Study
|
Country
|
Type of CMD
|
Racial groups
|
Recruitment
|
Outcomes
|
Results
|
Adewuya, 2008 [38]
|
Nigeria
|
Various
|
Black (Nmaj =1869)
Other (Nmin =92)
|
Community
|
|
- There were no ethnic differences in discrimination against people with mental illness (p=0.14)
|
Ahn 2015 [39]
|
North Korea
|
Various
|
Asian (Nmaj= 3055)
Asian (Nmin=545)
|
Other
|
|
- Asian majorities (M=35.64) had higher perceived stigma than Asian minorities (M=37) (p=0.007)
|
Anglin 2006 [18]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=913)
Black (Nmin=118)
|
Community
|
- Vignette
- Study-constructed
|
- There was more stereotype (i.e. perceived dangerousness) against people with depression among Black group compared to White group (t=2.14) (p<.05)
- There was less prejudice (i.e. tendency to blame) against people with depression among Black group compared to White group (t=-2.33) (p<.05)
- There was less discrimination (i.e. tendency to endorse punishment) against people with depression among Black group compared to White group (t=-3.91) (p<.001)
|
Aznar-Lou 2016 [33]
|
Catalonia, Spain
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=1668)
White (Nmin=56)
Black (Nmin=58)
Asian (Nmin=7)
Other (Nmin=82)
|
Community
|
|
- Asian (M=20.9), Other (M=23.0) Black (M=23.5) and White minority (M=23.9) had less stereotypes (i.e. less favourable attitudes in authoritarianism) against those with CMDs) compared to White majority (M=25.0)
- Asian (M=25.4) Other (M= 26.9) and Black (M=27.0) groups had less stereotypes (i.e. favourable attitudes in benevolence) compared to white minority (M=27.8) and majority (M=27.7)
- Asian (M=34.3) Other (M=36.2) Black (M=36.4) had less stereotypes (i.e. favourable attitudes toward supporting those with CMDs) compared to White minority (M=37.3) and majority (M=37.5)
- Asian group (M=13.7) had more discrimination (i.e. least favourable attitudes towards those with CMDs) compared to Other (M=15.3) Black (M=15.5) White minority (M=16.6) majority (M=16.5)
|
Brown 2010 [19]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=229)
Black (Nmin=220)
|
Community
|
|
- There were no differences between Black (M=31.3, SD=4.1) and White (M=31.0, SD=4.8) groups in perceived stigma (p=.55)
- There were no differences between Black (M=65.9, SD=11) and White (M=65.0, SD=11.4) groups in internalised stigma (p=.42)
|
Caplan 2011 [22]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
Hispanic (Nmaj=91)
Hispanic (Nmin=86)
|
Clinical
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There was higher anticipated stigma among minority Hispanic group compared to the majority (p=0,015)
|
Cheng 2015 [15]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=206)
Asian (Nmin=231)
|
Community
|
|
- There was more discrimination(i.e. desire for social distance) against a person with depression among Asian group (M=3.16, SD=1.06) compared to White (M=2.80, SD=1.18) p=0.004
- There was more discrimination (i.e. less willingness to hire and rent) against a person with depression among Asian group (M=5.54, SD=1.64) compared to White (M=6.00, SD=1.82) p=0.008
- There was more prejudice (i.e. blame) against a person with depression among Asian group (M=4.18, SD=1.63) compared to White (M=3.73, SD=1.78) p=0.02
- There was more prejudice (i.e. anger) against a person with depression among Asian group (M=3.26, SD=1.90) compared to White (M=2.58, SD=1.72) p=0.002
- There was more prejudice (i.e. fear of someone) against someone with depression among Asian group (M=3.78, SD=1.96) compared to White (M=3.32, SD=2.01) p=0.54
|
Conner 2010 [43]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=229)
Black (Nmin=201)
|
Community
|
|
- There was no differences in perceived stigma between Black (M= 2.61, SD= 0.28) and White (M= 2.59, SD= .29) groups t [246]=-0.58
- There was more internalised stigma among Black (M=2.18, SD=0.30) compared to White (M=2.10, SD=0.30) group (t [246]=-2.118, p= .035).
