Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics among subjects with different types of AF
|
Control
|
Pers AF
|
Paro AF
|
|
n=43
|
n=35
|
n=49
|
Gender(FM/M)
|
23/20
|
12/23
|
18/31
|
Age (years)
|
55.7±8.1
|
59.5±9.4
|
58.4±10.8
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
124±14
|
140±20***
|
136±19***
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
81±12
|
84±11
|
78±13
|
HR (bpm)
|
64±10
|
85±19***
|
66±11###
|
BMI(kg/m2)
|
24.39±3.50
|
26.62±3.40**
|
26.2±3.69*
|
WC (cm)
|
86.07±6.71
|
92.90±7.80***
|
90.83±10.09*
|
WHR
|
0.86±0.05
|
0.91±0.04***
|
0.91±0.06***
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
4.86±0.99
|
4.80±1.51
|
4.72±0.89
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.26±0.66
|
1.55±0.82
|
1.82±1.34
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.34±0.28
|
1.24±0.30
|
1.28±0.32
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
2.61±0.67
|
2.73±1.11
|
2.62±0.65
|
CAD (N, %)
|
0(0)
|
15(42.9)***
|
17(34.7)**
|
DM (N, %)
|
0(0)
|
15(42.9)***
|
8(16.3)**
|
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, Body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, Diabetes Mellitus.
vs. Control, *P<0.05, **P<0.01,***P<0.001; vs. Pers AF, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001
Table 2 Comparison of conventional echocardiographic parameters among subjects with different types of AF
|
Control
|
Pers AF
|
Paro AF
n=49
|
|
n=43
|
n=35
|
LVMI (g/m2)
|
117.17±24.13
|
138.84±42.54*
|
128.35±35.03
|
LVIDd (mm)
|
43.91±3.74
|
46.41±6.44*
|
44.94±4.65
|
IVST (mm)
|
10.91±1.43
|
12.26±1.70**
|
11.80±2.09
|
PWT (mm)
|
10.14±1.48
|
11.02±1.72
|
10.80±1.77
|
LVEF
|
0.61±0.05
|
0.59±0.04
|
0.61±0.07
|
EDV (ml)
|
76.4±17.6
|
77.5±26.1
|
86.1±22.8*
|
ESV (ml)
|
29.56±7.59
|
32.69±10.50
|
34.23±15.17
|
E (m/s)
|
0.71±0.13
|
0.88±0.22**
|
0.68±0.18###
|
e´(m/s)
|
0.11±0.02
|
0.12±0.03
|
0.10±0.02**##
|
E/e'
|
6.33±1.35
|
8.09±3.15*
|
7.24±2.41
|
LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVIDd, left ventricular diameter in end diastole; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; PWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; EDV, LV end-diastolic volume; ESV, LV end-systolic volume; E, maximum amplitudes of the early diastolic wave; e´, early diastolic velocity of septal mitral valve ring.
vs. Control, *P<0.05, **P<0.01,***P<0.001; vs. Pers AF, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001
Table 3 Comparison of regional longitudinal strain(%) among subjects with different types of AF
|
Control
|
Pers AF
|
Paro AF
|
|
n=43
|
n=35
|
n=49
|
Basal septum
|
-15.39±5.35
|
-9.32±4.85***
|
-12.81±7.08*#
|
Middle septum
|
-19.25±4.61
|
-9.02±4.12***
|
-15.80±5.41***###
|
Apical septum
|
-19.81±6.86
|
-11.57±5.27***
|
-17.47±7.06###
|
Basal lateral
|
-23.21±6.30
|
-16.45±6.42***
|
-19.77±8.02*#
|
Middle lateral
|
-16.76±5.09
|
-11.83±4.99***
|
-15.23±6.84#
|
Apical lateral
|
-14.72±6.07
|
-11.43±6.10
|
-15.34±7.66#
|
Basal inferior
|
-17.92±6.67
|
-11.72±6.30***
|
-16.62±6.75##
|
Middle inferior
