Impact of Pulse D Therapy on The Inflammatory Markers in Patients With COVID-19.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-152494/v1

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Impact of Pulse D Therapy on The Inflammatory Markers in Patients With COVID-19.

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-152494/v1

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Introduction: COVID 19 is known to cause immune dysregulation and vitamin D is a known immunomodulator. This study aims to objectively investigate the impact of Pulse D therapy in reducing the inflammatory markers of COVID-19.

Materials/ Methods: Consented COVID-19 patients with hypovitaminosis D were evaluated for inflammatory markers (N/L ratio, CRP, LDH, IL6, Ferritin) along with vitamin D on 0^thday and 9^th / 11^th day as per their respective BMI category. Subjects were randomised into VD and NVD groups. VD group received Pulse D therapy (targeted daily supplementation of 60,000 IUs of vitamin D for 8 or 10 days depending upon their BMI) in addition to the standard treatment. NVD group received standard treatment alone. Differences in the variables between the two groups were analysed for statistical significance.

Results: Eighty seven out of one hundred and thirty subjects have completed the study (VD:44, NVD:43). Vitamin D level has increased from 15.65 ± 5.54 ng/ml to 88.96 ± 31.55 ng/mlafter Pulse D therapy in VD group and highly significant (p<0.01) reduction of all the measured inflammatory markers was noted. Reduction of markers in NVD group was insignificant (p>0.05) . The difference in the reduction of markers between the groups (NVD vs VD) was highly significant (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Therapeutic improvement in vitamin D to 80-100 ng/ml has significantly reduced the inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19 without any side effects. Hence, adjunctive Pulse D therapy can be added safely to the existing treatment protocols of COVID-19 for improved outcomes.

Immunology

General Microbiology

General Biochemistry

Vitamin D

COVID-19

Respiratory Infection

Cytokine storm

Biomarkers

1.1: COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has created an unprecedented hardship in the recent times [1,2]. Serious consequences of COVID-19 were attributed to the immune dysregulation leading to the enhanced production of pro inflammatory mediators (cytokine storm) [3-7]. In the absence of a specific vaccine or a treatment, strategies to minimize the effects of COVID-19 have become extremely important. Recent observational studies have reported that the patients with higher levels of serum vitamin D (vit.D) had less severe symptoms and vice versa and have postulated the usefulness of vit.D in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 [3,8-12]. The beneficial effects of vit.D in COVID-19 were attributed to be mediated through its multiple actions on the immune system. Vit.D is known to enhance the production of various anti-microbial peptides by the immune cells and modulates the immune system according to the internal milieu. It reduces the dysregulated production of self-damaging pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells [13-18]. The dynamic role of vit.D can be of immense value in the context of immune dysfunction observed in COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome [2-6].

1.2: Though the protective immuno-modulatory effects of vit.D were explored in many autoimmune diseases and respiratory tract infections, there is a dearth of information from the randomised clinical trials in COVID-19.

1.3: Pulse D therapy is a targeted approach to increase the serum vit.D level by using high dose (60,000 IUs) oral supplementation of vit.D daily for a specific period of time determined by the individual’s BMI, initial level of vit.D and the formulation [19].

1.4: This study aims to objectively investigate the role of vit.D and the impact of Pulse D therapy in reducing the inflammatory biomarkers of COVID-19.

