Dry matter accumulation reflects growth and metabolic efficiency of a plant, which ultimately influences the economic yield. A 2-year field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research farm of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during 2018 (Y1) to 2019 (Y2) having subhumid climate. Experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of two date of planting (D1: 10 July, D2: 25 July) which were allotted to main plots and 3 combinations of Nutrient management (N1: STBFR, N2: STBFR + GM, N3: STBFR + FYM) allotted for Sub plots on Rice crop (Naveen). Early planting (15 days ahead) shows significant improvement in Leaf, stem, panicle over late planting while significantly higher drymatter accumulation in different plant parts were optimized under STBFR + GM method of nutrient management. Among all the plant parts Stem shows higher accumulation of dry weight than other plant parts, However Early planting and application of STBFR + GM was recommended for higher drymatter accumulation of Rice crop.
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Dry matter partitioning of Rice crop as influenced by Date of planting and Nutrient Management
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Drymatter partitioning
STBFR
Green manuring
FYM
Date of planting
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food crop of India which contributes to 45 per cent of the total cereal production, hence it sustain food security of the country (Rai and Kushwaha 2005). A difference in plant development was observed because of the management practices and various environmental conditions to which it exposed. Among these factors planting time, age of seedlings at the time of transplanting are important non-monetary inputs, and Fertilizer, GM, FYM or any organic manure application is the important monetary inputs responsible for better growth and development obtaining potential yield of rice. Donald and Hamblin (1976) found that biomass yield and HI combinable determines grain yield in cereals. Grain yield and HI is significantly associated with DM accumulation and partitioning, therefore observation of these parameters were important (Hasegawa, 2003).
Accumulation of dry matter, along with its effective partitioning to economically important plant parts; holds the key for yield stability [Kumar et al., 2010, Karikari et al., 2015]. Dry matter distribution is the product of anabolic flow from supply organs (leaves and stems) on the way to storage organs (grains). Nutrient is a significant limiting factor for agricultural productivity and tends to inhibit plant growth if its absorption is reduced. Fertilizers are a costly input, such that their use limits the profitability of rice farming for high- or low-input systems, and the use of fertilizers alone sometime is extremely inefficient (Rose et al., 2013) as the losses of the primary nutrients are more. Among plant nutrients nitrogen has been considered as a major growth and development element (Nikolic et al., 2012), but its losses are also more so if its application can be done through green manure along with chemical fertilizers efficient growth of crop, decline in organic carbon is arrested and the gap between potential and actual yield also narrows down to a large extent. It was observed that all maximum dry matter weight came from green manure treatments and this differences observed because, in others their growth might be limited by the restricted supply of essential nutrients under only STBFR application (Latt et al., 2009).
Photosynthesis, conversion of assimilates to biomass and partitioning of assimilates to grains integrately determines yield of rice. Studies on STBFR, GM, FYM, Date of planting and their impact on dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning into leaf, culm and panicle at different growth stages and harvest index (HI) of lowland rice are scanty. Thus aim of this work is to investigate the effects of date of planting, nutrient management on partitioning dynamics of Rice crop.
A 2-year field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Main Research Farm, O.U.A.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during 2018-19 (Y1) and 2019-20 (Y2). The experimental site has a subhumid climate and is situated at 20°15' N latitude and 85°52' E longitude, about 64 km away from the Bay of Bengal at an elevation of 25.9 meter above Mean Sea Level (MSL). Soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texturewith concentration of sand (60.5%), clay (17.3%), silt (22.2%), slightly acidic in reaction with soil pH (5.3), low in organic carbon (0.51%) and available nitrogen (198 kg ha− 1), medium in available phosphorus (18 kg ha− 1) and high in available potassium (193 kg ha− 1). Kharif rice was grown in split plot design, where six treatment combinations consist of two dates of planting treatment (10 July and 25 July) and three nutrient management practices in sub-plots i.e soil test based fertilizer recommendation (STBFR, fully inorganic), STBFR + Sesbania green manure (GM), STBFR + Farmyard manure (FYM). STBFR has applied along with FYM and Sesbania spp. whose nitrogen and phosphorus content were analysed before application so that total nutrient applied can be observed.
