Metals found in the marine environments may accumulate in the organs which pose risk to the health of marine animals. In addition, toxicity risk increases depending on the consumption by upper trophic levels. For that reason, consumption of marine animals by humans endanger the human health [3]. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate metal accumulation levels on the most commonly consumed marine fish species from Turkish coastal waters.
Metal accumulation levels in tissues
In this study, metal accumulation levels in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus, B. boops, T. trachurus from different parts of Turkish coastal waters were examined. Mean accumulation levels (in µg g− 1 ww) with standard errors (x ± s) in the tissues of M. barbatus, B. boops, T. trachurus were given in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant variations depending on the tissues (Table 3–5).
Table 3
Metal concentration (in µg g− 1) in the tissues of Mullus Barbatus from Turkish coastal waters
Metals | Tissues | Iskenderun | Antalya | Bodrum | Aydın | Çanakkale | Tekirdağ | Bandırma |
Al | Muscle | 0.925 ± 0.162a,b,x | 1.385 ± 0.346b,x | 0.530 ± 0.155a,c,x | 0.325 ± 0.212a,c,x | 0.675 ± 0.212a,c,x | 0.860 ± 0.056a,b,c,x | 0.220 ± 0.042c,x |
Gill | 59.045 ± 2.524a,y | 21.780 ± 1.428b,y | 28.350 ± 3.054b,y | 67.065 ± 3.627a,y | 8.725 ± 0.742c,y | 11.270 ± 1.131c,y | 7.355 ± 0.459c,y |
Liver | 1.600 ± 0.113a,x | 0.905 ± 0.106b,x | 0.845 ± 0.063b,x | 0.935 ± 0.091b,x | 1.520 ± 0.056a,x | 0.235 ± 0.049c,x | 0.320 ± 0.028c,x |
Cr | Muscle | 0.140 ± 0.042a,b,x | 0.145 ± 0.035a,b,x | 0.205 ± 0.035a,x | 0.075 ± 0.007a,b,x | 0.440 ± 0.028c,x | 0.445 ± 0.063c,x,y | 0.075 ± 0.007a,b,x |
Gill | 3.590 ± 0.113a,y | 0.455 ± 0.049c,y | 1.010 ± 0.070d,y | 0.335 ± 0.021b,c,y | 0.395 ± 0.021b,c,x | 0.320 ± 0.028b,c,x | 0.140 ± 0.014b,y |
Liver | 0.090 ± 0.028a,f,x | 0.215 ± 0.035b,x | 0.380 ± 0.014c,x | 0.050 ± 0.014a,x | 0.785 ± 0.021d,y | 0.515 ± 0.035e,y | 0.150 ± 0.014b,f,y |
Co | Muscle | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.025 ± 0.006a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.025 ± 0.006a,x |
Gill | 0.240 ± 0.028a,y | 0.085 ± 0.007b,c,x | 0.055 ± 0.007b,x | 0.135 ± 0.007c,x | 0.045 ± 0.007b,x | 0.055 ± 0.006b,x | 0.055 ± 0.007b,y |
Liver | 0.340 ± 0.028a,d,z | 0.460 ± 0.056a,c,d,y | 0.650 ± 0.021b,x | 0.700 ± 0.141c,y | 0.410 ± 0.042d,y | 0.210 ± 0.014b,d,y | 0.235 ± 0.007b,d,z |
Ni | Muscle | 0.155 ± 0.021a,c,x | 0.040 ± 0.014b,x | 0.035 ± 0.021b,x | 0.025 ± 0.007b,x | 0.045 ± 0.007b,x | 0.230 ± 0.042c,x | 0.025 ± 0.007b,x |
Gill | 4.010 ± 0.296a,y | 0.290 ± 0.014b,y | 0.325 ± 0.049b,y | 0.410 ± 0.042b,y | 0.315 ± 0.035b,y | 0.165 ± 0.007b,x | 0.275 ± 0.006b,y |
Liver | 0.230 ± 0.028a,x | 0.120 ± 0.028b,c,x | 0.075 ± 0.021c,x | 0.120 ± 0.028b,c,x | 0.170 ± 0.014a,b,z | 0.155 ± 0.021a,b,c,x | 0.175 ± 0.021a,b,z |
Cd | Muscle | 0.005 ± 0.001a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.020 ± 0.001a,x | 0.020 ± 0.001a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x |
Gill | 0.010 ± 0.0001a,x | 0.025 ± 0.006a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x,y | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.020 ± 0.001a,x | 0.020 ± 0.001a,x |
Liver | 0.070 ± 0.014a,y | 0.080 ± 0.014a,y | 0.035 ± 0.007a,y | 0.045 ± 0.003a,x | 0.060 ± 0.028a,x | 0.045 ± 0.007a,y | 0.040 ± 0.014a,x |
Pb | Muscle | 0.380 ± 0.070a,b,x | 0.275 ± 0.007a,x | 0.250 ± 0.042a,x | 0.270 ± 0.056a,x | 0.565 ± 0.176a,b,x | 0.430 ± 0.240a,b,x | 0.155 ± 0.021a,x |
Gill | 1.505 ± 0.091a,b,y | 1.080 ± 0.056a,f,y | 23.845 ± 0.332c,y | 6.360 ± 0.296d,y | 3.105 ± 0.148e,y | 1.160 ± 0.155a,f,x | 0.730 ± 0.014f,y |
Liver | 0.910 ± 0.127a,z | 0.885 ± 0.134a,y | 1.500 ± 0.311a,b,z | 3.325 ± 0.049c,z | 5.150 ± 0.791d,z | 0.685 ± 0.374a,x | 0.765 ± 0.134a,y |
Mn | Muscle | 0.0205 ± 0.063a,b,x | 0.305 ± 0.007b,c,x | 0.075 ± 0.007a,x | 0.195 ± 0.3007b,a,x | 0.125 ± 0.035b,a,x | 0.460 ± 0.084c,x | 0.690 ± 0.098d,x |
Gill | 10.710 ± 0.438a,y | 3.340 ± 0.226c,y | 2.920 ± 0.579c,y | 15.030 ± 0.608d,y | 2.920 ± 0.579c,y | 4.325 ± 0.445c,y | 4.650 ± 0.445b,c,y |
