Table 1 Clinical characteristics of individuals with and without sudomotor dysfunction.
|
Sudomotor dysfunction
|
|
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
x2/t/z
|
P
|
N
|
791
|
126
|
-
|
-
|
Male (n, %)
|
533(67.38)
|
83(65.87)
|
0.11
|
0.737
|
Age (y)
|
54.13±12.25
|
58.74±12.78
|
-3.90
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes duration (y)
|
6(2,11)
|
10(5,15)
|
-4.74
|
<0.001
|
Smoking (n, %)
|
252(31.86)
|
35(27.78)
|
0.84
|
0.359
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
131.80±15.52
|
133.90±19.52
|
-1.15
|
0.253
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
79.24±9.69
|
78.06±9.30
|
1.27
|
0.206
|
T-BIL (µmol/L)
|
10.50(7.65,13.95)
|
9.40(7.65,14.2)
|
-0.60
|
0.546
|
D-BIL (µmol/L)
|
3.10(2.30,4.40)
|
3.40(2.35,4.95)
|
-0.44
|
0.658
|
BUN (mmol/L)
|
5.63±1.53
|
5.98±1.57
|
-2.37
|
0.018
|
SCr (µmol/L)
|
56.00(47.00,67.00)
|
58.00(48.00,69.50)
|
-1.88
|
0.061
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
|
107.56±17.67
|
100.79±16.82
|
4.02
|
<0.001
|
UA (µmol/L)
|
323.42±89.94
|
343.71±94.91
|
-2.33
|
0.020
|
Cys-C (mg/L)
|
1.00(0.87,1.18)
|
1.17(0.99,1.37)
|
-5.77
|
<0.001
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
4.44(3.81,5.13)
|
4.41(3.58,5.24)
|
-0.51
|
0.609
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.55(1.04,2.49)
|
1.50(1.12,2.24)
|
-0.37
|
0.713
|
HDL (mmol/L)
|
1.03(0.89,1.24)
|
1.07(0.92,1.30)
|
-1.30
|
0.195
|
LDL (mmol/L)
|
2.60(2.04,3.26)
|
2.67(2.03,3.30)
|
-0.03
|
0.974
|
Hcy (µmol/L)
|
10.70(8.90,12.50)
|
11.30(10.10,13.30)
|
-1.50
|
0.134
|
FFA (mmol/L)
|
0.46(0.34,0.62)
|
0.34(0.27,0.47)
|
-3.18
|
0.001
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
7.44±2.52
|
7.83±2.93
|
-1.15
|
0.249
|
PBG (mmol/L)
|
15.63±3.76
|
16.27±4.07
|
-1.71
|
0.089
|
HbA1C (%)
|
8.73±2.16
|
8.72±2.15
|
0.033
|
0.974
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
25.48±3.67
|
24.90±4.34
|
1.61
|
0.107
|
a SBP, systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, T-BIL, total bilirubin, D-BIL, direct bilirubin, BUN, blood urea nitrogen, SCr, serum creatinine, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, UA, uric acid, Cys-C, cystatin C, TC, total cholesterol, TG, triglyceride, HDL, high density lipoprotein, LDL, low density lipoprotein, Hcy, homocysteine, FFA, free fat acid, FBG, fasting blood glucose, PBG, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C, BMI, body mass index.
b Normally distributed values in the table are presented as the means ± SD, non-normally distributed values are presented as medians (25% and 75% interquartiles) and categorical variables are presented as frequencies (percentages). Student’s t-test for comparison of two samples with a normal distribution, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for abnormal distributions.X2-test for categorical variables.