Plants of one hill, from the second row on either side in each plot, representing the whole plot, were uprooted at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at maturity to record dry matter accumulation per hill. At the time of selection, it was taken care that area of 0.50 metre near the bunds is excluded for sampling. For determination of dry matter (DM) partitioning into various plant parts, a random sample was taken of the above ground part of the plant from each plot at 30, 60, 90 DAS, at maturity and separated into the stems, leaves, and heads. Then the samples are first sun dried in paper bags and then oven dried at 65 ± 20C till a constant weight was obtained at each stage. After drying, the samples were weighted for recording dry weight in grams and then dry matter per square metre were computed. The dry matter data recorded at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at maturity were used to calculate the crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR). The CGR (Watson, 1956) was worked out with following formula:
The RGR (Williams, 1946) was worked out with following formula:
Where,
Ln is natural logarithm
W1 and W2 are dry weights of plants at time t1 and t2 respectively.
t2- t1 is the interval of time in days
S is land area (m2) occupied by plants
Data were subjected to analysis of variance according to the methods described for Split plot design. And the means between treatments were compares with the LSD (CD) found using Excel format.
Dry matter accumulation reflects growth and metabolic efficiency of a plant, which ultimately influences the economic yield. Total dry matter production by rice plants increased progressively with the advancement of growth stages and reached peak at maturity (Figure 1& 2) and a particular growth pattern has been observed in both the years through application of different source of nutrient (Figure 1.) as well as different date of planting (Figure 2.).
The partitioning of drymass between different parts of a plant was dramatically altered at different growth stages by date of planting and nutrient management are presented in Table 1&2 as well as in figure 1, 2 & 3. Overall Plant parts and total drymatter increased progressively with advancement of crop age up to 90 DAT thereafter the increase was marginal (Figure 1&2).
Irrespective of period of observation, highest translocation of drymatter took place towards stem followed by leaf in vegetative stages and during harvest stages the trend followed was Stem> Panicle > leaf (Figure 4). In all the tables from the year mean it has been observed that year 2019-20 had higher dry matter than 2018-19.
Drymatter partitioning to Leaf: Dry matter of leaf was significantly higher in case of earlier planting at all the stages. Mean maximum dry matter of leaf (198.02 g m-2) has been observed at 60 DAT (PI stage) thereafter decreases in both the year.
A significant increase in drymatter of leaf was observed from tillering to harvesting stages with STBFR+ organic combinations i.e. GM and FYM in comparison to only inorganic treated plot. Effect of STBFR+GM treated plot was significantly higher over the other two treated plot in all the stages. At harvesting stage mean dry matter of leaf in STBFR+GM treated rice was significantly higher by 5.57, 11.79 over other two treatment respectively.
Drymatter partitioning to Stem: Data in respect of dry matter of stem at various stages of plant growth was presented in table 1 & 2. Date of planting had significant effect in improving drymatter production of stem at all the growth stages and higher drymatter of stem has been observed at 90 DAT (771.9 g m-2) thereafter it decreased marginally. On an average 10 July planting recorded 3.32 per cent more drymatter over 15 days late planting at harvesting stage.
Nutrient management had significant effect in increasing dry weight of stem till 90 DAT thereafter decreases. Different organic inorganic combination was significantly higher over inorganic treatment alone. Highest drymatter of stem was observed in case of STBFR+GM (776.5 g m-2) at 90 DAT, which was 1.26, 3.87 per cent higher over STBFR+ FYM and STBFR treated plot respectively.
Drymatter partitioning to Reproductive parts:
Data representing dry weight of reproductive parts were presented in Table 2. It indicates dry weight has been increased from 90 DAT to harvesting stage due to grain filling.
At 90 DAT as well as harvesting stage 15 days early planting gave higher dry matter of (panicle) reproductive parts of the plant. At harvesting stage earlier planting recorded higher dry weight of reproductive parts than late planting condition by 3.74 per cent. Persual of the data indicates STBFR+ GM significantly better over other two treatments in both the year. Average data in table 2 indicated highest dry weight of reproductive parts in STBFR+GM treated plot which was 2.06, 8.09 per cent higher over STBFR+FYM and STBFR treated plot respectively.