Liver | 1.330 ± 0.070a,d,z | 0.945 ± 0.162a,c,x | 0.705 ± 0.091a,c,x | 0.285 ± 0.061c,x | 1.145 ± 0.007a,x | 2.035 ± 0.049b,d,z | 0.815 ± 0.007a,c,x |
Fe | Muscle | 6.005 ± 0.700a,c,d,x | 18.070 ± 2.206b,x | 7.375 ± 0.516a,c,x | 4.280 ± 0.254a,d,x | 8.500 ± 0.155c,x | 3.360 ± 0.325d,e,x | 0.755 ± 0.021e,x |
Gill | 440.610 ± 0.905a,y | 89.230 ± 1.626c,y | 103.235 ± 3.061c,y | 196.745 ± 4.334d,y | 53.695 ± 7.940e,y | 64.055 ± 1.138e,y | 63.440 ± 3.054e,y |
Liver | 134.205 ± 2.637a,z | 126.515 ± 9.920a,z | 71.035 ± 9.043c,z | 16.270 ± 4.058d,x | 122.715 ± 0.275a,z | 5.365 ± 0.502d,x | 13.265 ± 1.887d,z |
Cu | Muscle | 0.070 ± 0.014a,x | 0.670 ± 0.014b,x | 0.085 ± 0.007a,x | 0.075 ± 0.007a,x | 0.055 ± 0.021a,x | 0.085 ± 0.007a,x | 0.075 ± 0.021a,x |
Gill | 0.705 ± 0.148a,c,e,y | 0.600 ± 0.028c,d,x | 0.495 ± 0.063a,c,d,x | 0.495 ± 0.021a,c,d,x | 0.390 ± 0.028b,d,y | 0.905 ± 0.021e,y | 0.700 ± 0.084c,e,y |
Liver | 2.505 ± 0.205a,z | 2.795 ± 0.106a,b,y | 2.310 ± 0.268a,y | 2.565 ± 0.318a,y | 2.715 ± 0.091a,z | 4.715 ± 0.247c,z | 3.870 ± 0.028d,z |
Zn | Muscle | 4.455 ± 0.487a,x | 4.015 ± 0.091a,c,x | 3.065 ± 0.162b,c,d,x | 2.700 ± 0.098b,d,x | 4.420 ± 0.042a,x | 3.560 ± 0.438a,d,x | 3.555 ± 0.445a,d,x |
Gill | 14.140 ± 0.127a,e,y | 14.940 ± 0.028a,e,y | 24.160 ± 1.414b,y | 18.175 ± 0.261a,c,y | 22.560 ± 3.337b,c,y | 7.130 ± 0.820d,y | 10.985 ± 0.898d,e,y |
Liver | 33.920 ± 2.390a,b,z | 25.335 ± 0.926b,c,z | 28.490 ± 0.014a,b,c,z | 26.580 ± 0.848b,c,z | 33.905 ± 3.641a,b,y | 36.595 ± 1.067a,z | 22.320 ± 2.687c,z |
Horizontally a,b,c,d,e and f indicates differences among stations (p < 0.05), vertically letters x.y and z indicate differences among tissues (p < 0.05). |
Table 4
Metal concentration (in µg g− 1) in the tissues of Boops boops from Turkish coastal waters
Metals | Tissues | Iskenderun | Antalya | Bodrum | Aydın | Çanakkale | Tekirdağ | Bandırma |
Al | Muscle | 0.850 ± 0.042a,x | 0.380 ± 0.042b,x | 0.605 ± 0.021a,b,x | 0.225 ± 0.035b,x | 0.395 ± 0.021b,x | 0.795 ± 0.233a,x | 0.165 ± 0.007b,x |
Gill | 1.755 ± 0.106a,b,y | 1.075 ± 0.007b,y | 1.490 ± 0.141a,b,y | 1.160 ± 0.070a,b,y | 1.515 ± 0.289a,b,y | 1.765 ± 0.304a,b,y | 1.940 ± 0.113a,y |
Liver | 1.070 ± 0.084a,c,x | 0.710 ± 0.028a,b,z | 0.920 ± 0.042a,b,x | 0.535 ± 0.077b,z | 1.040 ± 0.028a,x,y | 1.435 ± 0.077c,x,y | 1.420 ± 0.183a,c,y |
Cr | Muscle | 0.310 ± 0.042a,x | 0.135 ± 0.035b,x | 0.050 ± 0.042b,x | 0.070 ± 0.014b,x | 0.245 ± 0.049a,x | 0.345 ± 0.021a,x | 0.060 ± 0.014b,x |
Gill | 0.565 ± 0.035a,y | 0.205 ± 0.007b,x | 0.310 ± 0.042a,b,y | 0.890 ± 0.070c,y | 0.580 ± 0.014a,y | 0.800 ± 0.141c,x | 0.510 ± 0.127a,y |
Liver | 0.665 ± 0.035a,y | 0.305 ± 0.007b,c,y | 0.380 ± 0.028c,y | 0.100 ± 0.014b,x | 0.580 ± 0.028a,c,y | 0.540 ± 0.183a,c,x | 0.705 ± 0.021a,y |
Co | Muscle | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.020 ± 0.014a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x |
Gill | 0.035 ± 0.007a,b,x,y | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.0135 ± 0.007a,b,x,y | 0.035 ± 0.006a,b,x | 0.040 ± 0.028a,b,x | 0.035 ± 0.006a,b,x |
Liver | 0.055 ± 0.007a,y | 0.155 ± 0.021a,b,y | 0.090 ± 0.014a,y | 0.055 ± 0.007a,y | 0.230 ± 0.042a,b,y | 0.275 ± 0.063b,y | 0.265 ± 0.077b,y |
Ni | Muscle | 0.200 ± 0.042a,x | 0.020 ± 0.014b,x | 0.040 ± 0.014b,c,x | 0.020 ± 0.014b,x | 0.030 ± 0.014b,x | 0.045 ± 0.021b,c,x | 0.020 ± 0.014b,x |
Gill | 0.710 ± 0.028a,y | 0.235 ± 0.021b,y | 0.275 ± 0.035b,y | 0.560 ± 0.070a,y | 0.360 ± 0.127b,y | 0.535 ± 0.077a,y | 0.370 ± 0.028b,y |
Liver | 0.235 ± 0.049a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007b,x | 0.050 ± 0.028b,x | 0.050 ± 0.014b,x | 0.090 ± 0.014b,x,y | 0.090 ± 0.014b,x | 0.090 ± 0.015b,x |
Cd | Muscle | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.025 ± 0.021a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x |
Gill | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.015 ± 0.071a,x | 0.020 ± 0.001a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.30 ± 0.014a,x | 0.030 ± 0.001a,x |
