1.Lynn DH. The ciliated protozoa. Characterization, classification, and guide to the literature. 3rd edn. Germany: Springer; 2008.
2.Gao F, Warren A, Zhang QQ, Gong J, Miao M, Sun P, et al. The all-data-based evolutionary hypothesis of ciliated protists with a revised classification of the phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata). Sci Rep 2016; 6:24874.
3.Shazib SUA, Vd’ačný P, Kim JH, Jang SW, Shin MK. Phylogenetic relationships of the ciliate class Heterotrichea (Protista, Ciliophora, Postciliodesmatophora) inferred from multiple molecular markers and multifaceted analysis strategy. Mol Phylogen Evol 2014; 78:118–135.
4.Chen XR, Shazib SUA, Kim JH, Kim MS, Shin MK. New contributions to Gruberia lanceolata (Gruber, 1884) Kahl, 1932 based on analyses of multiple populations and genes (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea, Gruberiidae). Eur J Protistol 2018; 65:16–30.
5.Campello-Nunes PH, Fernandes NM, Szokoli F, Petroni G, da Silva-Neto ID. Morphology and phylogenetic position of Gruberia lanceolata (Gruber 1884) (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65(6):902–912.
6.Alekperov I, Buskey E, Snegovaya N. The free-living ciliates of the Mexican Gulf coast near Port Aransas city and its suburbs (South Texas, USA). Protistology 2007; 5(2–3):101–130.
7.Foissner W, Berger H, Schaumburg J. Identification and Ecology of Limnetic Plankton Ciliates, vol. 3/99. Munich: Informationsberichte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft; 1999.
8.Ehrenberg CG. Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften; 1833.
9.Ehrenberg CG. Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen: Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss; 1838.
10.Wrześniowski A. Beobachtungen über Infusorien aus der Umgebung von Warschau. Z Wiss Zool 1870; 20:467–511.
11.Penard E. Études sur les Infusoires d’Eau Douce. Genève; 1922.
12.Kahl A. Urtiere oder Protozoa. I: wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 3. Spirotricha. Tierwelt Dtl 1932; 25:399–650.
13.Tuffrau M. Les structures fibrillaires somatiques et buccales chez les ciliés hétérotriches. Protistologica 1968; 3(1):369–394.
14.Pätsch B. Die Aufwuchsciliaten des Naturlehrparks Haus Wildenrath: Monographische Bearbeitung der Morphologie und Ökologie. Arbeiten aus dem Institut für Landwirtschaftliche Zoologie und Bienenkunde; 1974.
15.Jankowski AW. Revision of a system of class Polyhymenophora (Spirotricha). Tezisky Dokl Zool Inst Akad Nauk SSSR 1978;39–40.
16.Dragesco J, Dragesco-Kernéis A. Ciliés libres de l’Afrique intertropicale: introduction à la connaissance et à l’étude des Ciliés. Paris: Faune Tropicale (Éditions de l’ORSTOM); 1986.
17.Packroff G, Wilbert N. Taxonomische Studien über die Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa, Ciliophora) der Eifelmaare. Arch Protistenk 1991; 140(2–3):121–139.
18.Foissner W, Berger H, Kohmann F. Taxonomische und ökologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. BandII: Peritrichia, Heterotrichida, Odontostomatida, vol. 5/92. Munich: Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft; 1992.
19.Wang CC, Nie D. Report on the rare and new species of fresh water infusoria, part1. Contr Biol Lab Sc Soc China 1933; 10:1–99.
20.Dragesco J. Ciliés mésopsammiques littoraux: systématique, morphologie, écologie. Roscoff: Des Travaux de la Station Biologique; 1960.
21.Dragesco J. Ciliés mésopsammiques d’Afrique noire. Paris: Cahiers de Biologie Marine; 1965.
22.Dragesco J. Infraciliature de quinze especes de cilies mesopsammiques marins comprenant Trachelocerca stephani comb. nova, T. bodiani comb. nova, Tracheloraphis filiformis spec. nova, T. exilis spec. nova, et Sathrophilus arenicolus spec. nova. Linzer Boil Beitr 2002; 34(2):1545–1626.
23.Chen XR, Kim JH, Shazib SUA, Kwon CB, Shin MK. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three heterotrichid species (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea), including a new species of Anigsteinia. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:278–293.
24.Ozaki Y, Yagiu R. Studies on the marine ciliates of Japan, mainly from the Setonaikai (the Inland Sea of Japan). J Sci Hirosima Univ Ser B 1941; 8:165–184.
25.Beltran E. Gruberia calkinsi sp. nov., a brackish-water ciliate (Protozoa, Heterotrichida) from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Biol Bull 1933; 64(1):21–27.
26.Gruber A. Die Protozoen des Hafens von Genua. Halle: E. Blochmann & Sohn; 1884.
27.Lepsi J. Protozoologie. România, Bucarest: Academia Republicii Socialiste; 1965.