Total dry matter:
Dry matter accumulation per metre square increased progressively with age till maturity of the crop (Table 3). Average dry matter production was 210.5, 876.1, 1163.8, 1204.8 g m-2 at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at maturity stage respectively. Difference in drymatter of rice due to different date of sowing was significant at all the four stages of plant growth. Irrespective of year 10 July planted crop shows highest dry matter accumulation compared to 15 days delay in planting. The drymatter obtained under earlier planting method at harvesting stage (1204.83 g m-2) was higher than late planting by 3.78 per cent.
Significant difference in rice dry matter was observed due to change in sources of nutrient. At 30 DAT (tillering stage) STBFR+GM based treatment shows higher dry weight i.e 207.8 g m-2 which was significantly higher than STBFR+FYM (204.2 g m-2) followed by STBFR (201.3 g m-2) treated plot. Similar trend of significant difference in rice drymatter was observed due to various inorganic and organic treated plot at other 3 stages shows highest drymatter at STBFR+GM treated plot by 1.76, 1.94, 2.08 per cent over STBFR+FYM; 3.23, 5.90, 6.29 per cent over STBFR treated plot respectively.
The interaction effect of all the drymatter partitioned at harvesting stage was represented in Figure 4 indicates that 10 July planting along with STBFR+GM have higher drymatter in stem, leaf, grain than other treatment combinations.
CGR (g m-2day-1):
Data pertaining to crop growth rate (CGR) g m-2 day-1 are presented in Table 4. Irrespective of the treatments, the crop growth rate (CGR) progressively increased till 60 DAT and declined thereafter till maturity. CGR is found to be higher between 30-60 days duration. At all the stages early sowing had significant effect over delayed sowing in both the year except harvesting where CGR found to be similar among both the rice planting. Maximum CGR of 20.6 g m-2day-1 observed in early planting at 30-60 DAT. There is 10.13, 2.49, 4.27 and 7.53 per cent increase in growth rate during the period 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 DAT, 90 DAT-harvest, respectively by early planting over 15 days delay in planting.
A significant increase in CGR was observed at 0-30 DAT till 60-90 DAT with the various inorganic organic combinations in comparison to inorganic nutrient applied. Highest CGR was obtained in STBFR+GM treatment at all the stages except at later stages from 90 DAT- harvesting during which different types of nutrient source combination was statistically at par with each other. The mean CGR obtained at all the growth stages by STBFR+GM treatment are 4.26, 20.9, 12.2, 1.6 g m-2 day-1 respectively.
Relative growth rate (g g -1 day-1)
The relative growth rate (RGR) was maximum (77.07 mg g -1 day-1) during 0-30 DAT that decreased progressively to 0.64 mg g -1 day-1 during 90 DAT to harvest. There was a significant influence of date of planting on RGR till 30 DAT thereafter date of planting doesnot have any significant impact on RGR of the crop, but at all the growth stages early planting on 10 July recorded maximum RGR in comparison to 15 days delay in planting.
At 0-30 DAT, RGR was significantly influenced by nutrient management combination, however at other stages nutrient management doesnot have any significant influence on RGR. Among all the sources of nutrient management combinations STBFR+GM (76.90, 21.13, 4.49, 0.65 mg g -1 day-1) treatment shows numerically higher RGR than other treatments.
Root drymatter production
The observations on root drymatter production indicated that, mean dry weight increased progressively with advancement of the crop age culminating with highest value at 90 DAT. Thereafter root dry weight decreased till maturity. Rate of increase in root dry weight was maximum (88%) during the period 30- 60 DAT.
Date of planting significantly influenced root dry weight at all stages of crop growth. Planting on 10 July recorded significantly maximum root dry weight per metre square followed by crop planted on 25 July. At 90 DAT, 10 July planted crop registered highest dry weight i.e. 54.7 g m-2 that decreased by 3.5% due to 15 days delay in planting.
Effect of nutrient management on root dry weight was significant at all the stages of crop growth. STBFR+GM show significantly maximum root dry weight than other two treatments and registered dry weights by this treatment were (19.76, 37.08, 55.40, 47.29 g m-2). At 90 DAT (maximum dry weight stage) STBFR+GM shows higher dry weight by 2.7% and 6.9% against STBFR+FYM and STBFR treated rice.
