Of 117 patients, 55(47%) were male, and 62(53%) were females, the ages ranged from 3 hours to 13 years. Cases of positive culture results peaked at the age of 0-11 months 59(50%) were children aged 13 years (1%) represented a minority (Figure 1).
The bacteria that appeared in the samples were: Staphylococcus (33%), Enterobacter (21%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Escherichia Coli (12%), Proteus (10%) , Klebsiella (3%), Acinetobacter (2%), Streptococcus (2%), Gram-positive bacilli (1%), Serratia (1%), and coliform (0.5%). The percentage of nosocomial infections was 35%, gram-positive bacteria accounted for 34% of the bacteria in the sample, while gram-negative bacteria constituted 66% of the sample. Among the community-acquired bacteria, the percentage of gram-positive bacteria was 37%, and the percentage of gram-negative was 63%. Among the nosocomial bacteria, the percentage of gram-positive bacteria was 33%, and the percentage of gram-negative bacteria was 67%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent bacteria in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections.
Staphylococcus was the most common bacteria among all age groups. The distribution of bacteria differed across each age group: Neonatal stage (< 4weeks): Staphylococcus (55%), Enterobacter (22%), Escherichia coli (11%), and Proteus (11%). Infant stage (1month-1year): Staphylococcus aureus (33%), Enterobacter (23%), Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus (8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%). Early childhood stage (1-6years): Staphylococcus (26%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Enterobacter (18%), Proteus : (13%), and Escherichia coli (9%). Late childhood stage (6-13years): Staphylococcus aureus (35%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), Enterobacter (21%), Escherichia coli (10%), and Proteus (6%).
The most common foci of infections were the urinary tract (37%), blood (25%), respiratory tract (21%), cutaneous (6%), and meninges (3%). The most common nosocomial infections were blood (31%), and urinary tract (31%). They were followed by respiratory tract (17%), cutaneous (9%), and meninges (6%). The most common community-acquired infections were the urinary tract (42%), and respiratory tract (24%). They were followed by blood (21%), cutaneous (4%), and meninges (3%).
The most cultured bacteria found to cause urinary tract infections were Enterobacter (30%), Staphylococci (22%), and Escherichia coli (20%), followed by Proteus (14%), Pseudomonas (10%), Klebsiella (2%), Coliform (2%). The most cultured bacteria in respiratory infections were Staphylococcus (30%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23%), and Enterobacter (19%), followed by Klebsiella (8%), Escherichia coli (8%), Serratia (8%), and Proteus (4%). Regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), staphylococcus was the most common causative (75%), followed by streptococci (12.5%) and gram-positive bacilli (12.5%). Regarding skin infections, staphylococcus was the most common causative (58%), followed by Proteus (17.%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Enterobacter (8%), and Escherichia coli (8%). Regarding sepsis, the most common microorganisms were staphylococcus (48%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%), Acinetobacter (7%), Escherichia coli (4%), Klebsiella (4%), Proteus (4%), and gram-positive bacilli (2%).
The following 3 antibiotics were used as pretreatments: Ceftriaxone 67%, and was appropriate in 50% of the cases; Vancomycin 55%, and was appropriate in 56% of the cases; Azithromycin 22%, and was appropriate in 53% of the cases.
The most antibiotic-resistant bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the least antibiotic-resistant bacterium was staphylococcus. The highest resistance occurred with Ceftriaxone, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (89%), Escherichia coli (77%), Enterobacter (74%), and Proteus (42%). Staphylococci sensitivity towards vancomycin was only 3% (Table 1).
The mortality was 19(16%), 11(55%) were due to nosocomial infection and 9(45%) were due to community infections. The age group associated with the most deaths was the newborns (33%), followed by the infants (18%), late childhood (17%), and early childhood (11%). Respiratory tract infections were the leading cause of death (59%), followed by urinary tract infections (22%), blood 11%, and cutaneous 5%; no deaths were associated with meninges. Mortality by pathogen: Enterobacter (27%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Staphylococcus (18%), Escherichia coli (9%), Proteus (6%), Klebsiella (6%), Serratia (6%), and gram-positive bacilli (3%).