.6 cm, Salmonella sp.: 2.8 cm, P. aeruginosa: 3.2 cm, K. pneumonia: 3 cm, P. mirabilis: 3.4 cm and Shigella sp.: 3.6 cm 100 µl | Hydroxyl groups | Nil | Antibacterial and anticancer | [9] |
TiO2 solution | Azadirachta indica | 60 | 15 ̶ 50 | Spherical | ZOI: E. coli: 27.67 mm, B. subtilis: 24 mm, S. typhi: 21.63mm, S. aureus: 27 mm and K. pneumoniae: 25.33 mm at 200 µg/ml; MIC: E. coli: 10.42 µg/ml, B. subtilis: 25 µg/ml, S. typhi: 10.42 µg/ml, S. aureus: 20.83 µg/ml and K. pneumoniae: 16.66 µg/ml; MBC: E. coli: 166.67 µg/ml, B. subtilis: 166.67 µg/ml, S. typhi: 100 µg/ml, S. aureus: 133.3 µg/ml and K. pneumoniae: 83.33 µg/ml | Nil | Nil | Antimicrobial agents | [10] |
TiO2 solution | Cinnamomum tamala | Nil | 23 | Irregular | Nil | Nil | Nil | Anticancer drug treatment | [11] |
Titanium oxysulphate | Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone | 300 ̶ 500 | Grain: 10–20 | Irregular | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [12] |
TiO2 solution | Cinnamon | 500 | Grain: 70–150 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Solar cells | [13] |
TiO2 solution | Solanum trilobatum L. | Nil | Grain: 70 | Spherical and oval | Effective against P. h. capitis, H. a. anatolicum, and A. subpictus | Nil | Nil | Antiparasitic | [14] |
TiO(OH)2 | Mangifera indica | Nil | Grain: 30 | SEM: Spherical and oval; TEM: round | Effective against R. microplus, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, A. subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus | Nil | Nil | Antiparasitic | [15] |
TiO(OH)2 | Glycosmis cochinchinensis | Nil | Grain: 40 | Spherical | ZOI: S. saprophyticus: 21 mm, B. subtilis: 19 mm, E. coli: 23 mm and P. aeruginosa: 25 mm at 100 µL | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic and antimicrobial | [16] |
Titanium (IV)-iso-propoxide | Carica papaya | 400 | Grain: 15.6 | Cages | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [17] |
Titanium (IV) isopropoxide | Ocimum basilicum L. | 500 | Grain: 50 | Hexagonal | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [18] |
Titanium tetra isopropoxide | Pomegranate Peels | 90 | Grain: 75–90 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Pharmaceutical | [19] |
Titanium Chloride | Aloe Vera | 500 | Grain: 32 | Irregular | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [20] |
Titanium oxy-sulfate | Acacia catechu | 700 | Grain: 17.90 | Spherical and hexagonal-shaped | Effective against S. aureus | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic and antimicrobial | [21] |
Titanium oxysulfate | Gum Kondagogu | 500 ̶ 900 | Grain: 8–13 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [22] |
Titanyl hydroxide | Euphorbia heteradena Jaub | Nil | Grain: 20 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Biomedical and pharmaceutical | [23] |
TiO2 solution | Sesbania grandiflora | Nil | Grain: 43–56 | Triangular, square and spherical | Nil | Nil | Lethal to zebrafish at dose less than 2.5 mg/L | Drug | [24] |
TiO(OH)2 | Artemisia haussknechtii | Nil | Grain: 92.58 ± 56.98 | Spheres | ZOI: Lack of growth for S. epidermidis and S. marcescens and no inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus | Nil | Nil | Antibacterial | [25] |
