Calcitonin in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid and serum for the differential diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinomain patients with thyroid nodules

doi:10.21203/rs.2.22521/v1

Purpose

To assess a cutoff value and the diagnosis performance of CT in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid (FNA-CT) and serum in consecutive patients with thyroid nodules by chemiluminescence immunoassay method (CLIA).

Methods

1,941 healthy persons, 212 patients with 235 thyroid nodules were investigated. They were classified into were classified into healthy, nodular goiter, chronic thyroiditis, thyroid follicular neoplasm, papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Serum CT and FNA-CT were measured by CLIA.

Results

Serum CT median concentration in MTC was 301.0 pg/mL, significantly higher than other groups. The cutoff value of serum CT was 13.8 pg/mL, leading 100.00% sensitivity, 97.99% specificity and 0.86 Kappa value in MTC. The FNA-CT median concentration in MTC nodules was 5000.0 pg/mL, significantly higher than other groups. A receiver operating characteristic analysis of MTC nodules and non-MTC nodules indicated that the cutoff value was 91.6pg/mL, leading to 100.00% sensitivity, 97.25% specificity and 0.84 Kappa value.

Conclusion

FNA-CT and serum were perfect marker for the differential diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with thyroid nodules. The optimal cutoff values with CLIA were 13.8 pg/mL and 91.6pg/mL, respectively.

Endocrinology & Metabolism

Calcitonin

Fine-needle aspirate

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor caused by a malignant transformation in the parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid and constitutes between 1 and 2% of all thyroid carcinomas [1]. The targeted systemic therapies based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (i.e. vandetanib and cabozantinib) have been approved for advanced and progressive MTC [1, 2]. Early diagnosis and treatment of MTC is critical for optimal patient outcomes. The main tumor markers (TM) used in MTC are serum calcitonin(CT) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) [1, 3]. The best test for MTC is the presence of an elevated CT, since only rarely is the level normal. There are three methods of usefulness of CT in MTC: serum CT, stimulated CT and the CT in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid (FNA-CT)[4, 5]. Measurement of CT has been recommended for patients with a suspicious history, or cytology for MTC, or referred for thyroidectomy [2]. It is important to periodically determine CT and stimulated CT, because of the familial incidence of MTC [4, 6]. FNA-CT is an ancillary method to increase the accuracy of diagnosis in MTC [7]. According to the report by Rosario, CT could be superior to stimulated CT [8]. However, the diagnosis of MTC cannot always be excluded by a normal preoperative CT level [9, 10]. Moreover, there are analytical, physiological, pharmacological, and pathological factors that can influence results of serum CT values. Due to the influence of these factors, there is a high variability in assay-dependent cutoffs [4, 11, 12]. There is controversy regarding cutoff value of CT for earlier and more accurate differential diagnosis of MTC in different populations. No data are available about cutoff values of serum CT and FNA-CT using the currently available by chemiluminescence immunoassay method (CLIA) by now. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity for each methods of usefulness of CT or in combination in diagnosing MTC. The aims of this study were to investigate the concentrations of CT and FNA- CT as predictors of MTC in consecutive patients with thyroid nodules by CLIA, to assess cutoff value of FNA-CT for clinical practice, and to analysis the diagnosis performance.

Study population

Consecutive patients with thyroid nodules who underwent FNAC under ultrasonographic guidance between May 2017 and May 2019 in Zhongshan Hospital, were prospectively evaluated. Zhongshan Hospital is a large integrated Grade III A hospital that provides approximately 3.50 million people with health care and outpatient medical and hospital services per year. In total, 1,941 healthy persons and 212 patients with 235 thyroid nodules were investigated. All of the patients with nodules were diagnosed with histological techniques or cytologic evaluation. The final diagnosis of the nodules was based on surgical specimen. According to histopathological diagnoses, the nodules were classified into nodular goiter, chronic thyroiditis, follicular neoplasm, papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma or medullary carcinoma. The clinical biochemical and imaging index were normal in the healthy subjects, including screening ultrasound to confirm no nodules.