Liver | 0.135 ± 0.007a,c,y | 0.290 ± 0.042c,d,y | 0.070 ± 0.014a,y | 0.145 ± 0.007a,c,y | 0.355 ± 0.063d,y | 0.070 ± 0.014a,x | 0.500 ± 0.056b,d,y |
Pb | Muscle | 0.415 ± 0.063a,x | 0.110 ± 0.0042a,x | 1.755 ± 0.445b,x | 0.275 ± 0.120a,x | 0.370 ± 0.098a,x | 0.525 ± 0.049a,x | 0.145 ± 0.021a,x |
Gill | 2.010 ± 0.268a,b,y | 0.870 ± 0.098a,y | 3.595 ± 0.572b,x | 1.345 ± 0.261a,y | 3.075 ± 0.473b,y | 2.265 ± 0.275a,b,y | 0.830 ± 0.141a,y |
Liver | 1.300 ± 0.325a,b,x,y | 0.550 ± 0.084b,d,y | 3.000 ± 0.353c,x | 0.750 ± 0.113a,b,d,x,y | 1.440 ± 0.254a,x | 1.275 ± 0.134a,b,z | 0.685 ± 0.148a,b,d,y |
Mn | Muscle | 0.145 ± 0.035a,x | 0.165 ± 0.049a,x | 0.110 ± 0.014a,x | 0.085 ± 0.021a,x | 0.385 ± 0.091a,b,x | 0.520 ± 0.084b,x | 0.400 ± 0.028b,x |
Gill | 4.175 ± 0.077a,b,y | 5.340 ± 0.395b,y | 3.650 ± 0.113a,c,y | 12.675 ± 0.544d,y | 7.020 ± 0.245e,y | 13.125 ± 0.176d,y | 3.615 ± 0.247a,c,y |
Liver | 1.895 ± 0.091a,z | 0.965 ± 0.021b,c,x | 0.545 ± 0.077c,z | 1.145 ± 0.063b,x | 0.750 ± 0.084b,c,x | 2.680 ± 0.254d,z | 0.440 ± 0.282c,x |
Fe | Muscle | 6.380 ± 0.311a,x | 5.675 ± 0.558a,x | 4.785 ± 0.431a,b,x | 3.375 ± 0.205b,d,x | 3.685 ± 0.388b,x | 3.695 ± 0.176b,x | 2.090 ± 0.296b,d,x |
Gill | 75.310 ± 4.723a,y | 175.740 ± 18.059b,y | 74.940 ± 3.917a,y | 91.490 ± 1.173a,y | 199.410 ± 15.372b,y | 44.075 ± 1.689a,y | 76.630 ± 4.737a,y |
Liver | 189.050 ± 6.279a,z | 262.965 ± 8.209b,z | 98.345 ± 1.053c,z | 130.985 ± 4.886d,z | 314.905 ± 20.286e,z | 85.105 ± 3.245c,z | 145.620 ± 7.269d,z |
Cu | Muscle | 0.030 ± 0.014a,x | 0.035 ± 0.007a,x | 0.045 ± 0.006a,x | 0.045 ± 0.007a,x | 0.070 ± 0.014a,x | 0.045 ± 0.007a,x | 0.060 ± 0.028a,x |
Gill | 0.345 ± 0.035a,y | 0.700 ± 0.084b,c,y | 0.300 ± 0.028a,x | 0.320 ± 0.056a,x | 0.850 ± 0.042c,x | 0.500 ± 0.113a,b,x | 0.865 ± 0.077c,y |
Liver | 2.035 ± 0.077a,z | 2.305 ± 0.148a,b,z | 2.180 ± 0.183a,y | 1.865 ± 0.162a,y | 4.350 ± 0.410c,y | 2.520 ± 0.367a,b,y | 2.720 ± 0.226a,b,z |
Zn | Muscle | 4.675 ± 0.007a,x | 4.360 ± 0.183a,b,x | 3.525 ± 0.572b,c,x | 2.955 ± 0.148c,x | 2.130 ± 0.127c,x | 5.765 ± 0.148e,x | 0.675 ± 0.021f,x |
Gill | 19.835 ± 0.275a,b,e,y | 18.220 ± 0.636a,d,e,y | 23.470 ± 1.753b,y | 21.745 ± 1.633a,b,y | 13.745 ± 1.124d,y | 22.185 ± 1.279a,b,y | 6.035 ± 0.021f,y |
Liver | 33.820 ± 2.347a,z | 21.945 ± 1.251b,d,z | 36.440 ± 0.395a,z | 33.750 ± 2.630a,z | 27.065 ± 1.209d,z | 39.395 ± 0.855a,z | 15.670 ± 1.725b,z |
Horizontally a,b,c,d,e and f indicates differences among stations (p < 0.05), vertically letters x.y and z indicate differences among tissues (p < 0.05). |
Table 5
Metal concentration (in µg g− 1) in the tissues of Trachurus trachurus from Turkish coastal waters
Metals | Tissues | Iskenderun | Antalya | Bodrum | Aydın | Çanakkale | Tekirdağ | Bandırma |
Al | Muscle | 0.775 ± 0.190a,x | 2.310 ± 0.367b,x,y | 0.445 ± 0.120a,x | 0.820 ± 0.183a,x | 0.415 ± 0.035a,x | 0.405 ± 0.077a,x | 0.300 ± 0.014a,x |
Gill | 18.485 ± 0.586a,y | 2.770 ± 0.197b,x | 1.000 ± 0.098b,y | 13.020 ± 1.103c,y | 1.955 ± 0.049b,y | 1.330 ± 0.141b,y | 1.390 ± 0.084b,x |
Liver | 1.680 ± 0.240a,x | 1.360 ± 0.296a,y | 0.385 ± 0.162a,x | 0.995 ± 0.035a,x | 2.200 ± 0.014a,z | 2.250 ± 0.169a,z | 41.625 ± 3.401c,y |
Cr | Muscle | 0.205 ± 0.035a,x | 0.150 ± 0.028a,x | 0.105 ± 0.021a,x | 0.435 ± 0.063b,x | 0.360 ± 0.042b,x | 0.435 ± 0.021b,x | 0.090 ± 0.014a,x |
Gill | 0.55 ± 0.042a,y | 0.530 ± 0.070a,y | 0.405 ± 0.077a,y | 0.510 ± 0.070a,x | 0.545 ± 0.106a,x,y | 0.445 ± 0.035a,x | 0.660 ± 0.028a,y |
Liver | 0.485 ± 0.063a,y | 1.035 ± 0.021b,z | 0.070 ± 0.014c,x | 0.495 ± 0.007a,x | 0.835 ± 0.063b,y | 0.545 ± 0.035a,x | 0.900 ± 0.155b,y |
Co | Muscle | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.0150 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.0150 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x |
Gill | 0.045 ± 0.007a,x | 0.045 ± 0.006a,y | 0.025 ± 0.006a,x | 0.045 ± 0.007a,x | 0.060 ± 0.014a,x | 0.035 ± 0.007a,x | 0.065 ± 0.007a,x |
Liver | 0.290 ± 0.028a,y | 0.165 ± 0.007a,z | 0.055 ± 0.021b,x | 0.335 ± 0.077c,y | 0.280 ± 0.028a,y | 0.105 ± 0.007b,y | 0.400 ± 0.056a,c,y |