2.1: This is a randomised prospective open label parallel assignment interventional clinical trial carried out at Gandhi Medical College, Hospital Secunderabad in collaboration with Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad after receiving the approval of the Institutional ethics committee (IEC) of Gandhi Medical College (DCGI Regd. No: ECR/180/Inst/AP/2013/RR-19 dt.26-09-2019) vide Rc. No: IEC/GMC/2020/05/04 dt. 23-05-2020 with prior intimation, as per rules, to IEC Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. COSORT 2010, WHO, ICMJE, ICMR and guidelines set out by Institutional ethics committees of Gandhi Medical College and Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences were followed. This trial was registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) vide Clinical Trial Registration No: CTRI /2020/12/030083 dated: 29/12/2020, Reference No: REF/2020/12/039236. Written informed consent was taken from all the subjects and all the relevant rules and regulations were followed. Confirmed COVID-19 patients above the age of 18 years with hypovitaminosis D (vit.D level below 30ng/ml) and mild to moderate illness (SpO₂>90%) as per the revised guidelines for COVID-19 issued by the Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India on 31-03-2020 were included. Patients with severe illness and patients who have taken high dose vit.D (60000 IUs) in the last 3 months, patients with active malignancy, chronic renal disease and HIV, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers were excluded.

2.2: After admission, mild to moderately ill patients were allotted the serial numbers and were screened for serum vit.D level along with inflammatory markers of COVID-19. Haemogram with Neutrophil / Lymphocyte (N/L) ratio was performed on BC-6200 (Mindray) machine using scatter fluorescence cube method. Vit.D, serum Ferritin and Interleukin 6 (IL6) were estimated on Advia Centaur XPT (Siemens) machine using direct chemiluminometric antibody competitive immunoassay method, direct chemiluminometric two-site sandwich immunoassay method and direct chemiluminometric one step immunoassay method respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C reactive protein (CRP) were estimated on AU5800 Beckman Coulter machine using photometric kinetic UV-IFCC and photometric immunoturbimetric methods respectively.

2.3: Patients with hypovitaminosis D were randomised into two groups vis a vis Experimental group/vit.D group (VD Group) and Active comparator/control group (NVD group) alternatively as per their pre allotment serial numbers. Subjects of VD group received adjunctive Pulse D therapy (60,000 IUs of vit.D in the form of aqueol nano solution-Deksel^® per day for 8 days for subjects with body mass index (BMI) of 18-25 and 10 days for subjects with BMI >25) along with the routine standard treatment for COVID-19. Subjects of NVD group received standard treatment for COVID-19 alone. After the completion of treatment with vit.D, repeat serum samples for vit.D and the inflammatory markers were collected on 9^th or 11^th day respectively for VD group. Similarly, samples were collected on 9^th day for patients with BMI of 16-25 and 11^th day for patients with BMI>25 in NVD group.

2.4: Subjects in both the groups (VD and NVD) who have not received the drugs like Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ivermectin or Dexamethasone were sub categorised into eVD and eNVD sub groups. Exclusive role of vit.D (without the influence of antiviral drugs or corticosteroids) in reducing the inflammatory markers of COVID-19 was studied in these subgroups.

2.5: Differences in the serum parameters between the two groups were analysed for statistical significance using MedCalc (Ver.19.5.1). Descriptive statistics of parametric variables were represented by Mean ± SD and significance analysis by t test. Non parametric variables were represented by Median and IQR and comparative analysis by Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon rank test. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant and p<0.01 as highly significant.

2.6: Sample size calculation was done through openepi.com. Two sided confidence interval was taken as 95%, power as 80%, ratio of sample size as 1. The mean ± SD difference of variables was taken as 50% in VD group and 10% in NVD group. Sample size thus derived was 13 for each group. To overcome the non responder’s bias, sample size was adjusted by assuming an expected response proportion of 50%. Though the adjusted sample size was 26 in each group, 65 patients (n=2.5×sample size) were recruited for better outcome.

2.7: Prefix “pre” was used for an analyte before treatment and Prefix “Post” was used for an analyte after treatment. Prefix “Diff.in” was used to denote the difference (i.e Pre/before treatment-Post/after treatment) in a given parameter.

3.1: One hundred and thirty confirmed COVID-19 subjects were included and eighty seven subjects could complete the study. Details are enumerated in the flow diagram (figure 1).

3.2: The mean age of patients who have completed the study (n= 87) was 45.49±13.28 years, range: 20 to 83 years. The mean age of patients in VD group (n= 44) was 47.18 ±12.35 years, range: 20 to 70 years and in NVD group (n= 43) was 43.77± 14.11 years, range: 20 to 83 years. There was no significant difference in age between the two groups (p= 0.23).