Assays

Fine-needle aspirate cytology (FNAC) was performed by using a 25-gauge needle under ultrasound guidance. Following the smear preparation, the remaining aspirate in the syringe and needle was rinsed with 1.0 mL of saline. The fine-needle aspirate washout fluid was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, and clear supernatants were removed and stored at -80℃. The clear supernatants was then subjected to CT measurements. Blood samples were obtained by venous puncture at the same time. The blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min and the upper serum was used. FNA-CT and serum CT were measured with a CLIA, applied on the Maglumi 2000 Plus automated platform (Shenzen New Industries Biomedical Engineering (SNIBE, Shenzen, China). The Maglumi 2000 Plus is a continuous random access CLIA system that uses N-(aminobutil)-N-(ethyl)-isoluminol (ABEI) as luminescence substrate and magnetic particles that serve both the solid phase and the separator in a liquid phase, with two different monoclonal antibodies labeled with either ABEI or fluoresceine-5-isothiocyanate. The detection limit of the instrument ranges from 2.0 to 5000.0 pg/mL. The readings higher than 5000.0 pg/ml (> 5000.0 pg/mL) were recorded as 5000.0 pg/mL, whereas those that were lower than 2.0 pg/ml (< 2 pg/mL) were recorded as 2.0 pg/mL.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS statistics version 20 (SPSS, Inc, Chicage, IL, USA) and Graph-Pad Prism version 8.00 (GraphPadSofeware, San Diegl, CA, USA). Statistical significance was set at a p-value of lower than 0.05 (< 0.05). The continuous variables that did not follow a normal distribution were reported as medians with interquartile range (IQR). The statistical analysis for the comparison among groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U-tests. The relationship between the abnormal CT and the clinical diagnosis was calculated by the kappa test. The agreement of the results according to their kappa values was categorized as near perfect (0.81 to 1.00), substantial (0.61 to 0.80), moderate (0.41 to 0.60), fair (0.21 to 0.40), slight (0.00 to 0.20), or poor (< 0.00) [13]. A p value of less than 0.05 (< 0.05) was considered statistically significant.

Characteristics of patients and thyroid nodules

A total of 235 thyroid nodules in 212 patients participated in the study. The histopathological diagnoses of these nodules included nodular goiter (62 nodules), chronic thyroiditis (three nodules), follicular neoplasm (14 nodules), papillary carcinoma (135 nodules), follicular carcinoma (four nodules) and medullary carcinoma (17 nodules) (Table 1). The median age of the patients was 42 years (range, 16-82). A total of 50 males (23.6%) and 162 females (76.4%) were included. The age range of the healthy subjects was 22 to 84 years. A total of 1,126 males (58.0%) and 815 females (42.0%) were included in the healthy group. Clinical stage included stage Ⅰ (117), stage Ⅱ (4), stage Ⅲ (13), stage Ⅳa (9) and stage Ⅳc (1) (Table 2). Form of MTC included sporadic MTC (10) and hereditary MTC (3).

Serum CT in patients with thyroid nodules

It was clearly seen that concentrations of serum CT in MTC was significantly higher compared with the other subjects. Significantly increased was observed in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared with the healthy groups (Table 3, Figure 1). Statistical significant differences were shown between different stages: MTC stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ and no-MTC stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ, MTC stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ and no-MTC stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ, MTC stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ and no-MTC stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ, MTC stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ and no-MTC stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ, with a p-value of < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively (Figure 2). In the healthy subjects, the 95th percentile of the serum CT levels was 13.8 pg/mL, which was used as a cutoff point for CT positive samples. The abnormal CT levels were noted for 100.0% in medullary thyroid carcinoma (Table 3). Statistical significant differences were shown in serum CT between Medullary thyroid carcinoma and healthy groups.

The concentrations of FNA-CT in nodular goiter, chronic thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, papillary carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma were 2.0 (5.8) pg/mL, 2.1 pg/mL, 2.2 (6.2) pg/mL, 2.0 (5.5) pg/mL, 4.8 (6.6) pg/mL and 5000.0 (1660.2) pg/mL, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations were found in medullary carcinoma compared with the other subjects (Figure 3).

FNA-CT/Serum-CT ratio in thyroid nodules

The ratio of FNA-CT/Serum-CT in nodular goiter, chronic thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, papillary carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma were 1.00 (0.93), 0.61, 0.64 (1.01), 0.69 (0.87), 0.96 (1.37) and 4.44 (19.68), respectively. Significantly higher ratio were found in medullary carcinoma compared with the other subjects (Figure 4).