Ni | Muscle | 0.0175 ± 0.035a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007b,x | 0.015 ± 0.007b,x | 0.045 ± 0.007b,x | 0.045 ± 0.035b,x | 0.015 ± 0.007b,x | 0.015 ± 0.007b,x |
Gill | 0.575 ± 0.007a,y | 0.375 ± 0.021b,y | 0.325 ± 0.035b,y | 0.465 ± 0.035a,y | 0.550 ± 0.042a,y | 0.275 ± 0.049b,y | 0.565 ± 0.007a,y |
Liver | 0.275 ± 0.077a,x | 0.140 ± 0.014a,b,z | 0.045 ± 0.021b,x | 0.260 ± 0.028a,z | 0.085 ± 0.007b,x | 0.110 ± 0.014b,x | 0.215 ± 0.063a,z |
Cd | Muscle | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.010 ± 0.001a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.06a,x | 0.015 ± 0.006a,x |
Gill | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.035 ± 0.007a,x | 0.015 ± 0.007a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.025 ± 0.007a,x | 0.030 ± 0.001a,x | 0.035 ± 0.007a,x |
Liver | 0.175 ± 0.049a,y | 0.325 ± 0.035b,y | 0.100 ± 0.028a,y | 0.150 ± 0.014a,y | 0.245 ± 0.007b,y | 0.150 ± 0.014a,y | 0.450 ± 0.042c,y |
Pb | Muscle | 0.360 ± 0.014a,x | 0.165 ± 0.007a,x | 0.195 ± 0.049a,x | 0.405 ± 0.063a,x | 0.525 ± 0.077a,b,x | 0.390 ± 0.042a,x | 0.225 ± 0.063a,x |
Gill | 1.340 ± 0.183a,b,y | 0.760 ± 0.042b,y | 1.010 ± 0.155a,b,y | 0.885 ± 0.049a,b,y | 1.040 ± 0.155a,b,x | 1.040 ± 0.155a,b,y | 0.835 ± 0.007b,y |
Liver | 0.755 ± 0.120a,b,x | 0.955 ± 0.106a,y | 0.205 ± 0.077b,x | 1.285 ± 0.162a,y | 1.500 ± 0.367c,x | 2.555 ± 0.049d,z | 2.175 ± 0.021d,z |
Mn | Muscle | 0.150 ± 0.014a,x | 0.080 ± 0.028a,x | 0.070 ± 0.028a,x | 0.155 ± 0.063a,x | 0.055 ± 0.021a,x | 0.060 ± 0.014a,x | 0.300 ± 0.084b,x |
Gill | 3.185 ± 0.219a,y | 2.520 ± 0.268b,y | 1.620 ± 0.197b,y | 2.445 ± 0.049b,y | 2.020 ± 0.240b,y | 1.895 ± 0.021b,y | 4.125 ± 0.091d,y |
Liver | 2.105 ± 0.148a,z | 0.420 ± 0.056b,x | 0.685 ± 0.063b,z | 2.195 ± 0.275a,y | 0.800 ± 0.113b,z | 0.705 ± 0.077b,z | 2.170 ± 0.212a,z |
Fe | Muscle | 6.985 ± 0.374a,x | 7.480 ± 0.424a,x | 4.260 ± 0.862a,b,x | 10.020 ± 0.763a,x | 6.715 ± 0.813a,x | 8.635 ± 0.586a,x | 1.655 ± 0.063b,x |
Gill | 69.880 ± 1.470a,y | 75.025 ± 1.675a,y | 64.365 ± 5.833a,y | 106.500 ± 15.457b,y | 72.650 ± 1.880a,y | 96.795 ± 8.124a,b,y | 63.300 ± 0.678a,y |
Liver | 198.450 ± 6.547a,b,z | 159.950 ± 0.480a,z | 108.455 ± 9.439d,z | 480.150 ± 21.156e,z | 192.360 ± 5.812a,b,z | 49.330 ± 9.362c,f,z | 136.625 ± 8.732b,d,z |
Cu | Muscle | 0.925 ± 0.077a,x | 0.200 ± 0.028b,x | 0.535 ± 0.162b,x | 0.185 ± 0.091b,x | 0.880 ± 0.042a,x | 0.780 ± 0.042a,x | 0.305 ± 0.021b,x |
Gill | 1.535 ± 0.473a,x | 1.275 ± 0.106a,y | 1.100 ± 0.197a,x | 1.105 ± 0.134a,x | 1.290 ± 0.028a,y | 1.715 ± 0.219a,x,y | 1.420 ± 0.042a,y |
Liver | 4.835 ± 0.700a,c,y | 2.825 ± 0.120b,d,z | 3.740 ± 0.254a,b,y | 2.350 ± 0.466b,d,y | 1.715 ± 0.063d,z | 2.505 ± 0.530b,d,y | 2.555 ± 0.417b,d,z |
Zn | Muscle | 3.590 ± 0.226a,x | 17.405 ± 2.114b,x | 3.745 ± 0.615a,x | 7.010 ± 0.169c,x | 3.065 ± 0.007a,x | 8.950 ± 0.240c,x | 3.995 ± 0.120a,x |
Gill | 16.735 ± 0.516a,y | 23.740 ± 0.438b,y | 18.415 ± 0.714a,y | 15.860 ± 0.551a,y | 15.080 ± 2.503a,y | 13.280 ± 1.272a,x,y | 18.300 ± 1.074a,y |
Liver | 31.575 ± 0.714a,c,z | 20.875 ± 0.021b,x,y | 20.660 ± 0.070b,y | 37.985 ± 1.986c,z | 19.955 ± 0.289b,y | 17.650 ± 1.796b,y | 21.425 ± 1.251b,y |
Horizontally a,b,c,d,e and f indicates differences among stations (p < 0.05), vertically letters x.y and z indicate differences among tissues (p < 0.05). |
Al concentration in the muscle of M. barbatus, B. boops, T. trachurus was varied between 0.19–1.63 µg g− 1, 0.16–0.96 µg g− 1, 0.29–0.48 µg g− 1, respectively. Turan et al. [26], Fındık and Çiçek [27] were reported higher Al accumulation in the muscle tissue of M. barbatus from the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea; whereas, Gündoğdu et al. [28] reported similar accumulation levels from the Black Sea. Similar accumulation levels in the muscle of B. boops were was reported from İzmir, Aegean Sea [29]; on the other hand, higher concentrations were reported from Mersin, Mediterranean Sea [30]. Al accumulation in the muscle of T. trachurus estimated in this study was higher than the previous study conducted in Black Sea [28].
