Participants’ characteristics
PIVAS leaders
In total, 137 PIVAS leaders were included in this study; 39.4% (54/137) were male and 60.6% (83/137) were female. Over half (56.2%, 77/137) were located in eastern China, 27.0% (37/137) were in western China, and 6.8% (23/137) were in central China. The majority of leaders worked in Level III Grade A hospitals (74.5%, 102/137) and 13.9%, (19/137) worked in Level III Grade B hospitals. Participating leaders’ job titles included: senior titles (12.4%, 17/137), deputy titles (45.3%, 60/137), intermediate titles (37.2%, 51/137), and junior titles (5.1%, 7/137).
PIVAS staff
Overall, 501 PIVAS staff were included in this study; 24.2% (121/501) were male and 75.8% (380/501) were female. Over half of these participants (56.1%, 281/501) were located in eastern China, 27.5% (138/501) were in western China, and 16.4% (82/501) were in central China. Most PIVAS staff worked in Level III hospitals (91.0%, 456/501). The largest group of participants had junior job titles (49.5%, 248/501) followed by intermediate job titles (22.2%, 111/501). The majority of staff held a bachelor’s degree (72.5%, 363/501). Their work experience in PIVAS ranged from 0.08 to 35 years (mean 4.26±3.56 years).
Prevalence of anxiety and depression
PIVAS leaders
The anxiety scores for PIVAS leaders ranged from 1 to 10, with a mean score of 5.26±4.41 (median: 4). Overall, 56.2% (77/137) of leaders had no anxiety, 29.2% (40/137) had mild anxiety, and 14.6% (20/137) had moderate anxiety. The depression scores ranged from 0 to 18, with a mean score of 3.87±3.78 (median: 2); 61.3% (84/137) of leaders had no depression, 29.9% (41/137) had mild depression, and 8.8% (12/137) had moderate depression.
PIVAS staff
Among PIVAS staff, the anxiety scores ranged from 1 to 24, with a mean score of 5.47±4.89 (median: 4). Overall, 52.7% (264/501) had no anxiety, 32.1% (161/501) had mild anxiety and 15.2% (76/501) had moderate anxiety. Depression scores ranged from 0 to 24, with a mean score of 4.92±4.44 (median: 4); 53.5% (268/501) had no depression, 32.9% (165/501) had mild depression, and 13.6% (68/501) had moderate depression.
Factors affecting anxiety and depression
PIVAS leaders
In the univariate analysis, four variables showed statistically significant associations with anxiety scores: PIVAS profit and loss situation (P=0.111), degree of recognition by doctors (P=0.14), interest in scientific research among staff (P=0.049), and staff scientific research ability (P=0.048). We included factors with a P-value <.020 in the univariate analyses in our multiple linear regression model. The results showed that only the degree of recognition by doctors ( =−0.170; standard error [SE]=0.656; P=0.049) was associated with anxiety scores. Table 1.
Five variables had statistically significant associations with depression scores in the univariate analysis: job title (P=0.138), PIVAS charge standard (P=0.089), degree of recognition by doctors (P=0.004), staff interest in scientific research (P=0.118), and staff scientific research ability (P=0.069). The multiple linear regression model revealed that PIVAS charge standard ( =−0.190; SE=0.577; P=0.020), PIVAS profit and loss situation ( =−0.243; SE=0.540; P=0.004), and the degree of recognition by doctors ( =0.230; SE=0.456; P=0.010) were associated with depression scores. Table 2.
PIVAS staff
In the univariate analysis, six variables had statistically significant associations with anxiety scores: working hours per day (P=0.015), whether PIVAS training was sufficient (P=0.047), importance PIVAS attached to personnel training (P=0.047), satisfaction with PIVAS training (P=0.000), satisfaction with working in PIVAS (P=0.000), and interest in scientific research (P=0.097). The results of the multiple linear regression model showed that only satisfaction with working in PIVAS ( =−0.400; SE=0.406; P=0.000) was associated with anxiety scores. Table 3.
The univariate analysis showed that factors associated with depression scores were job title (P=0.037), working years (P=0.111), working hours per day (P=0.006), whether PIVAS training was sufficient (P=0.026), importance PIVAS attached to personnel training (P=0.018), satisfaction with PIVAS training (P=0.000), satisfaction with working in PIVAS (P=0.000), need for scientific research (P=0.114), interest in scientific research (P=0.007), and staff scientific research ability (P=0.053). However, in the multiple linear regression model, three factors were statistically significant: job title ( =0.113; SE=0.215; P=0.012), working hours per day ( =0.090; SE=0.462; P=0.030), and satisfaction with working in PIVAS ( =−0.401; SE=0.364; P=0.000). Table 4.