28.Chorik FP. Free living ciliates in Moldavian water bassins. Kischinev; 1968.
29.Pan HB, Stoeck T. Redescription of the halophile ciliate, Blepharisma halophilum Ruinen, 1938 (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea, Heterotrichida) shows that the genus Blepharisma is non-monophyletic. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:20–28.
30.Dujardin F. Histoire naturelle des zoophytes. Infusoires, comprenant la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux et la maniére de les étudier à l’aide du microscope. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret; 1841.
31.Fauré-Fremiet E. Contribution a la connaissance des infusoires planktoniques. Bull Biol Fr Belg 1924; 6:1–171.
32.Aescht E. Catalogue of the generic names of ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Denisia 2001; 1:1–350.
33.Song WB, Warren A, Hu XZ. Free-living Ciliates in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. Beijing: Science Press; 2009.
34.Hu XZ, Lin XF, Song WB. Ciliate Atlas: Species Found in the South China Sea. Beijing: Science Press; 2019.
35.Rosati G, Modeo L, Melai M, Petroni G, Verni F. A multidisciplinary approach to describe protists: a morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular study on Peritromus kahli Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940 (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2004; 51(1):49–59.
36.Yan Y, Chen XM, Chen XR, Gao F, Al-Farraj SA, Al-Rasheid KAS. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three marine Condylostoma species from China, including two new ones (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea). Eur J Protistol 2015; 51(1):66–78.
37.Foissner W, Agatha S, Berger H. Soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha region and the Namib Desert. Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseums; 2002.
38.Gelei J. Über die Lebensgemeinschaft einiger temporärer Tümpel auf einer Bergwiese im Börzsönygebirge (Oberungarn) III. Ciliaten. Acta Biol Hung 1954; 5:259–343.
39.Dragesco J. Cilliés Libres Du Cameroun. Annales de La Faculté des Sciences; 1970.
40.Fernandes NM, da Silva Paiva T, da Silva-Neto ID, Schlegel M, Schrago CG. Expanded phylogenetic analyses of the class Heterotrichea (Ciliophora, Postciliodesmatophora) using five molecular markers and morphological data. Mol Phylogen Evol 2016; 95:229–246.
41.Luo J, Ma MZ, Lu BR, Li XH, Warren A, Shi YH, et al. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the poorly known heterotrich ciliate Ampullofolliculina lageniformis Hadži, 1951 (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66(6):925–936.
42.Yan Y, Fan Y, Chen XR, Li LF, Warren A, Al-Farraj SA, et al. Taxonomy and phylogeny of three heterotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora), with description of a new Blepharisma species. Zool J Linn Soc 2016; 177(2):320–334.
43.Warren A, Patterson DJ, Dunthorn M, Clamp JC, Achilles-Day UE, Aescht E, et al. Beyond the “Code”: a guide to the description and documentation of biodiversity in ciliated protists (Alveolata, Ciliophora). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64(4):539–554.
44.Wilbert N. Eine verbesserte Technik der Protargolimprägnation für Ciliaten. Mikrokosmos 1975; 64:171–179.
45.Pan XM, Bourland WA, Song WB. Protargol synthesis: an in-house protocol. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60(6):609–614.
46.Jiang YH, Zhang TT, Vallesi A, Yang XY, Gao F. Time-course analysis of nuclear events during conjugation in the marine ciliate Euplotes vannus and comparison with other ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Cell Cycle 2019; 18(3):288–298.
47.Medlin L, Elwood HJ, Stickel S, Sogin ML. The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene 1988; 71(2):491–499.
48.Jerome CA, Simon EM, Lynn DH. Description of Tetrahymena empidokyrea n.sp., a new species in the Tetrahymena pyriformis sibling species complex (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), and an assessment of its phylogenetic position using small-subunit rRNA sequences. Can J Zool 1996; 74(10):1898–1906.
49.Wang CD, Zhang TT, Wang YR, Katz LA, Gao F, Song WB. Disentangling sources of variation in SSU rDNA sequences from single cell analyses of ciliates: impact of copy number variation and experimental error. Proc R Soc B 2017; 284(1859):20170425.
50.Castresana J. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol 2000; 17(4):540–552.
51.Talavera G, Castresana J. Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Syst Biol 2007; 56(4):564–577.
52.Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of Large Phylogenetic Trees. In: Gateway Computing Environments Workshop. 2010:1–9.
53.Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 2014; 30(9):1312–1313.
54.Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van Der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 2012; 61(3):539–542.
55.Wang YR, Wang CD, Jiang YH, Katz LA, Gao F, Yan Y. Further analyses of variation of ribosome DNA copy number and polymorphism in ciliates provide insights relevant to studies of both molecular ecology and phylogeny. Sci China Life Sci 2019; 62(2):203–214.
56.Nylander JAA. MrModeltest ver. 2. 2004:Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
57.Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28(10):2731–2739.