In this study, 88 T2DM patients were matched to 88 non-diabetic patients on age, marital status, and level of education. There were significantly (p = 0.02) more female diabetic patients. A significantly higher proportion of diabetic patients had a CAL ≥3 mm compared to non-diabetic patients (23% vs. 10%, respectively). No significant differences in mean DMFT scores (Table 1) or OHIP scores (Table 2) were observed between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Table 1: Characteristics of study participants
Variable
|
Non-diabetic
N=88
|
Diabetic
N=88
|
P-Value
|
Age, mean (SD)
|
|
43.0 (1.5)
|
43.1 (1.5)*
|
0.98
|
Duration of diabetes in years
|
|
NA
|
7.3 (6.4)
|
NA
|
Sex
|
Males (%)
|
48 (55)
|
32 (36)**
|
0.02
|
Females (%)
|
40 (45)
|
56 (64)
|
|
Marital status
|
Single (%)
|
25 (28)
|
25 (28)**
|
1.0
|
|
Married (%)
|
63 (72)
|
63 (72)
|
|
Level of education
|
School (%)
University (%)
|
32 (36)
56 (64)
|
32 (37)**
55 (63)
|
0.96
|
Smoking
|
No (%)
Yes (%)
|
65 (75)
22 (25)
|
63 (72)**
25 (28)
|
0.61
|
Clinical attachment loss
|
CAL < 3mm
|
80 (90)
|
68 (77)**
|
0.01
|
CAL ≥ 3mm
|
8 (10)
|
20 (23)
|
|
Decayed (D) Missing (M) Filled (F) Teeth
|
D (SD)
|
4.5 (4.9)
|
3.8 (4.3)*
|
0.37
|
M (SD)
|
3.4 (4.6)
|
3.3 (4.6)*
|
0.97
|
F (SD)
|
5.0 (5.2)
|
5.1 (4.9)*
|
0.92
|
Numbers do not add up to the full sample size due to missing individual data
*Based on independent t-test; **Based on Chi-square test
Table 2: Association between OHIP-14 domains and diabetes status
Domain
|
Non-diabetic
Mean (SD)
|
Diabetic
Mean (SD)
|
P-value*
|
Functional Limitations
(trouble pronouncing words/worsened taste)
|
1.2 (1.6)
|
1.5 (1.4)
|
0.2
|
Physical Disability
(interrupted meals/poor diet)
|
2.6 (1.9)
|
2.7 (1.8)
|
0.6
|
Physical Pain
(oral pain/discomfort while eating)
|
2.4 (2.0)
|
2.5 (2.1)
|
0.6
|
Psychological Discomfort
(feeling tense/self- conscious)
|
2.0 (1.9)
|
2.2 (1.9)
|
0.72
|
Psychological Disability
(difficulty relaxing/embarrassment)
|
1.7 (1.7)
|
1.9 (1.7)
|
0.38
|
Social Disability
(irritability/difficulty doing usual jobs)
|
1.2 (1.4)
|
1.5 (1.6)
|
0.17
|
Handicap
(life less satisfying/inability to function)
|
1.4 (1.5)
|
1.3 (1.6)
|
0.63
|
Total OHIP
|
12.4 (9.5)
|
13.7 (9.7)
|
0.37
|
*Based on independent t-test; OHIP (Oral Health Impact Profile)
Table 3 shows the linear regression model for the association between OHIP-14 domains and clinical variables (CAL, DMFT scores), and diabetes status. Irrespective of diabetes status, DMFT scores were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with physical disability (B = 0.11, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.06, 0.16), physical pain (B = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01,0.11), psychological discomfort (B = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.10), psychological disability (B = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.10), as well as total OHIP scores (B = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.64). CAL was significantly associated with handicap (B = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.17, 1.51; Table 3).
