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Background: Few epidemiological research examined the effects of greenness on cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. We aimed to explore the relationships between green space and hypertension and blood pressure in China.
Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 39, 259 adults from five counties in central China. Blood pressure measurements were performed according to a standardized protocol. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was used to assess the exposure to greenness. We used mixed linear models to test greenspace-cardiovascular disease outcome pathways.
Results: Higher green space was related to decreased hypertension prevalence and blood pressure. After fully adjusting the covariates, each interquartile range increase in NDVI500m and EVI500m were related to an 8% decrease in odds of hypertension. The changes in SBP and DBP (95% CI) were - 0.88 mm Hg (- 1.17, - 0.58) and - 0.64 mm Hg (- 0.82, - 0.46) for NDVI, and - 0.79 mm Hg (- 1.14, - 0.45) and - 0.67 mm Hg (- 0.87, - 0.46) for EVI, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the effects of green space were more pronounced in males, smokers, and drinkers.
Conclusions: The effects of green space may reduce the risk of hypertension. Also, behavioral factors may affect this potential pathway.
Keywords
Greenness, Hypertension, Blood pressure, Cohort study
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Figure 2
Figure 3
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- SupplementalMaterials1211.docx
Table S1 The checklist of STROBE guidelines. Table S2 Characteristics of participants, by region. Table S3 Distributions of vegetation indices, by region. Table S4 Interaction effect analyses in the NDVI500m-cardiovascular disease outcome pathways. Table S5 Interaction effect analyses in the EVI500m-cardiovascular disease outcome pathways. Table S6 The relationships between green space (NDVI1000m and EVI1000m) and hypertension and blood pressure. Table S7 The relationships between NDVI500m for different annual averages and hypertension and blood pressure. Table S8 The relationships between NDVI500m and hypertension and blood pressure (Some participants were excluded).
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This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Research
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 22 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Few epidemiological research examined the effects of greenness on cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. We aimed to explore the relationships between green space and hypertension and blood pressure in China.
Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 39, 259 adults from five counties in central China. Blood pressure measurements were performed according to a standardized protocol. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was used to assess the exposure to greenness. We used mixed linear models to test greenspace-cardiovascular disease outcome pathways.
Results: Higher green space was related to decreased hypertension prevalence and blood pressure. After fully adjusting the covariates, each interquartile range increase in NDVI500m and EVI500m were related to an 8% decrease in odds of hypertension. The changes in SBP and DBP (95% CI) were - 0.88 mm Hg (- 1.17, - 0.58) and - 0.64 mm Hg (- 0.82, - 0.46) for NDVI, and - 0.79 mm Hg (- 1.14, - 0.45) and - 0.67 mm Hg (- 0.87, - 0.46) for EVI, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the effects of green space were more pronounced in males, smokers, and drinkers.
Conclusions: The effects of green space may reduce the risk of hypertension. Also, behavioral factors may affect this potential pathway.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- SupplementalMaterials1211.docx
Table S1 The checklist of STROBE guidelines. Table S2 Characteristics of participants, by region. Table S3 Distributions of vegetation indices, by region. Table S4 Interaction effect analyses in the NDVI500m-cardiovascular disease outcome pathways. Table S5 Interaction effect analyses in the EVI500m-cardiovascular disease outcome pathways. Table S6 The relationships between green space (NDVI1000m and EVI1000m) and hypertension and blood pressure. Table S7 The relationships between NDVI500m for different annual averages and hypertension and blood pressure. Table S8 The relationships between NDVI500m and hypertension and blood pressure (Some participants were excluded).
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