Yield
Grain and Biological yield of rice as influenced by date of planting and source of nutrient in rice have been presented in Table 5. Significant differences in yield of rice were witnessed due to different date of planting. Rice biological yield was significantly superior in earlier planting by 10.38 per cent over 25 July planting. Similarly mean rice grain yield obtained in 10 July planting plot (5008 kg ha-1) was significantly superior over 25 July planting (4481 kg ha-1). The rice grain yield during both the year also follows the same trend record highest in earlier planting (4911, 5106 kg ha-1).
Rice biological and grain yield was highest in STBFR+GM (11172 kg ha-1, 5015 kg ha-1) followed by STBFR+FYM (10803 kg ha-1,4794 kg ha-1) and STBFR (9930 kg ha-1, 4424 kg ha-1). In 2018-19 & 19-20, both yield parameters followed the same trend with respect to source of nutrient. Biological yield increase due to STBFR+GM over STBFR+FYM, STBFR was 3.41, 12.51 per cent respectively.
Total Nutrient Uptake
In case of nutrient uptake N, P and K uptake of grain, straw and total is found to be significantly higher in early planted crop followed by 15 days delay in planting. Earlier planted crop recorded maximum uptake of N (89.0 kg ha-1), P (19.6 kg ha-1) and K (115.9 kg ha-1) respectively (Table 6).
Nutrient management had significant effect on nutrient uptake of rice. Among them STBFR+GM shows higher N (92.7 kg ha-1) and K (115.0 kg ha-1) uptake than STBFR+GM, STBFR alone while P (20.2 kg ha-1) was found in STBFR+FYM treated crop.
Correlation studies:
Total biomass yield had positive correlation with nutrient uptake especially Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium uptake at maturity (Fig 5). The determination factor was nearly 0.8625 to 0.9591 for every nutrient uptake. So we found a strong relationship between them.
The higher accumulation of dry matter is the result of higher rate of the photosynthesis which in turn depends upon the leaf area index and is the testimony to the observations recorded in the present investigation. Data on dry matter accumulation, indicated that vegetative growth at early stage almost showed a linear trend with declining rate towards the maturity. This might be due to the increased mutual interaction within the individual plants imposing limitation to the process of growth, and the process of aging due to senescence (Singh G.) The translocation of dry matter accumulated to different plant parts was computed and presented (Table 1&2). The source sink relationship is the indicative of translocation of carbohydrate to different plant parts, mainly the vegetative organs, namely shoot, leaf and to certain extent panicles as source, whereas the grains are considered to be major sink.
10 July planted crop resulted highest dry matter accumulation (3.78 per cent more) compared to 15 days delay in planting at harvest, which might be due to proper grain filling vis-à-vis gain in weight depends upon translocation of stored carbohydrates from the vegetative parts. The translocation pattern indicated that partitioning of photosynthates towards stem was more compared to leaf>grain>root in different stage of crop growth. Data further revealed that translocation decreased towards root as age of the plant progressed under all the planting conditions (Singh, 2020 and Chandni, 2020). The dry matter is also the reflection of crop growth rate between two subsequent intervals of time span. High CGR might be due to accumulation of food material through photosynthesis during growth period of the crop and then it distributed towards the root and shoot. The crop growth increased in early planting possibly due to favourable environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity during its different phenophases compared to late planting (Verma et al., 2008, Jena et al., 2010) implies easy uptake of macro and micro nutrients from soil, might have increased the photosynthetic efficiency and partitioning of photo assimilates, with higher productivity unless the sink capacity is limiting that improved growth, increased LAI, crop growth rate and hence had higher DM accumulation and partitioning. Similar results obtained by Brar et al., 2011. Dry matter production is a function of nutrients availability and uptake by the plant (Ibeawuchi et al., 2007), environmental and genetic factors (Amin, 2011).