|
Conner 2009 [40]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=51)
Black (Nmin=48)
|
Other
|
|
- There was more perceived stigma among Black (M = 2.90, SD = 0.75) compared to White (M = 2.32, SD = 0.55) group (p < .001)
- There was more internalised stigma among Black (M = 2.75, SD = 0.81) compared to White (M = 2.30, SD = 0.53)
|
Copelj 2011 [41]
|
Australia
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=54)
Other (Nmin=54)
|
Community
|
|
- There was more perceived stigma (i.e. perceived attitudes of others about depression) among Other group (M=17.82, SD=7.58) compared to White (M=9.03, SD=5.36) F=32.95
- There was more stereotype (i.e. personal attitudes toward depression) about depression among Other group (M=25.16, SD=6.13) compared to White (M=19.35, SD=8.79) F=10.78
|
Eisenberg 2009 [42]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=3780
Asian (Nmin=579)
Black (Nmin=266)
Hispanic (Nmin=302)
Combination
(Nmin=240)
Other
(Nmin=290)
|
Students
|
|
- There was more perceived stigma for depression among Black (M=2.77),Hispanic (M=2.50) Asian (M=2.50), Combination (M=2.48) and Other (M=2.54) groups compared to White (M=2.38
- There was more stereotype (i.e. personal attitudes toward depression) about depression among Asian (M=1.45) compared to Black (M=0.93), Hispanic (M=1.05), Combination (M=0.91), Other (M=1.10) groups compared to White (M=0.95)
|
Fogel 2005 [16]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=66817)
Asian (Nmin=1839)
|
Community
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There was more anticipated stigma for depression related with depression among Asian (M=2.45, SD=1.22) compared to White (M=2.10, SD=1.25) F=144.40, (p<0.001)
- There was more anticipated stigma for depression related with employer among Asian (M=2.93, SD=1.07) compared to White (M=2.68, SD=1.16) F=85.55, (p<0.001)
- There was more anticipated stigma for depression related with family among Asian (M=2.23, SD=1.19) compared to White (M=1.71, SD=1.18) F=360.38 (p<0.001)
|
Georg Hsu 2008 [17]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=100)
Asian (Nmin=100)
|
Community
|
- Vignette
- Study-constructed
|
- There was more stereotype (i.e. personal attitudes toward depression) about depression among Asian (M=39.4) compared to White (M=15.0) P=0.000
|
Givens 2007 [21]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=68319)
Black (Nmin=3596)
Asian (Nmin=2794)
Hispanic (Nmin=3203)
Other
(Nmin=841)
|
Community
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There was more anticipated stigma for depression related with family among Asian (M=71.7, SD=1.24), Black (M=68.5, SD=1.24), Hispanic (M=61.8, SD=0.89) and Other (M=60.4, SD=0.96) groups compared to White (M=63.1, SD=1.00)
- There was more anticipated stigma for depression related with family among Asian (M=55.0, SD=1.30), Black (M=45.4, SD=1.08), Hispanic (M=42.8, SD=0.91) and Other (M=43.01, SD=1.01) groups compared to White (M=43.03, SD=1.0)
- There was more anticipated stigma for depression related with employer among Asian (M=42.9, SD=1.88), African (M= 26.8, SD=0.92),
- Hispanic (M=28.1, SD=0.96) and Other (M=27.5, SD=1.01) groups compared to White (M=27.9, SD=1.0)
|
Hickie 2007 [43]
|
Australia
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=38)
Asian (Nmin=184)
|
Students
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There were no differences in discrimination against those with depression related with employer among Asian compared to White groups (p= 1.00)
- There were no differences in discrimination against those with depression related with family (among Asian compared to White groups (p= 0.05)
- There was more discrimination against those with depression related with friends among Asian compared to White groups (p=0.04)
- There was more discrimination against those with depression related with doctor/health professional among Asian compared to White groups (p=0.001)
- There was more stereotype (i.e. perception of those with depression as dangerous) among Asian compared to White groups (p= 0.000)
- There was more prejudice (i.e. blame) against those with depression among Asian compared to White groups (p= 0.000)
|
Jimenez 2012 [23]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=1257)
(Black (Nmin=536)
Asian (Nmin=112)
Hispanic (Nmin=303)
|
Other
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There was more anticipated stigma for having any CMDs among Hispanic (40.3%) compared to Asian (25.9%), Black(12.9%) groups compared to White (15.3%) p=0.000
|
Makowski 2017 [11]
|
Germany
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=1622)
Other (Nmin=364)
|
Community
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- Other group had more prejudice (i.e. perception of migrants with depression as scary) (M=2.28; SE=0.11) compared to White group (M=1.82; SE=0.04)F=8.179; (p=0.000)
- Other group had more prejudice (i.e. perception of migrants with depression as having problems with comprehension) (M=2.04, SE=0.11) compared to White groups (M=1.64, SE=0.04) F=5.796, (p=0.003)
- Other group had more prejudice (i.e. feeling more uncomfortable) (M=2.50, SE=0.13) against migrants with depression compared to White (M=2.00; SE=0.04) F=9.339 (p=0.000)
- Other group had more stereotypes (i.e. perception of migrants with depression as feeling inadequate around others) (M=2.47, SE=0.07) compared to White (M=2.31, SE=0.02) F=3.539 (p=0.029)
|
Menke 2009 [44]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=744)
Black (Nmin=147)
|
Clinical
|
|
- There was more perceived stigma for depression among Black group (M=46.16; SD=12.59) compared to White (M=41.95; SD=18.89) t=3.35 (p=0.000)
|
Mokkarala 2016 [45]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=116)
Asian (Nmin=61)
|
Students
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There were no significant differences in perceived stigma (shame) for having any CMDs between White (M=1.90, SD=0.67) and Asian groups (M=2.04, SD=0.57), t=1.29
|
Nadeem 2007 [8]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=886)
Black (Nmin=1497)
Hispanic
(Nmin=5153)
|
Clinical
|
- Self-report
- Study-constructed
|
- There was more stereotype (i.e. personal attitudes toward depression) about depression among Black (p=.037) and Hispanic (p=.30) groups compared to White.
