Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2018. “Elixhauser Comorbidity Software for ICD-10-CM Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.” Agency for Journal of Statistical Software 23 Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/comorbidityicd10/comorbidity_icd10.jsp.
Atlas, Steven A. 2007. “The Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System: Pathophysiological Role and Pharmacologic Inhibition.” Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 13 (8 Supp B): 9–20. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.s8-b.9.
Bobkova, Irina, Natalia Chebotareva, Lydiya Kozlovskaya, and Evgenij Shilov. 2016. “Edema in Renal Diseases – Current View on Pathogenesis.” Nephrology @ Point of Care 2 (1): pocj.5000204. https://doi.org/10.5301/pocj.5000204.
Chen, Dong, Xiaokun Li, Qifa Song, Chenchan Hu, Feifei Su, Jianyi Dai, Yinghai Ye, Jianping Huang, and Xiaoming Zhang. 2020. “Hypokalemia and Clinical Implications in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Preprint. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20028530.
Chen, Jiawei, Quanlong Jiang, Xian Xia, Kangping Liu, Zhengqing Yu, Wanyu Tao, Wenxuan Gong, and Jing‐Dong J. Han. 2020. “Individual Variation of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Receptor ACE2 Gene Expression and Regulation.” Aging Cell 19 (7). https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13168.
Corti, Maria-Chiara. 1994. “Serum Albumin Level and Physical Disability as Predictors of Mortality in Older Persons.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (13): 1036. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520130074036.
Elixhauser, A, C Steiner, DR Harris, and RM Coffey. 1998. “Comorbidity Measures for Use with Administrative Data.” Medical Care 36 (1): 8–27.
Enderlein, G. 1987. “Cox, D. R.; Oakes, D.: Analysis of Survival Data. Chapman and Hall, London – New York 1984, 201 S., £ 12,–.” Biometrical Journal 29 (1): 114–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710290119.
Epelman, Slava, W.H. Wilson Tang, Stephen Y. Chen, Frederick Van Lente, Gary S. Francis, and Subha Sen. 2008. “Detection of Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Heart Failure.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52 (9): 750–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.088.
Fountain, John H., and Sarah L. Lappin. 2020. Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470410/.
Foy, Brody H., Jonathan C. T. Carlson, Erik Reinertsen, Raimon Padros I. Valls, Roger Pallares Lopez, Eric Palanques-Tost, Christopher Mow, M. Brandon Westover, Aaron D. Aguirre, and John M. Higgins. 2020. “Association of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width With Mortality Risk in Hospitalized Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection.” JAMA Network Open 3 (9): e2022058. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22058.
Gounden, Verena, Rishik Vashisht, and Ishwarlal Jialal. 2020. Hypoalbuminemia. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526080/.
Groß, Sonja, Christopher Jahn, Sarah Cushman, Christian Bär, and Thomas Thum. 2020. “SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2-Dependent Implications on the Cardiovascular System: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications.” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 144 (July): 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.031.
Gupta, Aakriti, Mahesh V. Madhavan, Kartik Sehgal, Nandini Nair, Shiwani Mahajan, Tejasav S. Sehrawat, Behnood Bikdeli, et al. 2020. “Extrapulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19.” Nature Medicine 26 (7): 1017–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3.
Hamming, I, W Timens, Mlc Bulthuis, At Lely, Gj Navis, and H van Goor. 2004. “Tissue Distribution of ACE2 Protein, the Functional Receptor for SARS Coronavirus. A First Step in Understanding SARS Pathogenesis.” The Journal of Pathology 203 (2): 631–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570.
“Healthline Basic Metabolic Panel.” 2017. https://www.healthline.com/health/basic-metabolic-panel#normal-results.
Hoffmann, Christian, and Eva Wolf. 2020. “Older Age Groups and Country-Specific Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19 in Europe, USA and Canada.” Infection, October. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01538-w.
Høstmark, Arne T, Sissel E Tomten, and John E Berg. 2005. “Serum Albumin and Blood Pressure: A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study:” Journal of Hypertension 23 (4): 725–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000163139.44094.1d.
Hu, Weihua, Xinke lv, Chang Li, Yang Xu, Yiding Qi, Zhuheng Zhang, Mingxuan Li, et al. 2020. “Disorders of Sodium Balance and Its Clinical Implications in COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.” Internal and Emergency Medicine, October. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02515-9.
Huang, Jiaofeng, Aiguo Cheng, Rahul Kumar, Yingying Fang, Gongping Chen, Yueyong Zhu, and Su Lin. 2020. “Hypoalbuminemia Predicts the Outcome of COVID‐19 Independent of Age and Co‐morbidity.” Journal of Medical Virology 92 (10): 2152–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26003.
Huang, Wei, Chenze Li, Zhiquan Wang, Hong Wang, Ning Zhou, Jiangang Jiang, Li Ni, Xin A. Zhang, and Dao-Wen Wang. 2020. “Decreased Serum Albumin Level Indicates Poor Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients: Hepatic Injury Analysis from 2,623 Hospitalized Cases.” Science China Life Sciences 63 (11): 1678–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1733-4.
