A dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can lead to a variety of disorders, including (type 1 diabetes and cancer). As a result, the gut microbiota must be altered. Postbiotics are substrates that are created or synthesized by microbial metabolic activities and have a direct or indirect beneficial impact on the host (Żółkiewicz et al. 2020, Salminen et al. 2021). GABA synthesis capacity of LAB varies between species and even within species, and it may be connected to glucose metabolism and growth rate (Cataldo et al. 2020).
Several lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Bifidobacterium infantis postbiotic supplementation increased GABA activity and improved oxidative balance (Bagheri et al. 2019). Furthermore, Tian et al. (2004) showed that administering the GABA molecule as a medicinal agent can reduce inflammatory responses and the development of pre-diabetes. Wan et al. (2015) discovered that the GABA molecule has a regulatory effect on human diabetic islands, namely inhibiting insulitis and systemic inflammatory cytokine production.
A blood test reference range is a set of numbers that a health practitioner uses to evaluate a range of medical test results from clinical specimens. Several factors, including age, gender, fitness, and ethnicity, as well as analytical procedures and measuring units, all influence the reference range of the results achieved. Individual results should always be interpreted in light of the test laboratory's testing facility (Virani et al. 2021).
Glucose levels are lower before the first meal and rise for one to two hours after eating. Extra blood glucose levels might indicate the presence of chronic disorders. The findings are consistent with (Rees et al. 2016) who indicated that diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose levels of more than 7 mmol/dL to 11.1 mmol/dL or higher with hyperglycemia symptoms. Sacks et al. (2011) reported the GLU reference range was 3.57 – 6.12 mmol/Lb. As a result of the rapid shock of insulin injection, all test groups fell within the reference range during the four weeks of therapy except for INSSTZ while LACS1 had the lowest postponed glucose level after humanely sacrificing the mice.
Insulin is the most important factor in improving plasma glucose homeostasis. The results are consistent with the findings of (Graham et al. 2007) who revealed that the insulin range in blood plasma ranges between 3 and 19 IU/ml.
Kris-Etherton et al. (2021) reported the HDL and LDL reference ranges are 2.07 – 3.63 mmol/dL. These signs were consistent with the acquired results, which revealed that the LACS1 and LACS2 strains had a little similarity in the American Heart Association-recommended ranges (Virani et al. 2021). Also, in diabetic mice, TP, GLUB, and ALB, as well as ALT, AST, and TBA were examined to assess liver functions. (Contreras-Zentella and Hernández-Muñoz 2016), Kris-Etherton et al. (2021) indicated that the reference range for TP was 60.0-80.0 g/Lb, ALB was 35.0-55.0 g/L, and GLUB was 25.0-40.0 g/Lb.
Changes in ALT and AST levels are likely the most commonly employed in clinical diagnosis and research concerning liver damage and tissue activities. According to (Contreras-Zentella and Hernández-Muñoz 2016), a rise or reduction in AST and ALT levels might occur as a result of liver injury, which causes changes in cell membrane permeability. Furthermore, (Saravanakumar et al. 2021) revealed that (ALT, AST), and TBA levels were (1.0 - 40.0 IU/lb) and 0.01-20.0 mmol/Lb, respectively, and discovered that streptozotocin raises AST, ALT, and ALP levels in blood plasma. Furthermore, the findings were consistent with those of (Newsome et al. 2018), who reported that the reference ranges for TP, ALB, and GLUB were 60.0-80.0 g/dL, 35.0-55.0 g/dL, and 25.0-40.0 g/dL, respectively.
Renal dysfunction is caused by hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. Also, diabetics kidney failure is one of the leading causes of mortality. Therefore, one of the most significant indications of renal activity, vitality, and overall health are kidney function tests (Stevens and Levin 2013).
Stevens and Levin (2013), (Ibraheem et al. 2016) displayed the BUN reference range was 1.07-7.14 mmol/Lb, the CREA reference range was 53.0 - 132.0 mmol/Lb, and the URIC reference range was 142.0 - 401.0 mmol/L. The results show that the creatinine levels in the treatment groups were within the safe range of 53.0 - 132.0 mmol/Lb, which is one of the most important kidney function tests and the results of which are used to evaluate renal functions. Furthermore, serum creatinine measurement is a simple test that may be used to determine the cause of acute renal injury or dehydration, and it is the most common indicator of kidney function (Harloff et al. 2021).
Camel milk has an insulin-like protein that mimics the interaction of insulin with its receptors, is resistant to proteolysis, and has higher storage buffering capacity than other ruminants milk (El-Sayed et al. 2011, Swelum et al. 2021). It is also encapsulated in nanoparticles such as lipid vesicles and rapidly absorbed into the circulation. As a consequence, innovative oral insulin treatment strategies might be investigated (Ashraf et al. 2021). Furthermore, it has a high concentration of zinc, which is essential for the activity of insulin production in pancreatic β-cells (Deeba et al. 2020). Camel milk's functional purpose is not limited to stimulating, increasing, and boosting insulin production; it also aids in the development and improvement of pancreatic β-cells efficiency (Ayoub et al. 2018).
The results were compared to those of (Dikhanbayeva et al. 2021, Manaer et al. 2021) studies that investigated the effect of camel milk consumption on type 1 diabetes mellitus, regardless of whether the clinical treatment duration was 3 months or 6 months. Patients who consumed camel milk for a short or extended time had substantial drops in blood glucose levels. as well as insulin needs. Furthermore, they investigated insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, discovering that blood glucose levels and insulin requirements reduced dramatically both fasting and postprandial (Mudgil et al. 2018). Furthermore, lower LDL cholesterol levels, hypoglycemia, and an increase in immunostimulants, anticancer, and antimicrobial agents, all of which are supported by camel milk for consumers, are accountable for an improvement in consumer overall health (Esraa 2016).
In diabetic rabbits, frequent camel milk consumption avoided oxidative damage (Aqib et al. 2019), whereas, in diabetic rats, raw camel milk decreases blood glucose levels by 55%, compared to 43% for raw cow milk (El-Zahar et al. 2021). Furthermore, (Khan et al. 2013) discovered a considerable decline in blood glucose levels of nearly 30% in STZ-induced rats given camel milk for 6 weeks, from 560 to 235 mg/dL compared to rats given buffalo milk or cow's milk.
Camel milk feeding lowers the percentage of lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde levels) and catalase activity while raising glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in STZ-induced diabetic rabbits. Furthermore, camel milk has a significant influence on insulin receptor function and glucose transfer in insulin-sensitive organs such as the liver and pancreas, both of which play key roles in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis (Al-Hashem et al. 2009). On the contrary, (Fallah et al. 2020) discovered that the hypoglycemic benefits of camel milk on type 2 diabetes patients can only be sustained when combined with diabetic medicines. Furthermore, (Ejtahed et al. 2015) discovered no change in glucose, lipids, or blood pressure parameters after consuming camel or cow's milk.