Table 2 Clinical characteristics and SUDOSCAN parameters of individuals among tertiles (T1-T3) of serum Cys-C level.
|
Tertiles (T1-T3) of serum Cys-C
|
|
T1 (<0.92 mg/L)
|
T2 (0.92-1.12 mg/L)
|
T3 (>1.12 mg/L)
|
x2/F/z
|
P
|
N
|
312
|
302
|
303
|
-
|
-
|
Male (n, %)
|
195(62.50)
|
215(71.19)
|
206(67.99)
|
5.39
|
0.067
|
Age (y)
|
49.00±11.89
|
56.65±11.43
|
60.79±11.03
|
81.33
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes duration (y)
|
5(2,10)
|
6(2,11)
|
10(4,15)
|
40.75
|
<0.001
|
Smoking (n, %)
|
89(28.53)
|
95(31.46)
|
103(33.99)
|
2.14
|
0.343
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
129.23±13.39
|
131.69±15.44
|
135.44±18.66
|
11.76
|
<0.001
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
78.90±9.51
|
79.27±9.61
|
79.07±9.83
|
0.12
|
0.891
|
T-BIL (µmol/L)
|
10.80(8.10,14.80)
|
10.00(8.00,13.80)
|
9.75(7.30,13.25)
|
4.99
|
0.083
|
D-BIL (µmol/L)
|
3.30(2.20,4.40)
|
3.20(2.40,4.60)
|
3.10(2.30,4.40)
|
0.16
|
0.92
|
BUN (mmol/L)
|
5.15±1.34
|
5.38±1.25
|
6.51±1.65
|
80.09
|
<0.001
|
SCr (µmol/L)
|
49.00(41.00,57.00)
|
55.00(48.00,64.00)
|
68.00(58.00,81.00)
|
246.21
|
<0.001
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
|
118.56±14.15
|
108.93±11.61
|
92.06±15.64
|
285.22
|
<0.001
|
UA (µmol/L)
|
306.59±86.55
|
321.73±92.67
|
350.96±87.92
|
19.62
|
<0.001
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
4.54(3.96,5.30)
|
4.58(3.88,5.22)
|
4.21(3.48,4.87)
|
25.61
|
<0.001
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.62(1.11,2.67)
|
1.46(0.95,2.44)
|
1.53(1.10,2.22)
|
3.68
|
0.159
|
HDL (mmol/L)
|
1.05(0.91,1.24)
|
1.07(0.91,1.26)
|
1.02(0.88,1.20)
|
7.62
|
0.022
|
LDL (mmol/L)
|
2.67(2.15,3.30)
|
2.76(2.19,3.31)
|
2.40(1.81,3.10)
|
18.66
|
<0.001
|
Hcy (µmol/L)
|
9.45(7.95,11.13)
|
10.70(9.10,11.90)
|
12.60(10.90,15.80)
|
78.49
|
<0.001
|
FFA (mmol/L)
|
0.48(0.36,0.60)
|
0.42(0.30,0.61)
|
0.45(0.32,0.62)
|
2.78
|
0.249
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
8.21±2.62
|
7.13±2.32
|
7.13±2.66
|
15.71
|
<0.001
|
PBG (mmol/L)
|
15.76±3.45
|
15.49±3.76
|
15.91±4.19
|
0.90
|
0.410
|
HbA1C (%)
|
9.07±2.18
|
8.62±2.18
|
8.48±2.08
|
6.21
|
0.002
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
25.42±3.47
|
25.43±4.29
|
25.36±3.53
|
0.04
|
0.965
|
SUDOSCAN
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Hand ESC (μS)
|
70.97±13.34
|
68.57±14.52
|
65.25±20.12
|
9.60
|
<0.001
|
Foot ESC (μS)
|
74.78±16.88
|
73.04±18.27
|
65.84±20.97
|
19.48
|
<0.001
|
HASYM (%)
|
4.00(2.00,8.00)
|
5.00(2.00,10.00)
|
6.00(3.00,14.00)
|
28.16
|
<0.001
|
FASYM (%)
|
2.00(1.00,4.00)
|
2.00(1.00,6.25)
|
3.00(1.00,10.00)
|
20.83
|
<0.001
|
a SBP, systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, T-BIL, total bilirubin, D-BIL, direct bilirubin, BUN, blood urea nitrogen, SCr, serum creatinine, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, UA, uric acid, Cys-C, cystatin C, TC, total cholesterol, TG, triglyceride, HDL, high density lipoprotein, LDL, low density lipoprotein, Hcy, homocysteine, FFA, free fat acid, FBG, fasting blood glucose, PBG, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C, BMI, body mass index, ESC, electrochemical skin conductance, HASYM, asymmetry ratio in hands, FASYM, asymmetry ratio in feet.