3.3: There was no significant difference in median BMI between the patients in VD (25.36) and NVD (24.46) groups (Z= -0.81, p= 0.42). There was no significant difference in the median duration of symptoms between the patients in VD (5 days) and NVD (5days) groups (Z=0.86, p=0.39).

3.4: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in vital parameters between NVD and VD groups (median systolic blood pressure: p=0.85, mean diastolic blood pressure: p=0.40, median heart rate: p=0.30, median SpO₂: p=0.83) at the time of enrolment.

3.5: 34 out of the 87 subjects who have completed the study had either diabetes or hypertension as co-morbidity (39%). Owing to sequential randomisation, 21 and 13 subjects with co-morbidities were allotted to VD and NVD group respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in levels of all the measured inflammatory markers in the subjects of both groups with and without co-morbidities before and after treatment.

3.6: Out of the 87 subjects who have completed the study, 75% (n=65) were men and 25% (n=22) were women. Owing to randomisation n=37, 28 men and n=7, 15 women got allotted to VD and NVD groups respectively. The difference in the inflammatory markers before treatment between the genders in VD and NVD groups was not significant (p>0.05) except for IL6 (p=0.02) in VD group and Ferritin (p=0.002) in NVD group with men having higher levels. The difference in the inflammatory markers after treatment between the genders in VD and NVD groups was not significant (p>0.05) except for higher CRP (p=0.02) in women and higher Ferritin (p=0.002) in men in NVD group.

3.7: In spite of matching various independent parameters, significant difference (p<0.05) in all the inflammatory markers between VD and NVD groups was noted before treatment with all the markers being high in VD group.

3.8: Analysis of inflammatory markers and vit.D in the VD group before versus after treatment has shown highly significant reduction (p<0.01) in all the measured inflammatory markers and a significant increase (p<0.01) in vit.D (Table 1).

Table 1: Values of various parameters studied in the VD group before and after treatment.

Variable	Pre (n=44)		Post (n=44)		Pre vs Post
Variable	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	t or z statistic	p value
Vit.D (ng/ml)	15.65 ± 5.54^#	13.96-17.33*	88.96 ± 31.55^#	79.40-98.52*	15.53	<0.0001
CRP (mg/L)	81.31 ± 66.38^#	61.13-101.49*	16.48 ± 41.99^#	3.72-29.26*	-5.98	<0.0001
LDH (U/L)	369.46 ± 159.34^#	321.02-417.91*	274.4 ± 114.8^#	239.50-309.30*	-4.58	<0.0001
IL6 (pg/ml)	15.2 (5.30-56.65)	8.95-28.62	2.95 (0.90-7.55)	1.70-4.79	4.29	<0.0001
Ferritin (ng/ml)	430.65 (189.9-835.7)	261.76-708.01	333.95 (153.8-508.0)	202.77-432.69	3.52	0.0004
N/L Ratio	5.49 (3.08-10.99)	4.14-7.72	3.32 (2.35-5.26)	2.69-4.78	3.66	0.0003
Vit.D: Vitamin D, CRP: C-Reactive protein, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Il-6: Interleukin-6, N/L ratio: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, IQR: Interquartile range, #: Mean ±SD, *: 95% CI of Mean

3.9: Unlike the VD group, analysis of inflammatory markers in the NVD group before and after treatment has not shown significant reduction (p>0.05) except CRP. On the contrary levels of IL6 and Ferritin have increased though they were not significant statistically (Table 2).

Table 2: Values of various parameters studied in the NVD group before and after treatment.