TiO(OH)2 | Protoparmeliopsis muralis Lichen | Nil | Grain: 133.32 ± 35.33 | Spherical | ZOI: S. aureus: 10.00 mm, E. coli: 11.66 mm and P. aeruginosa: 9.66 mm; MIC: 80µg/mL; MBC: 100 µg/mL | Nil | Nil | Antibacterial | [26] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Trianthema portulacastrum | 450 | Crytallite: 6–8 | Different | Effective against wheat Rust (Ustilago tritici) | Nil | Nil | Antifungal | [27] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Chopodium quinoa | 450 | Crytallite: 6–8 | Round | Effective against wheat Rust (Ustilago tritici) | Nil | Nil | Antifungal | [27] |
Ti plate | H. rosa-sinensis | 550 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Wastewater treatment | [28] |
Titanium isopropoxide (IV) | Pristine pomegranate peel | 200 ̶ 1100 | Grain: 1–5 µm | Randomly oriented | ZOI: S. aureus: 22 mm, E. coli: 19 mm and P. aeruginosa: 17 mm at 2 wt.%; MIC: S. aureus: 189.1 µg/mL, E. coli: 304.7 µg/mL and P. aeruginosa: 309.2 µg/mL at 90 µg/mL; MBC: S. aureus: 200 µg/mL, E. coli: <310 µg/mL and P. aeruginosa: <315 µg/mL | Production of reactive oxygen species | Nil | Water disinfection | [29] |
Titanium-isopropoxide | Syzygium cumini | 570 | Grain: 11 | Spherical and irregular | Nil | Nil | Nil | Wastewater treatment | [30] |
Titanium (IV) oxide | Withania somnifera | 120 | Grain: 50–90 | Spherical and square | MIC: E. coli: 32 µg/mL, P. aeruginosa: 32 µg/mL, MRSA: 32 µg/mL, L. monocytogenes: 60 µg/mL, S. marcescens: 8 µg/mL, and C. albicans: 60 µg/mL; MBC: E. coli: 32 µg/mL, P. aeruginosa: 60 µg/mL, MRSA: 60 µg/mL, L. monocytogenes: 128 µg/mL, S. marcescens: 16 µg/mL, and C. albicans: 128 µg/mL | Reactive oxygen species production | Nil | Anti-infective agent | [31] |
Titanium isopropoxide | Sonchus asper | 500 | Grain: 9–22 | Spherical | ZOI: E. coli: 12 mm, S. aureus: 12 mm and K. pneumoniae: 10 mm | ROS generation | Nil | Biomedical | [32] |
TiO2 solution | Allium eriophyllum Boiss | Nil | Grain: 22 | Spherical | ZOI disc diffusion: C. guilliermondii: 39.6 mg/mL, C. krusei: 40.6 mg/mL, C. albicans: 36.2 mg/mL, C. glabrata: 36.4 mg/mL, P. aeruginosa: 35 mg/mL, S. typhimurium: 35 mg/mL, E. coli: 36.6 mg/mL, S. aureus: 36.8 mg/mL, S. pneumoniae: 38.8 mg/mL and B. subtilis: 39.8 mg/mL; MIC for Gram (+) and Gram (-): 2-4 mg/mL; MBC for Gram (+) and Gram (-): 4 mg/mL | ROS generation | No cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells | Industrial and remedial | [33] |
TiO2 solution | Fruit’s peel agro-waste: plum, kiwi and peach | 400–500 | Grain: plum: 47.1–63.2, kiwi: 54.1–85.1 and peach: 200 | Cylindrical | ZOI: ≥2 and ≤20 mm for E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and B. substilis at 12.5–100 µg/mL | HO and O2 radicals | Nil | Biomedical | [34] |
TiO(OH)2 | Cola nitida | Nil | Grain: 25.00–191.41 | Near spherical | 49.2–73.4% growth inhibition of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae at 80 µg/mL using broth method | Ti4+, generation of reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radicals | Nil | Catalytic and biomedical | [35] |
Titanium Oxysulfate | Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis L. | 100 | Nil | Spherical | ZOI: V. cholerae: 17 mm, P. aeruginosa: 14 mm, S. aureus: 14.5 mm at 20 µg/mL | Nanoparticle's penetration | Nil | Biomedical | [36] |
Titanium tetra isopropoxide | Terminalia Catappa | 450 | Crytallite: 10–21 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [37] |
Titanium tetra isopropoxide | Carissa Carandas | 450 | Crytallite: 10–21 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [37] |
TiO2 solution | Echinacea purpurea Herba | Nil | Grain: 120 | Spherical clusters | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [38] |