|
O`Mahen 2011 [46]
|
USA
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=251)
Black (Nmin=281)
|
Other
|
|
- There was more perceived stigma for depression among Black (M=42.31, SD=5.76) compared to White groups (M=40.04, SD=6.44) (p=0.000)
|
Papadopoulos 2002 [47]
|
UK
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=79)
Other (Nmin=91)
|
Community
|
|
- There was more discrimination (i.e. desire for more social distance) towards those with CMDs among Other group compared to White (p<.001)
- There was more stereotype about those with CMDs among Other group compared to White (p<.001)
|
Picco 2016 [48]
|
Singapore
|
Various
|
Asian (Nmaj=150)
Asian (Nmin=130)
|
Clinical
|
|
- There was more internalised stigma (i.e. alienation, social withdrawal) among the minority Asian group compared to the majority (p=0.615); IN (p=0.161)
|
Rao 2007 [49]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=158)
Black (Nmin=71)
Asian (Nmin=28)
Hispanic (Nmin=100)
|
Students
|
|
- There was more stereotype (i.e. perceiving people with CMDs and dangerous) among Black (M=14)(p<.001) and Asian (M=11) groups compared to White (M=12) and Hispanic (M=9) (p<.001)
- There was more discrimination (i.e. desire for segregation) against those with CMDs among African (M=13) (p<.001), Asian (M=13) groups compared to White (M=11) and Hispanic (M=10) (p<.005)
|
Rüsh 2012 [50]
|
UK
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=2990)
Comb (Nmin=429)
|
Community
|
|
- There was more prejudice and discrimination (i.e. desire for segregation) against people with CMDs among Black (p<0.001) and Asian groups compared to White (p<0.001)
- There was less tolerance and support for people with CMDs among Black (p<0.001) and Asian groups compared to White (p=<0.005)
- There was more discrimination against those with CMDs among African (p<0.001) and Asian groups compared to White (p<0.001)
|
Schafer 2011 [51]
|
UK
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=209)
Black (Nmin=63)
|
Students
|
|
- There was more stereotype (i.e. negative attitudes) against those with any CMDs among Black (M=2.27) compared to White groups (M=1.93) t=-4.563 (p=0<001)
|
Shamblaw 2015 [52]
|
Canada
|
Depression
|
White (Nmaj=200)
Asian (Nmin=276)
|
Students
|
|
- There was more stereotype against those with depression among Asian (M=115.71, SD=24.74) compared to White (M=105.72, SD=27.08), t=4.07 (p<0.001)
- There was more discrimination (i.e. desire for social distance) among Asian (M=37.30, SD=9.21) compared to White groups (M=40.26, SD=9.40), t=3.34, (p=0.001)
|
Subramaniam 2017 [24]
|
Singapore
|
Various
|
Asian (Nmaj=1034)
Asian (Nmin=977)
Asian (Nmin=963)
Other (Nmin=32)
|
Community
|
|
- There was more discrimination (i.e. desire for social distance) against those with CMDs among majority Asian group (M=12.00, SE=0.09) compared to minority Asian groups (M=10.89, SE=0.09), (M=11.52, SE=0.11) and Other (M=11.71, SE=0.45) (p<.001)
- There was more perceived stigma (i.e. perception of those with CMDs as weak not sick) among minority Asian groups (M=10.95, SE=0.06), (M=10.74, SE=0.08) compared to the majority (M=10.07, SE=0.06) (p<.001)
- There was more perceived stigma (i.e. perception of those with CMDs as dangerous and unpredictable) among minority Asian groups (M=11.60, SE=0.09),(M=11.75, SE=0.11) compared to the majority (M=11.61, SE=0.08) (p=0.66)
|
Wang 2013 [53]
|
USA
|
Various
|
White (Nmaj=467)
Black (Nmin=221)
Hispanic (Nmin=57)
Other (Nmin=65)
|
Students
|
|
- There was more discrimination (i.e. desire for social distance) against those with any CMDs among Black (M=24.28, SD=5.04), Other (M=23.60, SD=6.23) and Hispanic (M=23.17, SD=4.87) compared to White (M=22.41, SD=5.07), F=6.32 (p=0.000)
|