Cr concentration variation in the muscle, liver and gill of studied species were found as follows: M. barbatus: 0.07–0.49 µg g− 1, 0.13–3.67 µg g− 1, 0.04–0.8 µg g− 1; for B. boops: 0.02–0.36 µg g− 1, 0.2–0.97 µg g− 1, 0.09–0.72 µg g− 1, for T. trachurus 0.08–0.48 µg g− 1, 0.35–0.68 µg g− 1, 0.06–0.44 µg g− 1, respectively. Similar Cr accumulation levels in the muscle and liver tissue were reported in Albanian Sea [31]; Aegean Sea [32, 33], Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea [26, 27], Algeria [34]. Cr concentration in the gill tissue was found to be lower than the Aegean Sea [33]. Cr concentration in the muscle tissue of B. boops were similar to studies reported from İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea [29], Antalya, northeastern Mediterranean [35]; lower than the studies conducted in Mersin, Northeastern Mediterranean Sea [30]; Eyqpt, Eastern Mediterranean Sea [36], and higher than the conducted in Nigeria [38]. Cr concentration in the liver and gill of this study were higher than the study conducted in Antalya, Northeastern Mediterranean [35]. Reported Cr concentration in the muscle gill and liver of T. trachurus was similar to study reported from the Black Sea [37]; however, concentration in the muscle tissue was higher than studies reported from Nigeria [38], Adriatic Sea [39].
Co concentration in the muscle, gill and liver tissue of M. barbatus was varied between 0.01–0.03 µg g− 1, 0.04–0.26 µg g− 1 and 0.05–0.8 µg g− 1 which were coherent to report from Sicily channel [40]. Co concentration in the muscle, gill and liver tissue of B. boops was varied between 0.01–0.03 µg g− 1, 0.01–0.06 µg g− 1 and 0.05–0.32 µg g− 1 which was coherent to report from İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea [29]. Reported Co concentration in the muscle, gill and liver tissue of T. trachurus was varied between 0.01–0.03 µg g− 1, 0.02–0.07 µg g− 1 and 0.04–0.44 µg g− 1, respectively. Estimated concentration in the muscle and liver tissue of T. trachurus was similar to the studies conducted in the Black Sea [37, 41].
Ni concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus, B. boops and T. trachurus was varied between 0.02–0.26 µg g− 1, 0.16–4.22 µg g−1, 0.06–0.25 µg g− 1 ; 0.01–0.23 µg g− 1,0.22–0.73 µg g− 1,0.02–0.27 µg g− 1; 0.01–0.2 µg g− 1,0.24–0.58 µg g− 1,0.03–0.33 µg g− 1, respectively. Ni accumulation in the muscle tissue of M. barbatus was similar to studies conducted in the Mediterranean Sea [4, 11, 26], Black Sea [26], Sicily channel [40], and lower than Black Sea (27). Ni concentration in the muscle tissue of B. boops was similar to those reported in İzmir, Aegean Sea [29], Mediterranean Sea [35]; on the other hand, concentration in the liver was lower than previous study from the Mediterranean Sea [35]. Ni concentration in the muscle of T. trachurus was coherent to previous studies from the Turkish coastline [37], Black Sea [28, 41]; whereas, concentration in the liver tissue was lower than previous studies [35].
Cd concentration in the muscle, gill and liver was varied between 0.01–0.02 µg g− 1, 0.01–0.03 µg g−1, 0.02–0.09 µg g− 1 for M. barbatus; 0.01–0.04 µg g− 1, 0.01–0.04 µg g− 1, 0.06–0.54 µg g− 1 for B. boops; 0.01–0.02 µg metal g− 1,0.01–0.04 µg metal g− 1,0.08–0.48 µg metal g− 1 for T. trachurus, respectively. Higher Cd concentrations in the muscle of M. barbatus was reported in the Albanian Sea [39], Mediterranean Sea [26], Black Sea [26, 27], Aegean Sea [32], Algeria [34], lower concentrations were reported in the Mediterranean Sea [4, 11, 42], Sicily channel [40], and similar results were reported from Mediterranean Sea [43], Aegean Sea [33]. Estimated Cd concentration in the muscle of B. boops were higher than those reported from Aegean Sea [29, 44], Mediterranean Sea [35, 36, 44], lower than those reported from Mersin, Mediterranean Sea [30], Tripali Port, Libya [45], and similar to those reported from Atlantic Sea [46]. Cd concentration in the gill and liver tissue of B. boops was similar to a previous study from the Mediterranean Sea [35]. Cd concentration in the muscle of T. trachurus was similar to studies reported from Sinop, Black Sea [37], Ghana [47], higher than those reported from Adriatic Sea [39], Black Sea [28] and lower than those reported from Egypt [48]. Cd concentration in liver tissue of T. trachurus was similar to previous studies from Egypt [48], Black Sea [37] and Adriatic Sea [39].
Pb concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus was varied between 0.01–0.02 µg g− 1, 0.01–0.03 µg g−1, 0.02–0.09 µg g− 1, respectively. Lower accumulation levels in the muscle tissue of M. barbatus were reported from Albanian Sea [39], Mediterranean Sea [4, 26, 42, 43], Black Sea [26, 28, 49], Aegean Sea [33], Algeria [34], Sicily channel [40], and similar accumulation levels were reported from Black Sea [27] and Mediterranean Sea [11]. Pb concentration in the liver and gill estimated in this study were lower than those reported from Aegean Sea [33] and higher than those reported from Algerian [34]. Pb concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of B. boops was varied between 0.08–2.07 µg g− 1, 0.73-4.00 µg g−1, 0.49–3.25 µg g− 1, respectively. In literature similar accumulation levels in the muscle tissue were reported from the Mediterranean Sea [40, 44]; while, lower levels in the muscle, gill and liver tissue were reported from Egypt [35, 36], the Aegean Sea [29]. Pb concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of T. trachurus was varied between 0.16–0.58 µg g− 1, 0.73–1.47 µg g− 1, 0.15–2.59 µg g− 1, respectively. Previous studies reported comparable accumulation levels in the muscle and liver tissues of T. trachurus from the Mediterranean Sea [48], Turkish coastline [37], Ghana [47]. Lower accumulation in the muscle and liver tissue were reported in the Adriatic Sea [39], Black sea [28]; whereas; higher accumulation levels in the gill and liver tissues were reported from Egypt, Mediterranean Sea [48].
