Table 1. Summary Statistics
|
Husband employed
(1)
|
Husband not employed
(2)
|
Wife in labor force
|
0.742
|
0.746
|
Husband's age
|
41.9
(8.1)
|
41.3
(7.7)
|
Husband’s unemployment insurance
|
Yes
|
…
|
0.269
|
No
|
…
|
0.730
|
Wife's characteristics
|
Wife's education
|
|
|
Less than high school
|
0.078
|
0.141
|
High school graduate
|
0.199
|
0.262
|
Some college
|
0.341
|
0.346
|
Bachelor degree
|
0.257
|
0.167
|
Masters or higher
|
0.126
|
0.082
|
Wife's age
|
39.5
(7.8)
|
40.0
(8.1)
|
Wives' race and ethnicity
|
White alone
|
0.847
|
0.790
|
Black alone
|
0.069
|
0.111
|
Asian alone
|
0.056
|
0.059
|
Other races or more than one
|
0.027
|
0.039
|
Family variables
|
Number of children under 18
|
0 child
|
0.308
|
0.372
|
1 child
|
0.245
|
0.237
|
2 children
|
0.282
|
0.232
|
3 or more children
|
0.163
|
0.158
|
Residence
|
Metro
|
0.808
|
0.787
|
Not Metro
|
0.156
|
0.174
|
Not Identified
|
0.035
|
0.038
|
Ownership of the house
|
Owned or being bought
|
0.787
|
0.633
|
Rented
|
0.199
|
0.346
|
Occupied without payment
|
0.013
|
0.020
|
No. of observations
|
229,825
|
31,073
|
Notes: The numbers are based on tabulations from wave 1 to wave 7 of 2008 SIPP panel. The first column presents the means for the employed spells that satisfy the sample restrictions (age, couple, and spouse present). The second column presents the means for not employed spells for comparison. Standard deviations are in the parenthesis. All reported statistics use SIPP household weights, as do subsequent analyses.
Table 2. Odds ratios predicting wives’ likelihood of labor force participation at t as function of husband’s labor force status in prior month(s), 2008, 2009 & 2010.
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
|
wife in lf in (t-1)
|
wife not in lf in (t-1)
|
wife in lf or nlf in (t-1)
|
wife in lf in (t-1)
|
wife not in lf in (t-1)
|
2008
|
Husband’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s labor force status (ref: hus is emp at t-1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband is unemployed at (t-1)
|
0.891
|
0.968
|
1.085
|
0.905
|
1.190
|
|
(0.222)
|
(0.212)
|
(0.110)
|
(0.406)
|
(0.300)
|
Husband not in labor force at (t-1)
|
0.953
|
1.077
|
0.843**
|
0.924
|
1.290
|
|
(0.250)
|
(0.173)
|
(0.067)
|
(0.255)
|
(0.222)
|
Husband unemployed both in (t-1) & (t-2)
|
|
|
|
1.051
|
0.674
|
|
|
|
|
(0.523)
|
(0.218)
|
Observations
|
44,668
|
15,821
|
60,489
|
36,220
|
12,609
|
2009
|
Husband’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s labor force status (ref: hus is emp at t-1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband is unemployed at (t-1)
|
0.762*
|
1.710***
|
1.182**
|
0.674*
|
1.563**
|
|
(0.125)
|
(0.261)
|
(0.090)
|
(0.152)
|
(0.345)
|
Husband not in labor force at (t-1)
|
1.211
|
1.364**
|
1.061
|
1.198
|
1.373**
|
|
(0.186)
|
(0.202)
|
(0.095)
|
(0.184)
|
(0.204)
|
Husband unemployed both in (t-1) & (t-2)
|
|
|
|
1.168
|
1.093
|
|
|
|
|
(0.276)
|
(0.257)
|
Observations
|
87,457
|
29,282
|
116,739
|
86,877
|
29,083
|
2010
|
Husband’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s labor force status (ref: hus is emp at t-1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband is unemployed at (t-1)
|
0.827
|
1.332
|
1.277***
|
0.816
|
1.028
|
|
(0.148)
|
(0.243)
|
(0.114)
|
(0.251)
|
(0.310)
|
Husband not in labor force at (t-1)
|
0.943
|
1.448**
|
0.994
|
0.933
|
1.460**
|
|
(0.171)
|
(0.243)
|
(0.093)
|
(0.170)
|
(0.247)
|
Husband unemployed both in (t-1) & (t-2)
|
|
|
|
1.042
|
1.326
|
|
|
|
|
(0.355)
|
(0.424)
|
Observations
|
52,299
|
18,690
|
70,989
|
51,966
|
18,574
|
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 3. Odds ratios predicting wives’ likelihood of labor force participation at t as function of husband’s labor force status in prior month(s), 2008 to 2010.