CT in different form of MTC

There were ten cases of sporadic MTC and three cases of hereditary MTC. Statistical significant differences weren’t shown in CT concentration between sporadic MTC and hereditary MTC (Figure 5).

Clinical Diagnosis of CT

In a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the MTC, the area under the curve (AUC) of serum CT, FNA-CT and FNA-CT/serum CT ratio were 1.000, 0.998 and 0.887 respectively (Table 4, Figure 6). The cutoff value of serum CT was 13.8 pg/mL, leading to a sensitivity of 100.00% and a specificity of 97.99%. The cutoff value of FNA-CT was 91.6pg/mL, leading to 100.00% sensitivity and 97.25% specificity. The cutoff value of FNA-CT/serum CT ratio was 0.99, leading to 100.00% sensitivity and 51.83% respectively (Table 5, Figure 6). The Kappa values of serum CT, FNA-CT, FNA-CT/serum CT ratio and FNAC were 0.86, 0.84, 0.14 and 0.90, respectively (Table 5).

Serum CT were determined to be false-positive in four patients. FNA-CT were determined to be false-positive in six patients. There was no overlap in the patients who had false positive results with the use of the two methods (Table 6).

CT is a polypeptide hormone consisting of 32 amino acids with a disulfide bridge between position one and seven that is mainly produced by the C-cells of thyroid gland. The measurement of CT concentrations in blood reflects C-cell activity and is performed in general by immunoassay methods. There is many evidences that the measurement of serum CT concentrations in patients with thyroid nodules can lead to an earlier diagnosis of MTC or C-cell hyperplasia(CCH) than the exclusive use of imaging procedures and/or FNA [4, 14]. In our study, the concentrations of the serum CT in MTC were significantly higher than the other subjects. Statistical significant differences weren’t shown in CT concentration between sporadic MTC and hereditary MTC, MTC stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ and MTC stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ. It is necessary to sutdy a larger size of samples to verify the result. The cutoff value of serum CT was 13.8 pg/mL, leading to 100.00% sensitivity and 97.99% specificity. The Kappa value was 0.86, a perfect tumor marker in MTC.

FNA-Ct is used as an ancillary method to accurately diagnose MTC. The diagnosis of MTC is most commonly obtained from the result of Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a new thyroid nodule. But the diagnostic accuracy of this method for MTC is not as high as PTC [15]. The diagnostic accuracy provided by FNAC for MTCs ranges from 50.0 to 82.4% [16, 15]. Measurements of FNA-CT, an additional procedures, are required in combination with FNA cytology to diagnose MTC, to avoid false negative results. In our study, significantly higher concentrations were found in medullary carcinoma compared with the other subjects. Furthermore, FNA-CT median concentration was over 100-fold higher compared with no-MTC.

It indicated that serum CT increases in patients with MTC due to the production by MTC cells, which corroborates that FNA-CT is an perfect ancillary method. This is the first study to determine the cutoff value of FNA-CT with CLIA. The ROC curve analysis for MTC nodules and non-MTC nodules revealed that the optimal cutoff value of FNA-CT was 91.60 pg/mL, leading to 100.00% sensitivity, 97.25% specificity and 0.84 Kappa value in this research. The cutoff value of FNA-CT was higher than other report [17]. The probable cause of the difference may be the following. First, the study population was consecutive patients with thyroid nodules in this research. Second, differences in methodology might influence measurement consistency. Third, the volume of FNA washout fluid was not standardization.

To identify relationship between serum CT and FNA-CT, FNA-CT/serum CT ratio in thyroid nodules was investigated. The cutoff value of FNA-CT/serum CT ratio was 0.99, leading to 51.83% sensitivity, 13.93% specificity and 0.14 Kappa value. This result contradicts the concept that CT is produced by C-cell. The probable cause may be the following. First, a total of 189 measurements lower than 2.0 pg/mL (< 2.0 pg/mL) were recorded as 2 pg/mL, which may cause poor results of FNA-CT/serum CT ratio. Second, due to the unstandardized operation of FNA washout fluid, the results couldn’t reflect the true state of CT concentration in thyroid nodules.

