See the published version of this preprint at Molecular Autism.
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Yvonne M.Y. Han
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-6834
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Background Impaired imitation has been found to be an important factor contributing to social communication deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been hypothesized that the neural correlate of imitation, the mirror neuron system (MNS), is dysfunctional in ASD, resulting in imitation impairment as one of the key behavioral manifestations in ASD. Previous MNS studies produced inconsistent results, leaving the debate of whether mirror neurons are “broken” in ASD unresolved.
Methods This meta-analysis aimed to explore the differences in MNS activation patterns between typically developing (TD) and ASD individuals when they observe biological motions with or without social-emotional components. Effect-size signed differential mapping (ES-SDM) was adopted to synthesize the available fMRI data.
Results ES-SDM analysis revealed hyperactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and left supplementary motor area in ASD during observation of biological motions. Subgroup analysis of experiments involving the observation of stimuli with or without emotional component revealed hyperactivation in the left inferior parietal lobule and left supplementary motor during action observation without emotional components, whereas hyperactivation of right inferior frontal gyrus was found during action observation with emotional components in ASD. Subgroup analyses of age showed hyperactivation of bilateral inferior frontal gyrus in ASD adolescents, while hyperactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus was noted in ASD adults. Meta-regression within ASD individuals indicated that right cerebellum crus I activation increased with age, while left inferior temporal gyrus activation decreased with age.
Limitations This meta-analysis is limited in its generalization of the findings to individuals with ASD by the restricted age range, heterogeneous study sample, and the large within-group variation in MNS activation patterns during object observation. Furthermore, we only included action observation studies which might limit the generalization of our results to the imitation deficits in ASD. In addition, the relatively small sample size for individual studies might also potentially overestimate the effect sizes.
Conclusion The MNS is impaired in ASD. The abnormal activation patterns were found to be modulated by the nature of stimuli and age, which might explain the contradictory results from earlier studies on the “broken mirror neuron” debate.
Keywords
meta-analysis, autism, action observation, mirror neuron, emotion, fMRI, ES-SDM
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View the published article at Molecular Autism.
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Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 27 Jul, 2020
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Received 16 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 30 Jun, 2020
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Received 30 Jun, 2020
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Editor invited
On 28 Jun, 2020
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Review #3 received
Received 29 Apr, 2020
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 29 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 16 Apr, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 16 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 17 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 12 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 12 Mar, 2020
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On 14 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
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Subject Areas
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See the published version of this preprint at Molecular Autism.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Yvonne M.Y. Han
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-6834
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Molecular Autism.
Version 3
Posted 18 Aug, 2020
No community comments so far
Review #1 received
Received 01 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 01 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 17 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 12 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 12 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 11 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 11 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 27 Jul, 2020
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 27 Jul, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 16 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 30 Jun, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 30 Jun, 2020
Editor assigned
On 29 Jun, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 29 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 29 Jun, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 28 Jun, 2020
Editor invited
On 28 Jun, 2020
No comments provided
Review #3 received
Received 29 Apr, 2020
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 29 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 16 Apr, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 16 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 17 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 12 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 12 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 14 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 14 Feb, 2020
Editor assigned
On 14 Feb, 2020
First submitted
On 13 Feb, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Molecular Autism.
Background Impaired imitation has been found to be an important factor contributing to social communication deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been hypothesized that the neural correlate of imitation, the mirror neuron system (MNS), is dysfunctional in ASD, resulting in imitation impairment as one of the key behavioral manifestations in ASD. Previous MNS studies produced inconsistent results, leaving the debate of whether mirror neurons are “broken” in ASD unresolved.
Methods This meta-analysis aimed to explore the differences in MNS activation patterns between typically developing (TD) and ASD individuals when they observe biological motions with or without social-emotional components. Effect-size signed differential mapping (ES-SDM) was adopted to synthesize the available fMRI data.
Results ES-SDM analysis revealed hyperactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and left supplementary motor area in ASD during observation of biological motions. Subgroup analysis of experiments involving the observation of stimuli with or without emotional component revealed hyperactivation in the left inferior parietal lobule and left supplementary motor during action observation without emotional components, whereas hyperactivation of right inferior frontal gyrus was found during action observation with emotional components in ASD. Subgroup analyses of age showed hyperactivation of bilateral inferior frontal gyrus in ASD adolescents, while hyperactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus was noted in ASD adults. Meta-regression within ASD individuals indicated that right cerebellum crus I activation increased with age, while left inferior temporal gyrus activation decreased with age.
Limitations This meta-analysis is limited in its generalization of the findings to individuals with ASD by the restricted age range, heterogeneous study sample, and the large within-group variation in MNS activation patterns during object observation. Furthermore, we only included action observation studies which might limit the generalization of our results to the imitation deficits in ASD. In addition, the relatively small sample size for individual studies might also potentially overestimate the effect sizes.
Conclusion The MNS is impaired in ASD. The abnormal activation patterns were found to be modulated by the nature of stimuli and age, which might explain the contradictory results from earlier studies on the “broken mirror neuron” debate.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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