Manganese concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus was varied between 0.01–0.02 µg g− 1, 0.01–0.03 µg g− 1, 0.02–0.09 µg g− 1, respectively. Reported accumulation levels in the tissues of M. barbatus in this study were comparable to those reported from the Albanian Sea [39]; Mediterranean Sea [4, 11, 26], Black Sea [26, 27], Aegean Sea [33], Algeria [34]; whereas, higher accumulation in the muscle tissue was reported from Black Sea [49]. Manganese concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of B. boops was varied between 0.07–0.58 µg g− 1, 3.44–13.25 µg g− 1, 0.24–2.86 µg g− 1, respectively. Similar concentrations in the muscle tissue were reported from the Aegean Sea [29], the Mediterranean Sea [35]; while higher concentrations were reported from Mersin, Mediterranean Sea [30]. In addition, Tekin-Özan [35] reported lower accumulation levels in the gill and liver tissue from Mersin, Mediterranean Sea. Mn concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of T. trachurus was varied between 0.04–0.36 µg g− 1, 1.48–4.19 µg g− 1, 0.38–2.39 µg g− 1, respectively. Reported concentrations in the tissues of T. trachurus were similar to those reported from Nigeria [38], Turkish coastal waters [37], Ghana [47]; whereas, lower than those reported from the Black Sea [41].
Iron concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus, B. boops and T. trachurus was varied between 0.74–19.63 µg g− 1, 48.08-441.25 µg g−1, 5.01-136.07 µg g− 1 ; 1.88–6.60 µg g− 1,42.88-210.88 µg g− 1,82.81-329.25 µg g− 1; 1.61–10.56 µg g− 1,60.24-117.43 µg g− 1,42.71-495.11 µg g− 1, respectively. Fe accumulation levels in the tissues of M. barbutus was within a similar range of previous studies reported from the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Aegean Sea [4, 11, 26–28, 33–34, 49–50]. Fe accumulation in the tissues of B. boops was comparable with the studies conducted in the Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea [29, 30, 35, 44]; whereas, lower accumulation levels were reported from Libya [45]. Fe concentration in the muscle of T. trachurus was lower than the studies reported in the Black Sea [28, 37, 45]; however, concentration in the liver tissue was within the same variation range [37].
Copper concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus was varied between 0.04–0.68 µg g− 1, 0.37–0.92 µg g− 1, 5.01-136.07 µg g− 1, respectively. Reported accumulation levels in the tissues of M. barbatus in this study were comparable to those reported from the Mediterranean Sea [11, 26, 40, 43], Aegean Sea [32, 40]; Black Sea [26, 28, 49], Algeria [34]; whereas, higher accumulation levels were reported from Mediterranean Sea [4] and Black Sea [50]. Cu concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of B. boops was varied between 0.02–0.08 µg g− 1, 0.28–0.92 µg g− 1, 1.75–4.64 µg g− 1, respectively. Higher concentration levels in the tissues of B. boops were reported from Aegean Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea [29–30, 35–36, 44–45]. Cu concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of T. trachurus was varied between 0.12–0.98 µg g− 1, 0.96–1.87 µg g− 1, 1.67–5.33 µg g− 1, respectively. Reported concentrations in the tissues of T. trachurus were similar those reported from Nigeria [38], Eqypt [48], Turkish coastal waters [37], Ghana [47]; whereas, higher concentrations in the muscle and liver tissue were reported from Eqypt [46], Black Sea [41].
Zinc concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of M. barbatus was varied between 0.04–0.68 µg g− 1, 0.37–0.92 µg g− 1, 5.01-136.07 µg g− 1, respectively. Accumulation levels in the tissues were similar to the studies reported from Aegean Sea [32–33], Black Sea [26, 28, 49] and Mediterranean Sea [26, 40, 43], Algeria [34]; on the other hand, higher levels were reported from Mediterranean Sea [4, 11, 50]. Zn concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of B. boops was varied between 0.67–5.87 µg g− 1, 6.02–24.71 µg g− 1, 14.45-40.00 µg g− 1, respectively. Zn accumulation levels in the tissues of B. boops were similar to the studies reported from the Aegean Sea [29, 44], Mediterranean Sea [35–36, 44–45]; on the other hand, higher levels were reported from Mersin, Mediterranean Sea [30]. Zn concentration in the muscle, gill and liver of T. trachurus was varied between 3.06–18.9 µg g− 1, 12.38–24.05 µg g− 1, 16.38–39.39 µg g− 1, respectively. Zn accumulation levels in the tissues of T. trachurus were similar to the studies reported from Black Sea [37, 41] and Mediterranean Sea [48]; whereas, lower levels were reported from Black Sea [28], Ghana [47].
As it can be seen from the literature, heavy metal accumulation in the tissues did not show clear picture even in the studies conducted in same region. This situation represent that heavy metal accumulation strongly influenced by environmental factors. Metal accumulation levels in the fish impacted by the pollution level in the surrounding environment and represent the pollution status of sampling area [51]. Mutlu et al. [37] reported variable accumulation levels in muscle and liver tissues of T. trachurus from Turkish coastline. In addition, season is the most well-known parameter which impact the accumulation rate in fish. For example, Uçar [30] found seasonal variation in the heavy metal accumulation levels in the muscle of M. barbatus from Mediterranean Sea. Similarly, Durmuş [41] reported seasonal variation in the metal concentration in the muscle tissue T. trachurus sampled from Black Sea. Furthermore, heavy metal accumulation was affected by gender [41], size [31–32] of the examined species. To sum up, all these environmental and biological factors create a heterogeneity in the reported accumulation levels.
Metal accumulation levels between species
In this study, metal accumulation levels were varied depending on the specie (Table 3–5). Variations in the metal accumulation levels may arise from the variations in reproductive cycle, growth cycle, metabolism, habitat, feeding strategies of species [52–54].
M. barbatus is demersal specie which usually found on gravel, sand and mud bottoms. It feeds on small benthic crustaceans, worms and mollusks. B. boops usually found in shelf and coastal pelagic waters on various bottoms. It is omnivorous and usually feed on planktophagous and crustaceans. T. trachurus is pelagic-neritic specie that feeds on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods [55].
Results obtained in this study showed that highest Co, Ni, Mn, Fe accumulation was observed in the muscle of demersal M. barbatus; whereas, highest Al, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn accumulation were found in the muscle of pelagic T. trachurus. Concentration of metals were distributed to the water column depending on the redox potential of environment [49]. For that reason, species whose have close relationship with sediment accumulate higher amounts of metals in their tissues [30, 43]. In this study, a clear difference could not be obtained, some metals were found to be more accumulative in pelagic fish species; while, some metals were more accumulative in demersal fish B. barbatus. This conflicting result was also observed in previous studies. For instance, similar to the this study, Varol et al. [29] found the highest Al, As, Cd and Pb concentration in the flesh of demersal M. barbatus. On the other hand, Uçar [30] found higher accumulation levels in the B. boops which have close relationship with sediment.