Variable	Pre (n=43)		Post (n=43)		Pre vs Post
Variable	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	t or z statistic	p value
Vit.D (ng/ml)	17.02 ±6.35^#	15.06-18.98*	16.26 ± 7.21^#	14.04-18.48*	-0.72	0.48
CRP (mg/L)	10.77 (2.88-43.42)	4.92-30.62	5 (1.29-8.76)	2.33-7.09	2.67	0.008
LDH (U/L)	243.7 (171.5-297.8)	189.30-262.72	207.2 (175.45-251.3)	189.71-224.42	1.38	0.17
IL6 (pg/ml)	2.7 (0.82-9.47)	1.26-5.66	3.9 (0.62-10.72)	1.42-7.04	-0.09	0.93
Ferritin (ng/ml)	169 (62.67-525.9)	86.60-328.85	195.5 (53.92-455.55)	68.36-331.04	1.81	0.07
N/L Ratio	3.04 (1.69-5.23)	2.15-3.87	2.48 (2.09-3.66)	2.30-2.95	0.27	0.79
Vit.D: Vitamin D, CRP: C-Reactive protein, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Il-6: Interleukin-6, N/L ratio: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, IQR: Interquartile range, #: Mean ± SD, *: 95% CI of Mean

3.10: The difference in the reduction of inflammatory markers between the two groups (NVD vs VD) was highly significant (p<0.01) with the reduction in VD group being markedly higher than the NVD group (Table 3).

Table 3: The values of difference in the inflammatory markers and vitamin D between the two groups (NVD vs VD)

Variable	NVD (n=43)		VD (n=44)		NVD vs VD
Difference (Pre –Post)	Median (IQR)	95% CI of Median	Median (IQR)	95% CI of Median	z statistic	p value
Vit.D (ng/ml)	-0.10 (-3.21-4.69)	-1.28-2.69	-64.20 (-92.46-52.3)	-81.2-58.43	8.03	<0.0001
CRP (mg/L)	5.49 (-2.62-38.61)	-0.003-21.31	50.70 (9.60-112.75)	30.45-85.06	-3.87	0.0001
LDH (U/L)	15.40 (-22.08-59.97)	-12.59-40.01	71.70 (13.48-167.68)	47.83-132.54	3.15	0.0016
IL6 (pg/ml)	0.50 (-6.95-3.77)	-3.72-1.28	12.50 (2.0-45.5)	7.80-24.77	-3.69	0.0002
Ferritin (ng/ml)	10.70 (10.72-55.47)	-5.65-37.86	84.40 (7.95-268.35)	55.04-170.77	2.64	0.008
N/L Ratio	0.05 (-1.11-1.81)	-0.67-1.18	0.88 (0.0-4.7)	0.27-2.24	-2.62	0.0087
Vit.D: Vitamin D, CRP: C-Reactive protein, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Il-6: Interleukin-6, N/L ratio: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, IQR: Interquartile range.

3.11: Fifteen cases each in VD and NVD group have not received any drugs like Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ivermectin or Dexamethasone. Analysis of inflammatory markers in the eVD sub group (before and after treatment) has shown highly significant reduction (p<0.01) in all the measured inflammatory markers after Pulse D therapy. Significant increase in vit.D level was noted (p<0.01) (Table 4).

Table 4: Values of various parameters analysed in the eVD sub group before and after treatment.

Variable	Pre (n=15)		Post (n=15)		Pre vs Post
Variable	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	t or z statistic	p value
Vit.D (ng/ml)	14.76 ± 5.27^#	11.84-17.68*	81.47 ± 31.59^#	63.98-98.96*	8.34	<0.0001
CRP (mg/L)	384.89 ± 206.33^#	270.62-499.15*	253.86 ± 83.6^#	207.56-300.15*	-3.15	0.007
LDH (U/L)	33.08 ± 34.74^#	13.84-52.32*	3.23 ± 3.77^#	1.14-5.31*	-3.42	0.004
IL6 (pg/ml)	56.74 (21.97-96.12)	22.18-96.04	8.1 (2.71-16.09)	2.72-16.08	3	0.0003
Ferritin (ng/ml)	207 (125.85-565.45)	125.96-565.24	186.4 (93.57-423.45)	93.64-422.89	13	0.005
N/L Ratio	5.67 (2.78-12.54)	2.79-12.49	2.69 (2.07-4.25)	2.07-4.24	11	0.003
Vit.D: Vitamin D, CRP: C-Reactive protein, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Il-6: Interleukin-6, N/L ratio: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, IQR: Interquartile range, #: Mean ± SD, *: 95% CI of Mean