The increase in leaf (75.8 g m-2), stem (639.4 g m-2), dry matter (1214.8 g m-2) with GM+STBFR could be attributed to the increase in leaf widths, more single leaf area and leaf area index. The higher stem weight resulted from greater partitioning of assimilates to stem because when the nutrient in root zone was more and the shoot to root ratio increased (Amanullah & Imanullah, 2016). The higher DM partitioning to panicles (494.5 g m-2) at harvesting stage indicated more translocation of assimilates from the leaves and culms to the panicles during the grain filling period, resulting in higher grain yield (Wiangsamut et al., 2013). Amanullah et al. (2008) reported that the increase in leaf area index (LAI) intercepted more light and so more TDM production. Manure combination improved soil properties and better soil fertility might have increased the photosynthetic efficiency and partitioning of photo assimilates (Baiyeri & Tenkouano, 2008). These findings were fully supported by Ayeni and Adetunji, 2010 who concluded that manure incorporation into the soil supply essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) to the crop, that resulted in maximum dry matter production with higher rates of manure and mineralization of FYM, GM and synchronization of nutrient release with crop growth stage, resulting more crop growth rate, leaf area and dry matter partitioning in stem and leaves (Amanullah et al., 2006). The findings were in confirmation to that of Lenka and Gulati (2015) and Ronanki et al. (2017).
The higher yield was attributed to increased cumulative mean value of temperature and sunshine hour due to early planting, more number of productive tillers, more number of grains per panicle, and increase test weight (Iqbal et al., 2008, Mukesh et al., 2013, Singh et al., 2019, Chandni, 2020). Significant difference in rice grain yield was observed due to change in sources of nutrient. Maximum yield was obtained with STBFR+GM (5015 kg ha-1) followed by STBFR+FYM (4794 kg ha-1), STBFR alone (4424 kg ha-1). This might be due to increased availability of plant nutrients from soil with addition of organic manure with inorganic fertilizers which maintained favourable physical, chemical and biological environment which ultimately reflected in increasing the yield parameters and yield. Corroborative results given by Bora et al. (2014), Tomar et al. (2018).
Nutrient uptake is found to be significantly higher in early planting over 15 days delay in planting, that might be due to higher yield in case of earlier planting. Similar results are in line with Deka et al., 2019. Increase in the N uptake with integrated use of green manure or crop residue with mineral fertilizers might be due to early release of N as a result of decomposition of succulent legume crop (Udgata et al., 2020). The increase in uptake of P ad K particularly by rice crop may be ascribed to more availability of these nutrients from the added fertilizers and also to the solubilising action of organic acids produced during degradation of green manuring and FYM thus rendering more release of P and K from the soil and crop residues under wetland rice culture. Similar findings reported by Kumar et al., 2012, Deka et al. 2019, Udgata et al., 2020.
The results of this study confirmed that planting the crop in 10 July i.e in proper time and integrated application of nutrient are the most important factors for increasing total DM accumulation and partitioning greater amounts into panicles in transplanted rice, thereby increasing HI and yield.
Acknowledgements
This research was conducted for the Ph.D degrees requirement of Bishnupriya Patra. We are thankful to the Department of Agronomy, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for technical help and encouraging us to conduct this research work at the Agronomy Research Farm of the Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar.