Accumulation levels among metal types
Accumulation levels in the tissue was differed depend on type of the metal. Accumulation levels, depending on mean concentrations, in the tissues of studies species are as follows: M. barbatus (muscle: Fe > Zn > Al > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd; gills: Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Co > Cd; liver: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn > Al > Co > Cr > Ni > Cd), B. boops (muscle: Fe > Zn > Pb > Al > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Co > Cd; gills: Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Al > Cu > Cr > Ni > Co > Cd; liver: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Al > Cr > Cd > Co > Ni), T. trachurus (muscle: Zn > Fe > Al > Cu > Pb > Cr > Mn > Ni > Co > Cd; gill: Fe > Zn > Al > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cd > Co > Ni).
In this study,essensial elements Fe Al, Zn were found as the most accumulated metal; whereas, Co, Cd, Ni were the least accumulated metals (Table 3-4-5). Similar outcome was reported from Aegean Sea (Kontas et al. 2022) Black Sea (Durmuş, 2019), North eastern Mediterranean [33]. Higher accumulation of Fe and Zn in the tissues may be related with the higher availability of them in sea water; since fish have tendency the bioaccumulate metals in water column [38, 46].
Accumulation levels between tissues
Results showed variation in the metal accumulation levels between tissues that could be explained with the difference ratios of metallothioneins in different tissues [57] (Table 3–5). Muscle was found as the least accumulative tissue regardless of specie or metal type which is coherent to the previous studies [12, 33].
The highest Al, Ni, Mn accumulation was observed in gill; whereas, the highest Co, Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn accumulation was found in liver. In literature, it has been reported that metals like Mn have tendency to accumulate in gills [58–59]. This is expected since gills are responsible for the uptake of resuspended and ionized metals from water column [32]. Higher accumulation of metals in the liver tissue is a well-known phenomenon and reported in many studies [32, 34–35, 48]. Metallothioneins found in tissues transport the metal ions into liver because, liver has vital role in synthesis of metal binding proteins and detoxification [60–61].
Variations in oxidative stress biomarkers
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end product of lipid peroxidation and used as indicator for free radical production in stressed cells [62]. For that reason, MDA activity in the organism is considered as typical defense component against metal contamination. On the other hand, catalase enzyme activity initiate under oxidative stress resulting from pollutant-induced stress, so enhanced levels in the CAT activity may represent formation of adaptation equilibrium [63]. As a result, MDA and CAT levels were used as sensitive indicators to monitor pollution status in marine environments [64–65]
Mean MDA and CAT activity of all studies fish was varied between 1.40–13.70 nmol/ml, 2.05–10.10 U/g protein in muscle and 3.90-88.95 nmol/ml, 2.05-5.00-18.20 U/g protein in liver, respectively. Estimated concentrations were similar to previous studies conducted in marine environment [64–67] and freshwater resources [68–69].
Previous studies conducted in the surface rivers clearly showed that as the metal concentrations in the ambient environment increases, MDA and CAT levels in the tissues were increases [63, 70]. Similar conclusion was reported from laboratory studies [71]. This could be the explanation of the variation in the MDA and CAT levels among stations (Table 6).
Table 6
Oxidative stress parameters (MDA and CAT) of M. babatus, B.boops and T. trachurus (in nmol kg− 1)
Species | Station | CAT (U/g protein) | MDA (nmol kg− 1) |
Muscle | Liver | Muscle | Liver |
M. Barbatus | İskenderun | 6.20 ± 0.1 | 9.10 ± 0.1 | 3.33 ± 0.03 | 18.10 ± 13.77 |
Antalya | 5.90 ± 0.1 | 11.70 ± 0.1 | 2.51 ± 0.04 | 10.83 ± 0.03 |
Tekirdağ | 5.70 ± 0.05 | 12.10 ± 0.1 | 1.78 ± 0.01 | 9.47 ± 0.07 |
Çanakkale | 5.40 ± 0.05 | 12.30 ± 0.15 | 2.30 ± 0.05 | 11.37 ± 0.10 |
Aydın | 2.10 ± 0.1 | 12.70 ± 0.15 | 5.47 ± 0.07 | 8.44 ± 0.14 |
Bandırma | 6.10 ± 0.1 | 6.10 ± 0.1 | 3.13 ± 0.10 | 62.96 ± 0.06 |
Bodrum | 5.80 ± 0.05 | 10.90 ± 0.2 | 2.92 ± 0.04 | 6.73 ± 0.03 |
B. Boops | İskenderun | 7.10 ± 0.1 | 14.20 ± 0.2 | 3.54 ± 0.04 | 26.10 ± 0.10 |
Antalya | 8.20 ± 0.1 | 15.40 ± 0.2 | 2.37 ± 0.07 | 9.84 ± 0.04 |
Tekirdağ | 4.10 ± 0.05 | 8.90 ± 0.2 | 12.41 ± 0.05 | 55.97 ± 0.07 |
Çanakkale | 8.10 ± 0.1 | 13.80 ± 0.1 | 8.37 ± 0.07 | 43.04 ± 0.04 |
Aydın | 3.70 ± 0.15 | 14.30 ± 0.1 | 13.70 ± 0.10 | 47.77 ± 0.06 |
Bandırma | 4.10 ± 0.1 | 5.10 ± 0.1 | 12.74 ± 0.04 | 88.85 ± 0.06 |
Bodrum | 8.30 ± 0.15 | 13.30 ± 0.2 | 2.25 ± 0.05 | 50.69 ± 0.09 |
T. trachurus | İskenderun | 5.60 ± 0.1 | 11.20 ± 0.2 | 3.24 ± 0.04 | 8.38 ± 0.08 |
Antalya | 3.30 ± 0.1 | 9.90 ± 0.2 | 9.01 ± 0.06 | 11.62 ± 0.07 |
Tekirdağ | 7.90 ± 0.1 | 17.40 ± 0.4 | 2.45 ± 0.05 | 4.00 ± 0.10 |
Çanakkale | 4.90 ± 0.1 | 18.20 ± 0.2 | 3.58 ± 0.08 | 4.43 ± 0.07 |
Aydın | 9.90 ± 0.1 | 16.90 ± 0.3 | 1.45 ± 0.05 | 7.84 ± 0.04 |
Bandırma | 8.60 ± 0.05 | 17.30 ± 0.3 | 2.34 ± 0.04 | 4.64 ± 0.10 |
Bodrum | 10.10 ± 0.1 | 16.40 ± 0.3 | 1.47 ± 0.07 | 5.97 ± 0.07 |
Correlation analysis showed that there is a significant positive correlation between Fe, Cu, Cr and MDA levels and negative correlation between MDA and CAT in the muscle (Fig. 2). Similarly, MDA levels were found to be positively correlated with Al, Cr, Cd and CAT levels were found to be negatively correlated with Cd, Al and MDA. Therefore, depending on the heavy metal levels in the ambient environment, concentration of biostress parameters increases. Previous studies from marine environments also reported similar correlations [65, 66, 68].