3.12: Analysis of inflammatory markers in the eNVD sub group (before and after treatment) has not shown any significant reduction (p>0.05). The levels of Ferritin (p>0.05) and N/L ratio (p<0.05) on the contrary have increased in the post samples when compared to the pre samples (Table 5).

Table 5: Values of various parameters analysed in the eNVD sub group before and after treatment.

Variable	Pre (n=15)		Post (n=15)		Pre vs Post
Variable	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	t or z statistic	p value
Vit.D (ng/ml)	16.08 ± 6.06^#	12.72-19.44*	16.56 ± 8.11^#	12.07-21.05*	0.225	0.82
CRP (mg/L)	257.45 ±106.49^#	198.48-316.42*	235 ± 88.17^#	186.18-283.83*	-0.89	0.39
LDH (U/L)	3.8 (1.60-9.48)	1.6-9.44	1.3 (0.0-9.02)	0-9.00	49	0.56
IL6 (pg/ml)	8.07 (1.82-19.45)	1.83-19.30	5.11 (1.71-8.40)	1.72-8.39	42	0.33
Ferritin (ng/ml)	147 (64.85-229.95)	65.15-229.16	188.7 (50.55-237)	50.64-236.94	51	0.64
N/L Ratio	1.67 (1.40-2.76)	1.41-2.76	2.41 (1.83-4.52)	1.83-4.52	24	0.04
Vit.D: Vitamin D, CRP: C-Reactive protein, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Il-6: Interleukin-6, N/L ratio: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, IQR: Interquartile range, #: Mean ± SD, *: 95% CI of Mean

3.13: The difference in the reduction of inflammatory markers between the two sub groups (eNVD vs eVD) was significant (p<0.05) with the reduction in eVD sub group being markedly higher than the eNVD sub group except for Ferritin. Though the reduction of median Ferritin levels after Pulse D therapy was quite high in the VD group, it was not statistically significant (Table 6).

Table 6: Values of difference in the inflammatory markers and vitamin D between the sub groups (eNVD vs eVD).

Difference in in variable (Pre-Post)	eNVD (n=15)		eVD (n=15)		eNVD vs eVD
Difference in in variable (Pre-Post)	Mean± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	Mean± SD or Median (IQR)	95% CI of Mean / Median	t or z statistic	p value
IL6 (pg/ml)	2.69 ± 28.23^#	-12.94 -18.33*	29.85 ± 33.78^#	11.14 - 48.56*	2.39	0.024
Vit.D (ng/ml)	-1.04 (-5.6-3.86)	-5.59 - 3.85	-63.32 (-75.12-47.72)	-75.05 - 47.80	4.67	<0.0001
LDH (U/L)	-0.62 (-22.08-63.69)	-22.08-63.42	73.4 (41.65-203.65)	41.77- 203.31	2.26	0.024
CRP (mg/L)	0.73 (-2.35-12.98)	2.31-12.91	39.27 (16.85-84.33)	16.92- 84.29	3.26	0.0011
Ferritin (ng/ml)	1.1 (-11.55-55.47)	-11.51-55.46	75.9 (5.75-158.82)	5.83- 157.94	1.85	0.065
N/L Ratio	-0.54 (-1.26-0.01)	-1.26-0.01	1.0 (0.07-4.98)	0.08-4.96	3.42	0.0006
Vit.D: Vitamin D, CRP: C-Reactive protein, LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Il-6: Interleukin-6, N/L ratio: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio, IQR: Interquartile range, #: Mean ± SD, *: 95% CI of Mean

3.14: Difference in the mean hospital stay between VD vs NVD groups (13.45±5.14 days vs 13.62±5.32 days) was not significant (p=0.88).