Author contributions
Bishnupriya Patra carried out the lab and field studies as well as written the manuscript. S.N. Jena designed and supervised the research project, drafted and revised the manuscript. All other authors Prasannajit Mishra, B.P. Gantayat, Satyabrata Mangraj, Hemanta ku. Sahoo checked and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read, improved the English, and approved the final manuscript for publication in your esteemed Journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Table 1. Dry matter partitioning (g m-2) during vegetative stage of rice as influenced by date of planting and nutrient management
|
Treatment |
30 DAT |
60 DAT |
||||||||||
|
Leaf |
|
Stem |
|
Leaf |
|
Stem |
|
|||||
|
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
|
|
Date of planting |
||||||||||||
|
10 July |
60.54 |
62.53 |
61.54 |
145.4 |
152.5 |
148.9 |
191.4 |
204.6 |
198.02 |
609.5 |
668.5 |
638.9 |
|
25 July |
55.16 |
54.49 |
54.83 |
140.5 |
146.6 |
143.5 |
183.8 |
199.3 |
191.58 |
582.9 |
640.1 |
611.5 |
|
SEm± |
0.32 |
0.29 |
0.22 |
0.48 |
0.82 |
0.48 |
0.88 |
0.24 |
0.46 |
0.84 |
0.73 |
0.56 |
|
CD at 5% |
1.44 |
1.29 |
0.74 |
2.2 |
3.7 |
1.6 |
3.9 |
1.1 |
1.58 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
1.9 |
|
Nutrient management |
||||||||||||
|
STBFR |
55.23 |
56.84 |
56.03 |
141.2 |
148.7 |
145.3 |
169.6 |
183.7 |
176.66 |
588.1 |
644.2 |
616.1 |
|
STBFR+ GM |
60.51 |
60.14 |
60.33 |
144.1 |
150.9 |
147.5 |
200.0 |
212.9 |
206.44 |
607.7 |
665.0 |
636.4 |
|
STBFR+ FYM |
57.81 |
58.56 |
58.19 |
142.9 |
149.1 |
145.9 |
193.3 |
209.3 |
201.29 |
592.9 |
653.7 |
623.3 |
|
SEm± |
0.41 |
0.58 |
0.36 |
0.43 |
1.17 |
0.62 |
0.95 |
0.94 |
0.67 |
1.21 |
1.79 |
1.08 |
|
CD at 5% |
1.27 |
1.81 |
1.05 |
1.3 |
3.6 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
1.95 |
3.7 |
5.5 |
3.2 |
Table 2. Dry matter partitioning (g m-2) during reproductive stage of rice as influenced by date of planting and nutrient management
|
Treatment |
90 DAT |
At Harvest |
||||||||||||||||
|
Leaf |
|
Stem |
|
Panicle |
Leaf |
|
Stem |
|
Panicle |
|||||||||
|
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
|
|
Date of planting |
||||||||||||||||||
|
10 July |
170.2 |
182.9 |
176.6 |
769.55 |
774.5 |
771.9 |
213.9 |
226.6 |
220.3 |
75.5 |
74.2 |
74.9 |
625.3 |
650.1 |
637.7 |
479.0 |
496.3 |
487.6 |
|
25 July |
162.0 |
170.3 |
166.2 |
752.70 |
757.8 |
755..3 |
197.5 |
213.1 |
205.3 |
68.7 |
68.7 |
68.7 |
610.0 |
624.4 |
617.2 |
459.2 |
480.9 |
470.0 |
|
SEm± |
1.12 |
1.37 |
0.89 |
1.50 |
0.93 |
0.88 |
1.27 |
1.11 |
0.84 |
0.77 |
0.54 |
0.47 |
0.63 |
2.48 |
1.28 |
4.16 |
3.28 |
2.65 |
|
CD at 5% |
5.1 |
6.1 |
3.1 |
6.76 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
5.7 |
4.9 |
2.9 |
3.5 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
2.8 |
11.2 |
4.4 |
18.7 |
14.7 |
9.2 |
|
Nutrient management |
||||||||||||||||||
|
STBFR |
156.1 |
168.2 |
162.2 |
745.70 |
749.6 |
747.6 |
193.2 |
207.3 |
200.3 |
67.7 |
67.9 |
67.8 |
606.7 |
619.9 |
613.3 |
445.6 |
469.4 |
457.5 |