PCA was conducted to understand the parameters that describe the difference in metals and biostress parameters. In muscle, first two principal component explained 50% and 25% of variance, respectively. First component have positive strong loading of Fe, Zn, MDA and moderate negative loading of CAT. In liver, first principal component explained 94% of total variance which has high Fe and moderate MDA loading (Fig. 3). Therefore, PCA analysis showed that MDA and CAT activity levels could effectively be used to address pollution differences between stations.
Similar to the metals levels, MDA and CAT activity levels were varied between tissues and higher levels were reported from liver tissue (Table 6). Presumably, this is the result of higher concentrations of metals in the liver tissue. Higher MDA and CAT levels in the liver were also reported from previous studies [9, 62, 69]
Concentrations of biostress parameters were varied amoung species. MDA and CAT activity levels in the muscle and liver (based on mean measurements) were ranked as T. trachurus > B.boops > M. barbatus and M. babatus > T. trachurus > B.boops, respectively. In literature, studies examining the biostress parameters of these species were scare. Therefore, concentrations in the accumulation levels and differences depending on habitat and feeding strategy needs to be further evaluated.
Health Risk Assessment
Even though some metals are essential for growth, overconsumption may be toxic and have harmful effects on reproductive system, nervous system, immune system [72–73]. Previous studies underline that metal toxicity may cause cancer development, cause cardio vascular diseases, Alzheimer, dementia and Parkinson’s disease [12, 74–75]. For that reason, health risk assessment depend on the consumption of commonly consumed fish species from Turkish territorial waters (M. barbatus, B. boops, T. trachurus) were determined (Table 7–9).
Table 7
Results of health risk assessment for M. barbatus
| | Al | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
Iskenderun | THQ | 2 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 1 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 7x10− 7 | - | 2x10− 6 | - | - | - | 6 x 10− 6 | 8 x 10− 8 | - |
Antalya | THQ | 3 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 1 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 4 | 6 x 10− 4 | 5 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 6 x 10− 8 | - |
Bodrum | THQ | 1 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 5 x 10− 8 | - |
Aydın | THQ | 8 x 10− 6 | 2 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 6 x 10− 4 | 4 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 9 x 10− 7 | - | - | - | 1 x 10− 6 | 5 x 10− 8 | - |
Çanakkale | THQ | 5 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 3 x 10− 6 | - | 5 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 1 x 10− 7 | - |
Tekirdağ | THQ | 2 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 4 | 7 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 3 x 10− 6 | - | 5 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 9 x 10− 6 | 9 x 10− 8 | - |
Bandırma | THQ | 5 x 10− 9 | 2 x 10− 7 | 2 x 10− 6 | 6 x 10− 7 | 4 x 10− 8 | 3 x 10− 8 | 1 x 10− 7 | 3 x 10− 8 | 9 x 10− 7 | 3 x 10− 7 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 9 x 10− 7 | - | - | - | 1 x 10− 9 | 3 x 10− 8 | - |
Table 8
Results of health risk assessment for B. boops
| | Al | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
Iskenderun | THQ | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 4 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 8 x 10− 6 | 8 x 10− 8 | - |
Antalya | THQ | 9 x 10− 6 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 1 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 5 | 7 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 8 x 10− 7 | 2 x 10− 8 | - |
Bodrum | THQ | 1 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 2 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 6 x 10− 7 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 4 x 10− 7 | - |
Aydın | THQ | 5 x 10− 6 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 6 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 8 x 10− 7 | - | - | - | 8 x 10− 7 | 6 x 10− 8 | - |
Çanakkale | THQ | 9 x 10− 6 | 4 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 3 | 4 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 4 | 7 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 3 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 1 x 10− 6 | 7 x 10− 8 | - |
Tekirdağ | THQ | 2 x 10− 5 | 6 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 4 | 9 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 4 x 10− 6 | - | 4 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 1 x 10− 7 | - |
Bandırma | THQ | 4 x 10− 6 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 4 | 4 x 10− 5 | 7 x 10− 5 | 7 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 5 | 9 x 10− 4 | 5 x 10− 5 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 7 x 10− 7 | - | - | - | 8 x 10− 7 | 3 x 10− 8 | - |
Table 9
Results of health risk assessment for T. trachurus
| | Al | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
Iskenderun | THQ | 2 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 7 x 10− 6 | 7 x 10− 8 | - |
Antalya | THQ | 5 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 1 x 10− 3 | 1 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 5 | 9 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 1 x 10− 6 | 3 x 10− 8 | - |
Bodrum | THQ | 1 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 8 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 6 x 10− 7 | 4 x 10− 8 | - |
Aydın | THQ | 2 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 3 | 1 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 5 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 8 x 10− 8 | - |
Çanakkale | THQ | 1 x 10− 5 | 4 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 4 | 9 x 10− 6 | 5 x 10− 5 | 3 x 10− 3 | 2 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 4 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 2 x 10− 6 | 1 x 10− 7 | - |
Tekirdağ | THQ | 9 x 10− 6 | 4 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 3 | 5 x 10− 4 | 3 x 10− 4 | 1 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 3 | 7 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 5 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 6 x 10− 7 | 8 x 10− 8 | - |
Bandırma | THQ | 7 x 10− 6 | 3 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 3 | 7 x 10− 4 | 2 x 10− 4 | 6 x 10− 5 | 5 x 10− 5 | 2 x 10− 5 | 1 x 10− 3 | 3 x 10− 4 |
CR | - | 2 x 10− 6 | - | 1 x 10− 6 | - | - | - | 6 x 10− 7 | 5 x 10− 8 | - |
In this study, target hazard quotient was found to be less than 1 which indicates safe consumption of these species from Turkish waters. In fact, estimated numbers were so small that, even consumption on daily basis does not pose a health problem. Similarly, lifetime cancer risk of Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni < 10− 5 indicating no health risk depending on the consumption.
Previous studies conducted in coastal waters of Turkey was also reported safe consumption [4, 11, 13, 51, 76–77]. On the other hand, Pazi et al. [78] reported that consumption of M. barbatus, P. erythrinus could be dangerous to human health due to high Hg content in Aliaga Bay; whereas, they were safe to be consumed from İzmir Bay. Kosker et al. [19] estimated that consumption of fish and crustacean in Mersin Bay is dangerous in terms of As intake; whereas, it is safe in terms of other metals in Mersin Bay.