3.15: Intensive care support was required for 9 subjects (VD group: n= 4, NVD group: n=5) and 7 of them died (VD group: n=2, NVD group: n=5). 6 out of these 7 subjects (VD group: n=2, NVD group: n=4) died after 4.83 ± 1.17 days of enrolment without completing the study. One subject in NVD group died after 21 days of enrolment. All of them had very high levels of inflammatory markers at admission when compared to the survivors. The difference was highly significant (p<0.01) for IL6, CRP, Ferritin and significant (p=0.02) for N/L ratio and LDH. 2 of the 7 non survivor subjects (28.5%) had either diabetes or hypertension as co-morbidity.

No adverse reactions attributable to vit.D toxicity were noted in any of the patients studied. Serum calcium level in VD group after treatment was within normal limits (9.38 ± 0.46.mg/dl).

4.1: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (novel corona virus) has not only incited intense adaptive immune response in the individuals who were affected by it but also has incited immense human response at various fronts to fight it all over the world [4,5]. As the immune dysregulation caused by COVID-19 lead to respiratory failure and multi organ dysfunction syndrome, many attempts were made to repurpose the available drugs to address the challenges posed by the novel corona virus [4,6,7 20,21]. Mortality and morbidity were recorded to be high in patients with significantly elevated inflammatory markers (surrogate markers of COVID-19 severity) such as N/L ratio, CRP, LDH, IL6, Ferritin, D dimer etc [3,6,7,11,22]. Similarly, Mortality and morbidity were also recorded to be high in patients with vit.D deficiency [9,11,12]. Low vit.D level was proposed to be an independent risk factor for acquiring COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and COVID related mortality [9,10]. Based on the earlier evidence that vit.D could decrease the incidence of flu and other respiratory infections and the observational studies in COVID-19, few hypothesis and recommendations have been published in support of supplementing vit.D to avert the serious consequences of COVID-19 [2,3,9-12,23].

4.2: Vit.D has innumerable effects on human physiology. In addition to its endocrinal and calcitropic musculoskeletal effects, it is a potential immunomodulator. Depending upon the prevailing internal milieu and the level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D in the blood, intracrinal activation of 1α hydroxylase occurs in the immune cells to produce calcitriol locally and have its autocrine effects like promotion of innate immune response to infections and modulation of adaptive immune response. Vit.D acts as a smart switch to decrease the Th1 response and pro inflammatory cytokines while enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in cases of immune dysregulation [13-16,23]. It is pertinent to note that SARS-CoV-2 virus activates Th1 response and suppresses Th2 response⁴. It was postulated that the levels of vit.D above 40-60 ng/ml could be protective to tide over the COVID crisis [8,11,24]. Owing to the paucity of evidence from prospective randomised clinical trials, high dose vit.D was not included in the treatment protocols of COVID-19.

4.3: As the concentration dependent effects of vit.D on the immune system and the means to achieve such concentrations safely in the shortest possible time in a given individual is well known [19], we have carried out this study to determine the impact of Pulse D therapy on the inflammatory markers of COVID-19.

4.4: The two randomised groups in our study were matched with respect to age, BMI, duration of symptoms, co-morbidities and vital parameters. In spite of the matching of various parameters, significant difference in markers before treatment between the groups was intriguing. This difference can be attributed to chance alone. Male predominance (75% vs 25%) was noted akin to earlier reports [3]. Analysis of inflammatory markers before and after treatment in VD group has shown highly significant reduction (p<0.01) in all the inflammatory markers after adjunctive pulse D therapy. On the contrary insignificant reduction (p>0.05) of inflammatory markers was noted in the NVD group. The difference in reduction of inflammatory markers between the groups (NVD vs VD) was highly significant (p<0.01) with the reduction of markers being markedly high in VD group when compared to the NVD group. Hence, adjunctive Pulse D therapy targeted at a mean vit D level of 80-100ng/ml has effectively reduced the inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19.