b Normally distributed values in the table are presented as the means ± SD, non-normally distributed values are presented as medians (25% and 75% interquartiles) and categorical variables are presented as frequencies (percentages). One way ANOVA for comparison of three samples with a normal distribution, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for abnormal distributions..X2-test for categorical variables.
Table 3 The association between clinical characteristics and metrics of SUDOSCAN.
|
|
Hand ESC
|
Foot ESC
|
HASYM
|
FASYM
|
Age
|
r
|
-0.189
|
-0.198
|
0.153
|
0.155
|
|
P
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Diabetes duration
|
r
|
-0.173
|
-0.183
|
0.103
|
0.152
|
|
P
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.002
|
<0.001
|
SBP
|
r
|
-0.094
|
-0.091
|
0.067
|
0.066
|
|
P
|
0.005
|
0.006
|
0.044
|
0.047
|
DBP
|
r
|
0.033
|
0.002
|
-0.019
|
0.026
|
|
P
|
0.313
|
0.959
|
0.559
|
0.436
|
eGFR
|
r
|
0.106
|
0.198
|
-0.178
|
-0.159
|
|
P
|
0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
HbA1C
|
r
|
-0.055
|
0.016
|
-0.010
|
-0.013
|
|
P
|
0.101
|
0.634
|
0.772
|
0.698
|
BMI
|
r
|
0.085
|
0.059
|
-0.009
|
-0.064
|
|
P
|
0.010
|
0.073
|
0.776
|
0.051
|
Cys-C
|
r
|
-0.143
|
-0.178
|
0.169
|
0.174
|
|
P
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
a SBP, systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C, BMI, body mass index, Cys-C, cystatin C ESC, electrochemical skin conductance, HASYM, asymmetry ratio in hands, FASYM, asymmetry ratio in feet.
Table 4 Multivariate regression linear analyses of association between serum Cys-C and parameters of SUDOSCAN.
|
|
B
|
SE
|
ꞵ
|
P
|
HESC
|
Cys-C
|
-14.657
|
3.737
|
-0.276
|
<0.001
|
FESC
|
Cys-C
|
-10.015
|
4.346
|
-0.156
|
0.022
|
|
Age
|
-0.415
|
0.200
|
-0.267
|
0.039
|
|
Diabetes duration
|
-0.360
|
0.170
|
-0.128
|
0.034
|
|
BMI
|
0.613
|
0.282
|
0.120
|
0.031
|
|
HDL
|
0.669
|
0.320
|
0.112
|
0.037
|
|
e GFR
|
0.426
|
0.202
|
0.360
|
0.036
|
HASYM
|
Cys-C
|
4.023
|
2.219
|
0.125
|
0.071
|
|
SBP
|
0.192
|
0.047
|
0.309
|
<0.001
|
|
DBP
|
-0.179
|
0.075
|
-0.177
|
0.017
|
FASYM
|
Cys-C
|
2.757
|
1.906
|
0.100
|
0.149
|
|
BMI
|
-0.400
|
0.124
|
-0.182
|
0.001
|
|
TC
|
-1.051
|
0.448
|
-0.137
|
0.020
|
aCys-C, cystatin C, ESC, electrochemical skin conductance, HASYM, asymmetry ratio in hands, FASYM, asymmetry ratio in feet, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI, body mass index, SBP, systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, TC, total cholesterol, B, Regression coefficient, SE, Standard error, β, Standardized coefficient.
b It was adjusted for age, diabetes duration, Cys-C, SBP, DBP, BMI, HbA1C, TC,HDL, FFA, Scr and eGFR.