This is an intriguing finding: It showed that the serum CT were determined to be false-positive in four patients and FNA-CT were determined to be false-positive in six patients. The cause was due to the influence of analytical, physiological, pharmacological, and pathological factors. Notably, there was no overlap in the patients who had false positive results with the use of the two methods. It indicated that FNA-CT could be served as an ancillary perfect method rather than a screening methods for the differential diagnosis between MTC and non-MTC thyroid nodules. When Serum CT suspected of being false positive in detecting MTC, FNA-CT must be performed, which will rule out no-MTC in all of the cases. It corroborated the view of Liu Y [18] that CT should be measured in both the FNA washout fluid and serum when features of MTC are presented or cytology result is inconclusive.

There are some limitations in this study. Because of the low prevalence of MTC, the number of patients involved was small in the study span more than two years. A secondary limitation, this study does not involve the normalization recovery after surgery or response to therapy subsequently.

Calcitonin in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid and serum were perfect a marker for the differential diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with thyroid nodules. The optimal cutoff values with CLIA were 13.80 pg/mL, 91.60 pg/mL, respectively.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (grant no. 2016J01647), the Innovation Profect of Fujian Province Health Department (grant no. 2012-CXB-33) and the youth research project of health and family planning commission of Fujian Province (grant no. 2019-2-51).

Compliance with ethical standards This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University and was in compliance with national legislation and the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. All participants provided written informed consent.

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University and was in compliance with national legislation and the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. All participants provided written informed consent.

Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Table 1

Clinical characteristics of patients and thyroid nodules

	Histological Type
	Nodular goiter	Chronic thyroiditis	Follicular adenoma	Papillary carcinoma	Follicular carcinoma	medullary carcinoma
No. of thyroid nodules (%)	62 (26.4%)	3 (1.3%)	14 (6.0%)	135 (57.4%)	4 (1.7%)	17 (7.2%)
Clinical characteristics of patients
N. Of patients (%)	55 (25.9%)	2 (0.9%)	11 (5.2%)	127 (59.9%)	4 (1.9%)	13 (6.1%)
Female gender(%)	35 (63.6%)	2(100.0%)	11 (100.0%)	101 (79.5%)	4 (100.0%)	9 (69.2%)
Age M(IQR) (years)	49.0 (19.0)	24.5	48.0 (12.0)	43.0 (20.0)	36.5 (22.0)	44.0 (33.0)

Abbreviations: IQR, the interquartile range.

Table 2

Table 2 Clinical stage of thyroid carcinoma

Clinical stage	Total n	Papillary thyroid carcinoma N(%)	Follicular thyroid carcinoma N(%)	medullary thyroid carcinoma n(%)
Stage Ⅰ	117	106 (90.6%)	4 (3.4%)	7 (6.0%)
Stage Ⅱ	4	1 (25.0%)	/	3 (75.0%)
Stage Ⅲ	13	13 (100.0%)	/	/
Stage Ⅳa	9	7 (77.8%)	/	2 (22.2%)
Stage Ⅳb	/	/	/	/
Stage Ⅳc	1	/	/	1 (100.0%)

Table 3

Serum CT in patients with thyroid nodules

	N. Of patients	% of patients with CT >13.8 pg/mL	Median (IQR) (pg/mL)	P
Healthy	1941	97 (5.0%)	4.0 (4.4)
Benign
Nodular goiter	55	0 (0.0%)	5.4 (4.1)	0.862
Chronic thyroiditis	2	0 (0.0%)	5.5	0.457
Follicular thyroid adenoma	11	0 (0.0%)	7.3(4.0)	0.103
Malignant
Papillary thyroid carcinoma	127	4 (3.2%)	5.7 (3.9)	0.040
Follicular thyroid carcinoma	4	0 (0.0%)	3.6 (2.7)	0.924
Medullary thyroid carcinoma	13	13 (100.0%)	301.0 (1290.0)	<0.001

Abbreviations: IQR, the interquartile range.

Table 4

The area under the curve of serum CT, FNA-CT and FNA-CT/Serum CT ratio

Test Result Variable	Area	95% CI
Serum CT	1.000	0.999-1.000
FNA-CT	0.998	0.993-1.000
FNA-CT/Serum CT ratio	0.887	0.820-0.955

Statistical significant differences weren’t shown in area under the curve between all varialbe.