4.5: Rastogi A et.al reported that high dose vit.D supplementation orally for seven consecutive days has increased the vit.D level in a group of 16 patients from 8.6 to 42.4 ng/ml with significant reduction in fibrinogen levels and insignificant reduction in CRP. Early viral clearance in the form of negative RT-PCR after vit.D supplementation was also reported [1].

Entrenas Castillo M et al reported that oral administration of high dose calcifediol has significantly reduced the severity of COVID-19, need for ICU treatment and mortality. Though elevated levels of inflammatory markers at enrolment were reported, initial level of vitamin D or the follow up levels of vitamin D or inflammatory markers was not studied [25].

4.6: It may be noted that the statistically significant reduction in all the inflammatory markers in this study may be attributed to the level of vit.D achieved (88.96 ± 31.55 ng/ml) and aqueol nano formulation (Deksel^®) has facilitated the target levels to be achieved, akin to the earlier report [19]. Significant reduction in CRP was noted in our study when compared to the report of Rastogi A et.al [1]. This may be attributed to the difference in the level of vit.D after treatment. As per our knowledge, these finding are the first of its kind to be reported.

4.7: We have analysed the inflammatory markers in a separate subset of cases (eVD and eNVD sub groups) derived from both the study groups who have not received any drugs like Remdesivir, Favipiravir or Ivermectin or Dexamethasone. Highly significant reduction (p<0.01) in all the measured inflammatory markers with significant increase in vit.D was noted in the eVD sub group unlike the eNVD sub group (p>0.05). The difference in reduction of inflammatory markers between the sub groups (eNVD vs eVD) was highly significant (p<0.01) with the reduction of markers being markedly high in eVD subgroup when compared to the eNVD sub group. Hence, improvement in serum vit.D level to 80 ng/ml has shown to effectively reduce the levels of surrogate markers of COVID-19 severity independently. These findings are exclusive to our study as on date and could not be compared with others.

4.8: Hospital stay was subjective and multifactorial in both the groups. It could not be attributed to the physical impact of the disease alone.

4.9: At enrolment, significantly higher levels of all the inflammatory markers were noted in the non survivors compared to survivors. Similar relationship of mortality to the elevated levels of inflammatory markers was reported by Jain A et.al. in their observational study [3].

4.10: No adverse reactions to vit.D were reported in our study. Serum calcium levels were within the normal limits after treatment (9.38 ± 0.46.mg/dl) in VD group. Similar finding on the safety of short-term high dose vit.D supplementation were reported by Rastogi A et.al [1].

5.1: Immune dysregulation in COVID-19 is marked by increased inflammatory biomarkers such as N/L ratio, CRP, LDH, IL6 and Ferritin. Vitamin D is a potential immunomodulator and its adjunctive role in the treatment of COVID-19 is established by this study. Improvement of serum vit.D level to 80-100 ng/ml has significantly reduced the inflammatory markers without any side effects. Hence, adjunctive Pulse D therapy can be added safely to the existing treatment protocols of COVID-19.

Limitations of the study: This is a single centre study. It can be considered as a pilot for larger multicentric RCTs in future.

Acknowledgements: We express our gratitude to Dr. Raja Rao, Medical Superintendent, Dr. MD Suleman, Vice Principal, Dr. Vinay Shekar, HOD, Dept. of General Medicine, Dr. S U M Raju, Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital for their kind support. We thank Mr. Mallesh Kothapally and Mr.Ravi Paili for their extensive support in carrying out this project.

Additional Information:

Declaration of Interest/ Competing Interest:

Conflict of Interest: Nil

Funding Source: Sponsored by Pulse Pharmaceuticals. Funding source has no involvement in study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing the report or decision to submit the article for publication.

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No competing interests reported.

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Impact of Pulse D Therapy on The Inflammatory Markers in Patients With COVID-19.

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