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
|
wife in lf in (t-1)
|
wife not in lf in (t-1)
|
wife in lf or nlf in (t-1)
|
wife in lf in (t-1)
|
wife not in lf in (t-1)
|
Husband’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s labor force status (ref: hus is emp at t-1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband is unemployed at (t-1)
|
0.797**
|
1.421***
|
1.190***
|
0.743*
|
1.325*
|
|
(0.091)
|
(0.155)
|
(0.077)
|
(0.128)
|
(0.207)
|
Husband not in labor force at (t-1)
|
1.066
|
1.311***
|
0.982
|
1.050
|
1.385***
|
|
(0.124)
|
(0.135)
|
(0.069)
|
(0.124)
|
(0.146)
|
Husband unemployed both in (t-1) & (t-2)
|
|
|
|
1.106
|
1.068
|
|
|
|
|
(0.222)
|
(0.180)
|
Husband’s education (ref: some college)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than high school
|
0.742***
|
0.977
|
0.733***
|
0.733***
|
0.975
|
|
(0.074)
|
(0.094)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.074)
|
(0.097)
|
High school graduate
|
0.951
|
1.100
|
1.083
|
0.958
|
1.102
|
|
(0.063)
|
(0.089)
|
(0.064)
|
(0.064)
|
(0.090)
|
Bachelor degree
|
1.076
|
0.689***
|
0.740***
|
1.084
|
0.695***
|
|
(0.080)
|
(0.060)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.083)
|
(0.061)
|
Masters or higher
|
0.759***
|
0.580***
|
0.432***
|
0.769**
|
0.594***
|
|
(0.080)
|
(0.061)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.081)
|
(0.063)
|
Husband's age
|
1.002
|
1.004
|
1.001
|
1.003
|
1.005
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.006)
|
Husband’s unemployment insurance (ref: no ins.)
|
1.129
|
0.925
|
1.041
|
1.123
|
0.943
|
|
(0.162)
|
(0.120)
|
(0.079)
|
(0.163)
|
(0.124)
|
Wife’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wife’s education (ref: some college)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than high school
|
0.588***
|
0.681***
|
0.352***
|
0.587***
|
0.698***
|
|
(0.055)
|
(0.079)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.056)
|
(0.083)
|
High school graduate
|
0.826***
|
0.825***
|
0.584***
|
0.817***
|
0.835**
|
|
(0.050)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.060)
|
Bachelor degree
|
1.255***
|
1.297***
|
1.343***
|
1.255***
|
1.271***
|
|
(0.096)
|
(0.106)
|
(0.083)
|
(0.098)
|
(0.107)
|
Masters or higher
|
1.964***
|
1.604***
|
2.623***
|
1.957***
|
1.569***
|
|
(0.234)
|
(0.187)
|
(0.260)
|
(0.234)
|
(0.193)
|
Wife's age
|
1.140***
|
1.073*
|
1.184***
|
1.138***
|
1.075*
|
|
(0.038)
|
(0.040)
|
(0.038)
|
(0.039)
|
(0.040)
|
Wife's age square(a)
|
0.873***
|
0.885**
|
0.815***
|
0.875***
|
0.882**
|
|
(0.036)
|
(0.043)
|
(0.033)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.043)
|
Wife’s race & ethnicity (ref: White alone)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Black
|
0.942
|
1.463***
|
1.416***
|
0.946
|
1.463***
|
|
(0.100)
|
(0.148)
|
(0.121)
|
(0.102)
|
(0.154)
|
Asian
|
0.796**
|
0.747***
|
0.620***
|
0.799**
|
0.778**
|
|
(0.088)
|
(0.081)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.089)
|
(0.084)
|
Other races or more than one
|
0.754**
|
1.107
|
0.971
|
0.775*
|
1.104
|
|
(0.104)
|
(0.161)
|
(0.116)
|
(0.107)
|
(0.162)
|
Family variables