Table 3: Association of clinical variables and diabetes status with oral health-related quality of life
Domain
|
Variable
|
Parameter Estimate*
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Functional Limitations
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.42
|
0.02, 0.86
|
CAL >3/CAL< 3
|
0.07
|
-0.54, 0.67
|
DMFT
|
0.07
|
-0.02, 0.11
|
Physical Disability
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.34
|
-0.25, 0.93
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.25
|
-1.1, 0.56
|
DMFT
|
0.11
|
0.06, 0.16
|
Physical Pain
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.12
|
-0.48, 0.72
|
CAL ≥3/CAL< 3
|
0.66
|
-0.17, 1.49
|
DMFT
|
0.06
|
0.01, 0.11
|
Psychological Discomfort
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.12
|
-0.44, 0.67
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.53
|
-1.2, 0.04
|
DMFT
|
0.07
|
0.02, 0.10
|
Psychological Disability
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.31
|
-0.2, 0.84
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.03
|
-0.68, 0.74
|
DMFT
|
0.06
|
0.02, 0.10
|
Social Disability
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.25
|
-0.20, 0.70
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.58
|
-0.05, 1.21
|
DMFT
|
0.01
|
-0.02, 0.05
|
Handicap
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
0.03
|
-0.44, 0.51
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.84
|
0.17, 1.51
|
DMFT
|
0.02
|
-0.02, 0.06
|
Total OHIP
|
Diabetics/non-diabetics
|
1.44
|
-1.36, 4.26
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
2.18
|
-1.70, 6.05
|
DMFT
|
0.42
|
0.19, 0.64
|
*Linear regression adjusted for gender and marital status
In non-diabetics, DMFT scores were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with scores in five OHIP domains, namely, functional limitation (B = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03, 012), physical disability (B = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.15), physical pain (B = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.19), psychological discomfort (B = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.13), and psychological disability (B = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.13), as well as total OHIP scores (B = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.74; p < 0.05; Table 4).
Table 4: Association of clinical variables with oral health-related quality of life among non-diabetics
Domain
|
Variable
|
Parameter Estimate*
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Functional Limitations
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.73
|
-1.80, 0.35
|
DMFT
|
0.08
|
0.03, 0.12
|
Physical Disability
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.21
|
-1.57, 1.16
|
DMFT
|
0.09
|
0.03, 0.15
|
Physical Pain
|
CAL ≥3/CAL <3
|
-1.11
|
-2.4, 0.19
|
DMFT
|
0.13
|
0.08, 0.19
|
Psychological Discomfort
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.23
|
-1.55, 1.09
|
DMFT
|
0.07
|
0.02, 0.13
|
Psychological Disability
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.58
|
-1.78, 0.63
|
DMFT
|
0.08
|
0.02, 0.13
|
Social Disability
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.17
|
-1.18, 0.83
|
DMFT
|
0.02
|
-0.02, 0.06
|
Handicap
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-0.04
|
-1.24, 1.17
|
DMFT
|
-0.01
|
-0.05, 0.05
|
Total OHIP
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
-3.1
|
-9.28, 3.2
|
DMFT
|
0.45
|
0.19, 0.74
|
*Linear regression adjusted for gender and marital status
On the other hand, among diabetic patients, CAL was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the social disability (B = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.11, 1.88) and handicap (B = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.36, 2.01) domains (p < 0.05; Table 5).
Table 5: Association of clinical variables with oral health-related quality of life among diabetic patients
Domain
|
Variable
|
Parameter Estimate*
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Functional Limitations
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.47
|
-0.32, 1.26
|
DMFT
|
0.05
|
-0.02, 0.1
|
Physical Disability
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
1.08
|
-0.03, 2.11
|
DMFT
|
0.02
|
-0.05, 0.10
|
Physical Pain
|
CAL ≥3/CAL <3
|
0.18
|
-0.004, 0.15
|
DMFT
|
0.07
|
-0.88, 1.25
|
Psychological Discomfort
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.99
|
-0.01, 2.0
|
DMFT
|
0.02
|
-0.05, 0.10
|
Psychological Disability
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
0.43
|
-0.50, 1.36
|
DMFT
|
0.03
|
-0.04, 0.10
|
Social Disability
|
CAL >3 /CAL <3
|
0.98
|
0.11, 1.88
|
DMFT
|
-0.01
|
-0.41, 1.09
|
Handicap
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
1.2
|
0.36, 2.01
|
DMFT
|
-0.1
|
0.01, 0.11
|
Total OHIP
|
CAL >3/CAL <3
|
4.86
|
-0.27, 9.9
|
DMFT
|
0.23
|
-0.14, 0.61
|
*Linear regression adjusted for gender and marital status