Table 5

Clinical diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with thyroid nodules

	Histological diagnosis (gold standard)		Sensitivity(%) (95% CI)	Specificity(%) (95% CI)	PPV(%) (95% CI)	NPV(%) (95% CI)	PLR (95% CI)	NLR (95% CI)	*Kappa* Value(Sig)
	Positive	Negative	Sensitivity(%) (95% CI)	Specificity(%) (95% CI)	PPV(%) (95% CI)	NPV(%) (95% CI)	PLR (95% CI)	NLR (95% CI)	*Kappa* Value(Sig)
Serum CT (cutoff value was 13.8 pg/mL)
Positive	13	4	100.00	97.99	76.47	100.00	49.75	0.00	0.86
Negative	0	195	(71.66-100.00)	(94.60-99.35)	(49.76-92.18)	(97.59-100.00)	(18.86-131.25)	NaN-Infinity	(0.00)
FNA-CT (cutoff value was 91.6 pg/mL)
Positive	17	6	100.00	97.25	73.91	100.00	36.33	0.00	0.84
Negative	0	212	(77.08-100.00)	(93.82-98.88)	(51.31-88.92)	(97.78-100.00)	(16.05-79.98)	NaN-Infinity	(0.00)
FNA-CT /serum CT ratio (cutoff value was 0.955)
Positive	17	105	100.00	51.83	13.93	100.00	2.08	0.00	0.14
Negative	0	113	(77.07-100.00)	(45.00-58.60)	(8.56-21.65)	(95.90-100.00)	(1.81-2.38)	NaN-Infinity	(0.00)
FNAC
Positive	14	0	82.35	100	100	98.64	Infinity	0.18	0.90
Negative	3	218	(55.80-95.33)	(97.84-100.00)	(73.24-100.00)	(95.76-99.65)	NaN-Infinity	(0.06-0.49))	(0.00)

Abbreviations: PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; NaN, means that the calculation cannot be performed because the values entered include one or more instances of zero.

Table 6

False-positive of Serum CT or FNA-CT

No.	Histological Type	Serum CT (cutoff value was 13.8 pg/mL)	FNA-CT (cutoff value was 91.6 pg/mL)
1	Papillary carcinoma	17.4(+)	9.8(-)
2	Papillary carcinoma	17.4(+)	7.1(-)
3	Papillary carcinoma	18.2(+)	6.8(-)
4	Papillary carcinoma	41.3(+)	2.0(-)
5	Papillary carcinoma	5.7(-)	108.7(+)
6	Papillary carcinoma	7.2(-)	110.6(+)
7	Papillary carcinoma	8.4(-)	161.7(+)
8	Papillary carcinoma	5.2(-)	185.8(+)
9	Nodular goiter	2.3(-)	251.4(+)
10	Papillary carcinoma	7.1(-)	2558.9(+)

Calcitonin in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid and serum for the differential diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinomain patients with thyroid nodules

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introdution

Materials And Methods

Study population

Assays

Statistical analysis

Results

Characteristics of patients and thyroid nodules

Serum CT in patients with thyroid nodules

FNA-CT/Serum-CT ratio in thyroid nodules

CT in different form of MTC

Clinical Diagnosis of CT

Discussion

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Tables

N. Of patients

% of patients with CT >13.8 pg/mL

Median (IQR) (pg/mL)

P

1941

97 (5.0%)

4.0 (4.4)

55

0 (0.0%)

5.4 (4.1)

0.862

2

0 (0.0%)

5.5

0.457

11

0 (0.0%)

7.3(4.0)

0.103

127

4 (3.2%)

5.7 (3.9)

0.040

4

0 (0.0%)

3.6 (2.7)

0.924

13

13 (100.0%)

301.0 (1290.0)

<0.001

13

4

100.00

97.99

76.47

100.00

49.75

0.00

0.86

0

195

(71.66-100.00)

(94.60-99.35)

(49.76-92.18)

(97.59-100.00)

(18.86-131.25)

NaN-Infinity

(0.00)

17

6

100.00

0.00

0

212

NaN-Infinity

17

105

0