|
-19.26±5.30
|
-10.44±3.87***
|
-16.15±5.00*###
|
Apical inferior
|
-22.01±9.57
|
-15.80±8.42**
|
-18.17±6.55
|
Basal anterior
|
-21.13±7.78
|
-15.37±7.16**
|
-20.80±8.06##
|
Middle anterior
|
-16.34±5.94
|
-11.90±5.31**
|
-16.92±5.58###
|
Apical anterior
|
-18.11±9.69
|
-12.03±8.11**
|
-15.81±6.03
|
vs. Control, *P<0.05, **P<0.01,***P<0.001; vs. Pers AF, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001
Table 4 Comparison of regional circumferential strain(%) among subjects with different types of AF
|
Control
|
Pers AF
|
Paro AF
|
|
n=43
|
n=35
|
n=49
|
Middle anteroseptum
|
-36.03±8.42
|
-21.02±9.60***
|
-31.07±11.97*###
|
Middle anterior
|
-28.08±10.16
|
-19.43±9.20**
|
-26.23±11.71#
|
Middle lateral
|
-26.71±10.63
|
-18.54±9.03***
|
-21.70±12.37*
|
Middle posterior
|
-25.48±8.89
|
-17.67±9.76***
|
-20.03±9.35*
|
Middle inferior
|
-25.27±9.40
|
-16.62±7.34***
|
-20.53±7.23*
|
Middle septum
|
-30.94±10.59
|
-17.39±9.73***
|
-27.40±9.71###
|
vs. Control, *P<0.05,***P<0.001; vs. Pers AF, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001
Table 5 Subgroup comparison of VVI-derived parameters between subjects with and without CAD within different types of AF
|
Pers AF
|
Paro AF
|
|
Without CAD
|
CAD
|
P
|
Without CAD
|
CAD
|
P
|
GLS (%)
|
-12.14±3.29
|
-12.39±3.35
|
0.85
|
-17.39±3.13
|
-16.38±2.69
|
0.34
|
GCS (%)
|
-17.51±5.79
|
-19.88±7.30
|
0.33
|
-24.09±7.07
|
-25.13±6.64
|
0.67
|
SDT-S(ms)
|
70±21
|
76±39
|
0.59
|
59±18
|
67±15
|
0.22
|
GLS, global longitudinal strain; GCS, global circumferential strain; SDT-S, SD of time to peak longitudinal strain of all 12 segments; CAD, coronary artery disease
Table 6 Univariate analysis of GLS, GCS and SDT-S with Spearman correlation
|
GLS
|
GCS
|
SDT-S
|
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
HR(bpm)
|
-0.406
|
<0.001
|
-0.419
|
<0.001
|
0.091
|
0.351
|
Age(years)
|
0.024
|
0.803
|
-0.060
|
0.548
|
0.260
|
0.007
|
SBP(mmHg)
|
-0.257
|
0.009
|
-0.198
|
0.051
|
0.147
|
0.147
|
DBP(mmHg)
|
-0.188
|
0.060
|
-0.003
|
0.975
|
0.034
|
0.736
|
BMI(kg/m2)
|
-0.242
|
0.014
|
-0.076
|
0.460
|
0.063
|
0.534
|
WHR
|
-0.187
|
0.062
|
-0.191
|
0.062
|
0.111
|
0.275
|
LVMI(g/m2)
|
-0.218
|
0.028
|
-0.179
|
0.079
|
0.116
|
0.252
|
GLS, global longitudinal strain; GCS, global circumferential strain; SDT-S, SD of time to peak longitudinal strain of all 12 segments; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, Body mass index; WHR, waist-hip ratio; LVMI, left ventricular mass index;
Table 7 Stepwise multivariate regression analysis of GLS, GCS and SDT-S
|
B
|
β
|
Adjusted R2
|
P
|
GLS (%)
|
|
|
|
|
HR (bpm)
|
-0.111
|
-0.420
|
0.249
|
<0.001
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
-0.068
|
-0.307
|
-
|
0.002
|
GCS (%)
|
|
|
|
|
HR(bpm)
|
-0.225
|
-0.510
|
0.251
|
<0.001
|
SDT-S(ms)
|
|
|
|
|
Age (years)
|
0.700
|
0.278
|
0.066
|
0.010
|
GLS, global longitudinal strain; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; GCS, global circumferential strain; SDT-S, SD of time to peak longitudinal strain of all 12 segments