Kats, Jorge P. van, Larissa M. de Lannoy, A. H. Jan Danser, Jan R. van Meegen, Pieter D. Verdouw, and Maarten A. D. H. Schalekamp. 1997. “Angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) Receptor–Mediated Accumulation of Angiotensin II in Tissues and Its Intracellular Half-Life In Vivo.” Hypertension 30 (1): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.30.1.42.
Lauer, Stephen A., Kyra H. Grantz, Qifang Bi, Forrest K. Jones, Qulu Zheng, Hannah R. Meredith, Andrew S. Azman, Nicholas G. Reich, and Justin Lessler. 2020. “The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application.” Annals of Internal Medicine 172 (9): 577–82. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504.
Li, Juyi, Xiufang Wang, Jian Chen, Xiuran Zuo, Hongmei Zhang, and Aiping Deng. 2020. “COVID‐19 Infection May Cause Ketosis and Ketoacidosis.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 22 (10): 1935–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14057.
Lippi, Giuseppe, Andrew M South, and Brandon Michael Henry. 2020. “Electrolyte Imbalances in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 57 (3): 262–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563220922255.
Navar, L. Gabriel. 2014. “Physiology: Hemodynamics, Endothelial Function, Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System, Sympathetic Nervous System.” Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 8 (7): 519–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2014.05.014.
“NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary.” 2008. http://www.ardsnet.org/files/ventilator_protocol_2008-07.pdf.
Ogbu, Ogbonna C., David J. Murphy, and Greg S. Martin. 2015. “How to Avoid Fluid Overload:” Current Opinion in Critical Care 21 (4): 315–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000211.
Patel, Vaibhav B., Jiu-Chang Zhong, Maria B. Grant, and Gavin Y. Oudit. 2016. “Role of the ACE2/Angiotensin 1–7 Axis of the Renin–Angiotensin System in Heart Failure.” Circulation Research 118 (8): 1313–26. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307708.
Perner, Anders. 2009. “Diagnosing Hypovolemia in the Critically Ill*:” Critical Care Medicine 37 (9): 2674–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ad77d8.
Quan, H., B. Li, C. M. Couris, K. Fushimi, P. Graham, P. Hider, J.-M. Januel, and V. Sundararajan. 2011. “Updating and Validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and Score for Risk Adjustment in Hospital Discharge Abstracts Using Data From 6 Countries.” American Journal of Epidemiology 173 (6): 676–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq433.
Reche, Pedro A. 2020. “Potential Cross-Reactive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 From Common Human Pathogens and Vaccines.” Frontiers in Immunology 11 (October): 586984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.586984.
Reid, I.A., J. Schwartz, L. Ben, J. Maselli, and L.C. Keil. 1983. “Interactions Between Vasopressin and the Renin–Angiotensin System.” In Progress in Brain Research, 60:475–91. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64414-3.
Richards, A M. 1996. “The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and the Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides.” Heart 76 (3 Suppl 3): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.76.3_Suppl_3.36.
Simon, Noah, Jerome Friedman, Trevor Hastie, and Rob Tibshirani. 2011. “Regularization Paths for Cox’s Proportional Hazards Model via Coordinate Descent.” Journal of Statistical Software 39 (5): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v039.i05.
Smith, George Davey, Carole Hart, Mark Upton, David Hole, Charles Gillis, Graham Watt, and Victor Hawthorne. 2000. “Height and Risk of Death among Men and Women: Aetiological Implications of Associations with Cardiorespiratory Disease and Cancer Mortality.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-) 54 (2): 97–103.
Steck, H, B Krishnapuram, and C Dehing-Oberije. 2008. “On Ranking in Survival Analysis: Bounds on the Concordance Index.” In Platt JC, Koller D, Singer Y, Roweis ST (eds): Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 20, Curran Associates, Inc.
Stekhoven, D. J., and P. Buhlmann. 2012. “MissForest--Non-Parametric Missing Value Imputation for Mixed-Type Data.” Bioinformatics 28 (1): 112–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr597.
Tsolaki, Vasiliki, George E Zakynthinos, Konstantinos Mantzarlis, and Dimosthenis Makris. 2020. “Increased Mortality among Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients: Pay a Closer Look on Diuretics in Mechanically Ventilated Patients.” Heart & Lung 49 (6): 894–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.06.009.
Wagner, Carsten A. 2014. “Effect of Mineralocorticoids on Acid-Base Balance.” Nephron Physiology 128 (1–2): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000368266.
Williamson, Elizabeth J., Alex J. Walker, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Seb Bacon, Chris Bates, Caroline E. Morton, Helen J. Curtis, et al. 2020. “Factors Associated with COVID-19-Related Death Using OpenSAFELY.” Nature 584 (7821): 430–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4.
Yehia, Baligh R., Angela Winegar, Richard Fogel, Mohamad Fakih, Allison Ottenbacher, Christine Jesser, Angelo Bufalino, Ren-Huai Huang, and Joseph Cacchione. 2020. “Association of Race With Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 92 US Hospitals.” JAMA Network Open 3 (8): e2018039. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18039.
Zuin, Marco, Gianluca Rigatelli, Giovanni Zuliani, Alberto Rigatelli, Alberto Mazza, and Loris Roncon. 2020. “Arterial Hypertension and Risk of Death in Patients with COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Infection 81 (1): e84–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.059.