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of children under 18 (ref: 2 children)
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 child
|
1.126*
|
1.581***
|
1.855***
|
1.107
|
1.602***
|
|
(0.076)
|
(0.115)
|
(0.110)
|
(0.077)
|
(0.119)
|
1 child
|
0.955
|
1.217***
|
1.237***
|
0.939
|
1.209**
|
|
(0.062)
|
(0.088)
|
(0.063)
|
(0.061)
|
(0.090)
|
3 or more children
|
0.796***
|
0.886*
|
0.586***
|
0.783***
|
0.900
|
|
(0.060)
|
(0.060)
|
(0.033)
|
(0.060)
|
(0.061)
|
Residence (ref: metro)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Not metro
|
0.968
|
1.009
|
1.107
|
0.987
|
1.009
|
|
(0.065)
|
(0.081)
|
(0.078)
|
(0.068)
|
(0.080)
|
Not Identified
|
1.059
|
1.090
|
1.235
|
1.057
|
1.038
|
|
(0.159)
|
(0.160)
|
(0.163)
|
(0.160)
|
(0.158)
|
Unemployment (state)
|
0.951***
|
0.962***
|
0.978***
|
0.965***
|
0.953***
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
Constant
|
6.203***
|
0.020***
|
0.129***
|
5.421***
|
0.021***
|
|
(3.785)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.079)
|
(3.373)
|
(0.015)
|
Observations
|
184,424
|
63,793
|
248,217
|
175,063
|
60,266
|
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
(a)Wife’s age square is defined by age square divided by hundred.
Table 4. Odds ratios from fixed effects logit predicting wives’ likelihood of labor force participation at t as function of husband’s labor force status in prior month(s), 2008 to 2010.
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
|
wife in lf in (t-1)
|
wife not in lf in (t-1)
|
wife in lf or nlf in (t-1)
|
wife in lf in (t-1)
|
wife not in lf in (t-1)
|
Husband’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s labor force status (ref: hus is emp at t-1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Husband is unemployed at (t-1)
|
0.907
|
1.142
|
1.183***
|
0.912
|
1.030
|
|
(0.110)
|
(0.153)
|
(0.060)
|
(0.163)
|
(0.200)
|
|
[0.714 1.150]
|
[0.878 1.484]
|
[1.069 1.308]
|
[0.642 1.296]
|
[0.704 1.507]
|
Husband not in labor force at (t-1)
|
1.187
|
1.040
|
0.730***
|
1.222
|
1.188
|
|
(0.227)
|
(0.206)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.240)
|
(0.246)
|
|
[0.815 1.727]
|
[0.705 1.532]
|
[0.637 0.835]
|
[0.831 1.794]
|
[0.791 1.782]
|
Husband unemployed both in (t-1) & (t-2)
|
|
|
|
1.020
|
1.223
|
|
|
|
|
(0.200)
|
(0.263)
|
|
|
|
|
[0.662 0.733]
|
[1.394 1.564]
|
Wife’s characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wife's age
|
1.057
|
1.033
|
1.026
|
1.050
|
1.144
|
|
(0.186)
|
(0.209)
|
(0.068)
|
(0.192)
|
(0.238)
|
Wife's age square(a)
|
0.898
|
0.948
|
0.946
|
0.903
|
0.840
|
|
(0.201)
|
(0.248)
|
(0.080)
|
(0.209)
|
(0.226)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployment (state)
|
0.681***
|
1.529***
|
1.023***
|
0.697***
|
1.477***
|
|
(0.016)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.018)
|
(0.043)
|
Observations
|
24,551
|
17,675
|
55,671
|
22,809
|
16,144
|
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. Confidence intervals (95%) are in square bracket.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. (a)Wife’s age square is defined by age square divided by hundred.