Titanium isopropoxide | Azadirachta indica | Nil | Grain: 124 | Interconnected spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [39] |
Titanium isopropoxide | Origanum vulgare | Nil | Grain: 341 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Therapeutic agent | [40] |
TiO(OH)4 solution | A. altissima | Nil | Grain: 60–100 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic agent | [41] |
Titanium (IV) isopropoxide | Phyllanthus niruri | 350 | Grain: 30–50 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic material | [42] |
Titanium oxy sulphate | Trigonella foenum-graecum | 700 | Grain: 20–90 | Spherical | ZOI: S. aureus, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, S. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, Y. enterocolitica and C. albicans: 8.5–11.6 mm at 10 mg/mL | Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), mainly hydroxyl radicals (-OH) | Nil | Biomedical | [43] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Soluble starch | 500 | Grain: 20–70 | Irregular spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [44] |
Titanium tetrachloride | M. citrifolia | 400 | Grain: 15–19 | Quasi-spherical | ZOI: S. aureus: 13 mm, E. coli: 10 mm, B. subtilis: 12 mm, P. aeruginosa: 9 mm, C. albicans:13 mm and A. niger: 6 mm at 150 µg/mL | Ti4+, generation of reactive oxygen species | Nil | Biomedical | [45] |
Titanium (IV) isopropoxide | Fomes fomentarius | Nil | Grain: 100–120 | Irregular | ZOI: E. coli: 15 mm and S. aureus: 11 mm at 100 µg/mL | Nil | Nil | Antibacterial and anticancer | [46] |
Titanium (IV) isopropoxide | Fomitopsis pinicola | Nil | Nil | Irregular | MIC/MBC: 62.5/125 µg/mL for E. coli and S. aureus | Nil | Nil | Biomedical | [47] |
Titanium chloride | Jatropha curcas L. | 450 | Grain: 10–20 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Wastewater | [48] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Piper betel | 400 | Grain: 6.6 | Round | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [49] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Ocimum tenuiflorum | 400 | Grain: 7.0 | Round | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [49] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Moringa oleifera | 400 | Grain: 6.6 | Round | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [49] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Coriandrum sativum | 400 | Grain: 6.8 | Round | Nil | Nil | Nil | Photocatalytic | [49] |
TiO(OH)2 | Psidium guajava | Nil | Grain: 32.58 | Spherical | ZOI: S. aureus: 25 mm, E. coli: 23 mm, A. hydrophila: 17 mm, P. mirabilis: 20 mm and P. aeruginosa: 19 mm at 20 µg/mL | ROS generation | Nil | Biomedical | [50] |
TiO2 solution | Moringa oleifera | Nil | Grain: 100 | Spherical | Nil | Nil | Nil | Skin infection treatments | [51] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Moringa Oleifera | 500 | Crytallite: 12.22 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [52] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Mentha arvensis | 500 | Grain: 20–70 | Spherical | ZOI: E. coli: no response, P. vulgaris: 15 mm, S. aureus: no response, A. cuboid: no response, A. fumigatus: no response and A. niger: 15 mm at 30 mg/mL | ROS generation | Nil | Antibacterial and antifungal | [53] |
Titanium tetraisopropoxide | Acanthophyllum Laxiusculum | 400 | Grain: 20–25 | Nanospheres | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | [54] |
TiO2 solution | Cassia fistula | Nil | Nil | Spherical | Effectie against S. aureus and E. coli | Nil | Nil | Nil | [55] |