Table 1: Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA test for the mean values of age, weight, height, BMI, and radicular pain duration in all groups
Items
|
Mean ± SD
|
F-value
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Slider group
|
Tensioner group
|
Stretching group
|
Age (years)
|
35.83 ± 7.18
|
32.92 ± 7.33
|
34.92 ± 6.46
|
0.55
|
0.59
|
NS
|
Weight (kg)
|
78.25 ± 6.58
|
78.92 ± 5.92
|
81.17 ± 4.88
|
0.82
|
0.45
|
NS
|
Height (cm)
|
170.83 ± 7.33
|
172.5 ± 6.92
|
171.25 ± 7.79
|
0.17
|
0.85
|
NS
|
BMI (Kg/m2)
|
26.83 ± 3.71
|
26.42 ± 1.93
|
27.92 ± 2.75
|
0.86
|
0.43
|
NS
|
Radicular pain duration (months)
|
5.92 ± 2.47
|
6.17 ± 2.69
|
5.42 ± 2.39
|
0.23
|
0.76
|
NS
|
BMI= Body mass index, SD= Standard deviation, F-value= F-statistic, P-value= probability, Sig.= Significance, NS= non-significant.
Table 2: Paired t-test comparison for pre- and post-treatment mean values of pain intensity (VAS) for all groups.
Items
|
Pain intensity (VAS)
|
Mean difference
|
% of improvement
|
T-value
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Mean ± SD
|
Pre
|
Post
|
Slider group
|
7.42 ±1.17
|
2.75 ± 1.36
|
4.67
|
62.94%
|
18.21
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner group
|
6.83 ±1.53
|
3.08 ± 1.24
|
3.75
|
54.9%
|
10.69
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Stretching group
|
7.08 ±1.24
|
4.83 ± 1.64
|
2.25
|
31.78%
|
7.39
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
VAS= Visual analogue scale, SD = Standard deviation, % = Percentage, T-value = t-statistic, P-value = Probability, Sig. = Significance, * = Statistically significant, S = Significant.
Table 3: Paired t-test comparison for pre- and post-treatment mean values of hip flexion ROM for all groups.
Items
|
Hip flexion ROM
|
Mean difference
|
% of improvement
|
T-value
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Mean ± SD
|
Pre
|
Post
|
Slider group
|
52.58 ± 5.35
|
82.83 ± 4.13
|
-30.25
|
57.53%
|
-17.24
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner group
|
52.08 ± 4.21
|
75.67 ± 4.96
|
-23.58
|
45.28%
|
-23.5
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Stretching group
|
54.08 ± 5.35
|
69.33 ± 6.04
|
-15.25
|
28.2%
|
-14.2
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
ROM= Range of motion, SD = Standard deviation, % = Percentage, T-value = t-statistic, P-value = Probability, Sig. = Significance, * = Statistically significant, S = Significant.
Table 4: Paired t-test comparison for pre- and post-treatment mean values of knee extension ROM for all groups.
Items
|
Knee extension ROM
|
Mean difference
|
% of improvement
|
T-value
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Mean ± SD
|
Pre
|
Post
|
Slider group
|
31.92 ± 3.37
|
14.08 ± 3.32
|
17.83
|
55.86%
|
37.62
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner group
|
33.83 ± 4.15
|
19.08 ± 3.61
|
14.75
|
43.6%
|
16.93
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Stretching group
|
31.08 ± 4.32
|
24.25 ± 3.84
|
6.83
|
21.98%
|
15.5
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
ROM= Range of motion, SD = Standard deviation, % = Percentage, T-value = t-statistic, P-value = Probability, Sig. = Significance, * = Statistically significant, S = Significant.
Table 5: Paired t-test comparison for pre- and post-treatment mean values of lumbar flexion ROM for all groups.
Items
|
Lumbar flexion ROM
|
Mean difference
|
% of improvement
|
T-value
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Mean ± SD
|
Pre
|
Post
|
Slider group
|
4.75 ± 1.14
|
7.25 ± 0.97
|
-2.5
|
52.63%
|
-8.66
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner group
|
4.67 ± 1.07
|
6.17 ± 0.94
|
-1.5
|
32.12%
|
-6.51
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Stretching group
|
4.17 ± 1.19
|
4.92 ± 0.98
|
-0.75
|
17.99%
|
-4.18
|
0.002*
|
S
|
ROM= Range of motion, SD = Standard deviation, % = Percentage, T-value = t-statistic, P-value = Probability, Sig. = Significance, * = Statistically significant, S = Significant.
Table 6: Paired t-test comparison for pre- and post-treatment mean values of functional disability (ODI) for all groups.
Items
|
Functional disability (ODI)
|
Mean difference
|
% of improvement
|
T-value
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Mean ± SD
|
Pre
|
Post
|
Slider group
|
44.42 ± 4.79
|
18 ± 3.52
|
26.42
|
59.48%
|
30.21
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner group
|
42.08 ± 3.37
|
21.08 ± 2.68
|
21
|
49.9%
|
30.64
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Stretching group
|
43.83 ± 2.92
|
28.08 ± 4.94
|
15.75
|
35.93%
|
19.05
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
ODI= Oswestry disability index, SD = Standard deviation, % = Percentage, T-value = t-statistic, P-value = Probability, Sig. = Significance, * = Statistically significant, S = Significant.
Table 7: Multiple comparisons: post hoc tests (Tukey).
Groups
|
Mean difference
|
P-value
|
Sig.
|
Pain intensity (VAS)
|
Slider - Tensioner groups
|
-0.33
|
0.84
|
NS
|
Slider - Stretching groups
|
-2.08
|
0.003*
|
S
|
Tensioner – Stretching groups
|
-1.75
|
0.01*
|
S
|
Hip flexion ROM
|
Slider - Tensioner groups
|
7.17
|
0.004*
|
S
|
Slider - Stretching groups
|
13.5
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner – Stretching groups
|
6.33
|
0.01*
|
S
|
Knee extension ROM
|
Slider - Tensioner groups
|
-5
|
0.005*
|
S
|
Slider - Stretching groups
|
-10.17
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner – Stretching groups
|
-5.17
|
0.004*
|
S
|
Lumbar flexion ROM
|
Slider - Tensioner groups
|
1.08
|
0.03*
|
S
|
Slider - Stretching groups
|
2.33
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner – Stretching groups
|
1.25
|
0.009*
|
S
|
Functional disability (ODI)
|
Slider - Tensioner groups
|
-3.08
|
0.14
|
NS
|
Slider - Stretching groups
|
-10.08
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
Tensioner – Stretching groups
|
-7
|
0.0001*
|
S
|
VAS= Visual analogue scale, ROM= Range of motion, ODI= Oswestry disability index, P-value= probability, Sig.= Significance, *= Statistically significant, NS= Non-significant, S= significant.