|
STBFR+ GM |
174.3 |
183.8 |
179.0 |
775.32 |
777.7 |
776.5 |
215.3 |
229.6 |
222.4 |
76.0 |
75.6 |
75.8 |
628.4 |
650.5 |
639.4 |
486.9 |
502.1 |
494.5 |
|
STBFR+ FYM |
167.9 |
177.8 |
172.9 |
762.36 |
771.0 |
766.7 |
208.6 |
222.7 |
215.7 |
72.6 |
70.9 |
71.8 |
617.9 |
641.4 |
629.6 |
474.7 |
494.4 |
484.5 |
|
SEm± |
1.44 |
1.41 |
1.01 |
1.32 |
1.09 |
0.85 |
1.28 |
1.41 |
0.95 |
1.33 |
0.64 |
0.74 |
1.61 |
1.89 |
1.24 |
2.72 |
1.93 |
1.7 |
|
CD at 5% |
4.4 |
4.4 |
2.9 |
4.05 |
3.4 |
2.5 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
4.9 |
5.8 |
3.6 |
8.38 |
5.9 |
4.9 |
Table 3. Crop growth rate (g m-2day-1) of rice as influenced by date of planting and nutrient management
|
Treatment |
0-30 DAT |
30-60 DAT |
60-90 DAT |
90 DAT- Harvest |
||||||||
|
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
|
|
Date of planting |
||||||||||||
|
10 July |
4.20 |
4.50 |
4.35 |
19.61 |
21.60 |
20.61 |
11.98 |
12.44 |
12.21 |
1.31 |
1.83 |
1.57 |
|
25 July |
3.86 |
4.04 |
3.95 |
19.26 |
20.95 |
20.11 |
11.29 |
12.07 |
11.68 |
1.28 |
1.64 |
1.46 |
|
SEm± |
0.02 |
0.022 |
0.015 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.09 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.31 |
0.32 |
0.22 |
|
CD at 5% |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.05 |
0.24 |
0.16 |
0.11 |
0.45 |
0.22 |
0.19 |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
|
Nutrient management |
||||||||||||
|
STBFR |
3.90 |
4.19 |
4.04 |
18.69 |
20.41 |
19.55 |
11.24 |
11.89 |
11.57 |
1.25 |
1.61 |
1.43 |
|
STBFR+ GM |
4.15 |
4.37 |
4.26 |
20.06 |
21.89 |
20.98 |
11.95 |
12.53 |
12.24 |
1.33 |
1.85 |
1.59 |
|
STBFR+ FYM |
4.03 |
4.26 |
4.14 |
19.57 |
21.51 |
20.54 |
11.71 |
12.35 |
12.03 |
1.32 |
1.76 |
1.54 |
|
SEm± |
0.02 |
0.041 |
0.023 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
0.22 |
0.16 |
0.13 |
|
CD at 5% |
0.06 |
0.13 |
0.07 |
0.16 |
0.17 |
0.11 |
0.29 |
0.24 |
0.18 |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
Table 4. Relative growth rate (mg g -1 day-1) of rice as influenced by date of planting and nutrient management
|
Treatment |
0-30 DAT |
30-60 DAT |
60-90 DAT |
90 DAT- Harvest |
||||||||
|
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
|
|
Date of planting |
||||||||||||
|
10 July |
77.12 |
77.75 |
77.07 |
20.76 |
20.76 |
20.76 |
4.18 |
4.85 |
4.51 |
0.45 |
0.83 |
0.64 |
|
25 July |
76.29 |
76.78 |
76.15 |
21.24 |
21.57 |
21.41 |
4.00 |
4.88 |
4.44 |
0.46 |
0.81 |
0.63 |
|
SEm± |
0.03 |
0.047 |
0.029 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.07 |
0.13 |
0.07 |
|
CD at 5% |
0.14 |
0.21 |
0.09 |
0.19 |
0.34 |
0.15 |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
|
Nutrient management |
||||||||||||
|
STBFR |
76.35 |
77.08 |
76.33 |
20.91 |
21.08 |
20.99 |
4.05 |
4.86 |
4.46 |
0.46 |
0.78 |
0.62 |
|
STBFR+ GM |
77.06 |
77.47 |
76.90 |
21.03 |
21.24 |
21.13 |
4.12 |
4.86 |
4.49 |
0.45 |
0.85 |
0.65 |
|
STBFR+ FYM |
76.71 |
77.24 |
76.59 |
21.07 |
21.18 |
21.12 |
4.10 |
4.86 |
4.48 |
0.45 |
0.83 |
0.64 |
|
SEm± |
0.05 |
0.087 |
0.052 |
0.06 |
0.1 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
|
CD at 5% |
0.16 |
0.27 |
0.15 |
N.S |
N.S. |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
N.S |
Table 5. Root and Yield parameters of rice as influenced by date of planting and nutrient management
|
|
Dry weight of Root (g m-2) |
Yield parameters (kg/ha) |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Treatment |
30 DAT |
60 DAT |
90 DAT |
At harvest |
Grain yield |
Biological Yield |
|||||||||||||
|
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
||
|
Date of planting |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
10 July |
19.3 |
20.1 |
19.7 |
36.0 |
37.4 |
36.7 |
54.1 |
55.3 |
54.7 |
46.1 |
48.1 |
47.1 |
4911 |
5106 |
5008 |
11031 |
11288 |
11160 |
|
|
25 July |
17.9 |
18.7 |
18.3 |
33.8 |
35.9 |
34.9 |
52.5 |
53.0 |
52.8 |
42.6 |
42.8 |
42.7 |
4315 |
4647 |
4481 |
9787 |
10434 |
10110 |
|
|
SEm± |
0.26 |
0.14 |
0.15 |
0.48 |
0.14 |
0.25 |
0.28 |
0.49 |
0.28 |
0.71 |
0.29 |
0.38 |
43.7 |
75.1 |
43.4 |
78.4 |
124.1 |
73.4 |
|
|
CD (0.05) |
1.2 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
2.2 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
2.2 |
1.0 |
3.2 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
197 |
338 |
150 |
353 |
558 |
254 |
|
|
Nutrient management |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
STBFR |
17.7 |
18.4 |
18.1 |
33.7 |
35.1 |
34.4 |
51.6 |
52.1 |
51.8 |
42.4 |
42.9 |
42.7 |
4271 |
4579 |
4424 |
9659 |
10201 |
9930 |
|
|
STBFR+ GM |
19.2 |
20.3 |
19.8 |
36.1 |
38.1 |
37.1 |
54.8 |
55.9 |
55.4 |
46.6 |
47.9 |
47.3 |
4885 |
5145 |
5015 |
10970 |
11373 |
11172 |
|
|
STBFR+ FYM |
18.8 |
19.5 |
19.2 |
34.9 |
36.8 |
35.9 |
53.4 |
54.5 |
53.9 |
44.0 |
45.4 |
44.7 |
4683 |
4904 |
4794 |
10597 |
11009 |
10803 |
|
|
SEm± |
0.19 |
0.32 |
0.19 |
0.59 |
0.49 |
0.39 |
0.39 |
0.51 |
0.32 |
0.67 |
0.60 |
0.45 |
83.2 |
70.2 |
54.5 |
183.7 |
155.0 |
120.1 |
|
|
CD (0.05) |
0.6 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
256 |
216 |
159 |
566 |
478 |
351 |
|
Table 6. Total nutrient uptake (kg ha-1) of rice as influenced by date of planting and nutrient management
|
Treatment |
N |
P |
K |
||||||
|
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
18-19 |
19-20 |
Pooled |
|
|
Date of planting |
|||||||||
|
10 July |
86.1 |
91.9 |
89.0 |
18.2 |
21.1 |
19.6 |
114.6 |
117.2 |
115.9 |
|
25 July |
72.9 |
82.2 |
77.5 |
14.7 |
18.1 |
16.4 |
100.2 |
107.3 |
103.7 |
|
SEm± |
1.14 |
1.28 |
0.86 |
0.82 |
0.80 |
0.57 |
0.99 |
2.10 |
1.16 |
|
CD (0.05) |
5.14 |
5.76 |
2.97 |
3.69 |
3.60 |
1.98 |
4.5 |
9.45 |
4.02 |
|
Nutrient management |
|||||||||
|
STBFR |
66.3 |
76.6 |
71.4 |
12.2 |
15.4 |
13.8 |
97.3 |
102.9 |
100.1 |
|
STBFR+ GM |
89.9 |
95.5 |
92.7 |
18.5 |
21.6 |
20.1 |
112.8 |
117.3 |
115.0 |
|
STBFR+ FYM |
82.2 |
89.2 |
85.7 |
18.6 |
21.9 |
20.2 |
112.1 |
116.5 |
114.3 |
|
SEm± |
2.09 |
2.05 |
1.5 |
0.78 |
0.68 |
0.52 |
2.83 |
2.13 |
1.77 |
|
CD (0.05) |
6.43 |
6.32 |
4.3 |
3.69 |
2.10 |
1.52 |
8.70 |
6.57 |
5.17 |
No competing interests reported.