General characteristics of 371 women across dairy tertiles are reported in Tables 1 and 2. Milk and low-fat dairy consumption were associated with age (P = 0.003 and P = 0.033, respectively). Between yogurt consumption with BMI (P = 0.017) and SES )P = 0.0001), cheese consumption with age (P = 0.034 (and weight (P = 0.003) and waist circumference (P = 0.0001) and BMI (P = 0.003) and SES (P = 0.015), and doogh consumption with age (P = 0.0001) and BMI (P = 0.016) and waist circumference (P = 0.001) and SES (P = 0.048) were observed. Consumption of high-fat dairy products was also significantly associated with age (P = 0.0001), waist circumference (P = 0.006), SES (P = 0.0001) and multivitamin supplementation (P = 0.021). However, there was no association between total dairy consumption and any of the demographic indicators (P ≥ 0.05).
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of Participants by different tertiles of low Fat dairy, high Fat dairy, and total dairy consumption among Tehranian women.
| Tertiles of low fat dairy consumption | | Tertiles of high fat dairy consumption | | Tertiles of total dairy consumption | |
| T1 < 227.49 | 227.49 < T2 < 362.34 | T3 > 362.34 | | T1 < 15.10 | 15.10 < T2 < 68.71 | T3 > 68.71 | | T1 < 280.6 | 280.6 < T2 < 446.07 | T3 > 446.07 | |
Number | 124 (33.4ᵇ) | 123 (33.2) | 124 (33.4) | P value* | 125 (33.7) | 120 (32.3) | 126 (34) | P value* | 124 (33.4) | 123 (33.2) | 124 (33.4) | P value* |
Age (year)ᵃ | 29.77 ± 6.31 | 30.28 ± 6.69 | 31.96 ± 7.58 | 0.033* | 32.61 ± 8.32 | 30.23 ± 5.96 | 29.17 ± 5.80 | 0.0001* | 30.42 ± 6.60 | 30.30 ± 7.02 | 31.27 ± 7.18 | 0.487 |
Weight (Kg) | 63.12 ± 10.72 | 64.51 ± 8.81 | 64.78 ± 12.17 | 0.421 | 63.81 ± 9.90 | 65 ± 11.20 | 63.60 ± 10.87 | 0.539 | 63.46 ± 10.81 | 64.43 ± 8.95 | 64.57 ± 11.88 | 0.685 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.11 ± 3.88 | 24.07 ± 3.38 | 24.60 ± 4.74 | 0.514 | 24.50 ± 3.86 | 24.70 ± 4.28 | 23.58 ± 3.91 | 0.068 | 24.40 ± 3.88 | 23.85 ± 3.65 | 24.48 ± 4.52 | 0.429 |
waist circumference (cm) | 86.02 ± 10.91 | 84.32 ± 7.82 | 86.32 ± 10.01 | 0.216 | 84.56 ± 9.05 | 87.83 ± 11.43 | 84.30 ± 7.94 | 0.006* | 86.46.10.77 | 84.30 ± 8.43 | 85.75 ± 9.51 | 0.211* |
Smoking status(%(n))ᵇ | | | | 0.542 | | | | 0.235 | | | | 0.574 |
1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
3 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 33.2 | 32.6 | 33.2 | 33.4 | 32.6 | 32.9 | 34.8 | 30.5 | 33.7 |
SES(%(n))ᵇ | | | | 0.109 | | | | 0.0001* | | | | 0.141 |
low | 10.8 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 12.7 | 7.3 | 12.1 | 6.7 | 9.7 |
moderate | 12.4 | 14.6 | 10.5v | 18.3 | 7 | 12.1 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
high | 12 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 8.3 | 11 | 14.6 | 9.4 | 12.1 | 12.4 |
Antioxidant supplements(%(n))ᵇ | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.135 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.604 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.159 |
Multivitamin supplements(%(n))ᵇ | 4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 0.736 | 3.5 | 7 | 3.5 | 0.021* | 4 | 3.2 | 6.7 | 0.067 |
Omega 3ᵇ | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.089 | 0.3 | 1.61 | 0.05 | 0.080 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.263 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SES, Socio-economic status |
ªmeans ± SD (standard deviation); ᵇ n (%) |
* P-value result from ANOVA for quantitative variables and Chi-square test for qualitative variables |
Dietary intake across dairy consumption tertiles is presented in Tables 3 and 4. Participants in the high category of milk consumption had higher energy intake, macronutrients, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and several nutrients (vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin D,, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium,, zinc and iron), and people in the upper category of yogurt had higher energy intake, carbohydrates, fats, SFA, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin D, vitamin A, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc and iron. Higher intake of total energy, carbohydrates, fats, dietary fiber, SFA, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium and potassium were observed in the higher cheese consumption tertile, and higher intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin A, vitamin K, Vitamin D, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were seen in higher tertile of doogh consumption. Higher tertiles of low-fat dairy intake was correlated with higher energy intake, protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron, and higher tertiles of high-fat dairy consumption was correlated with higher energy, fat, dietary fiber, SFA, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium and iron. People in the higher group of total dairy consumption also had higher intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, SFA, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, potassium, calcium, zinc, magnesium and iron.
Table 3
Dietary intakes of participants in different tertiles of milk, yogurt, cheese, and doogh consumption among Tehranian women.
| Tertiles of milk consumption | | Tertiles of yogurt consumption | | Tertiles of cheese consumption | | Tertiles of doogh consumption | |
| T1 < 40 | 40 < T2 < 171.42 | T3 > 171.42 | | T1 < 67.85 | 67.85 < T2 < 157.5 | T3 > 157.5 | | T1 < 15 | 15 < T2 < 30 | T3 > 30 | | T1 < 20 | 20 < T2 < 102.8 | T3 > 102.8 | |
Number | 121 | 123 | 125 | P value* | 121 | 123 | 125 | P value* | 121 | 123 | 125 | P value* | 123 | 121 | 125 | P value* |
Energy(g/day) | 2348.66 ± 785.02ᵇ | 2382.37 ± 783.74 | 2782.64 ± 620.04 | 0.0001* | 2259.73 ± 656.82 | 2436.85 ± 785.41 | 2803.22 ± 722.70 | 0.0001* | 2233.90 ± 827.83 | 2639.61 ± 470.02 | 2654.22 ± 768.01 | 0.0001* | 2316.46 ± 490.79 | 2344.52 ± 779.44 | 2856.24 ± 683.51 | 0.0001* |
Protein(g/day) | 82.20 ± 31.76 | 85.20 ± 28.64 | 103.87 ± 25.62 | 0.001* | 80.21 ± 27.42 | 88.54 ± 30.44 | 102.01 ± 28.96 | 0.190 | 83.04 ± 31.72 | 93.56 ± 22.05 | 94.90 ± 31.94 | 0.347 | 80.95 ± 27.27 | 84.17 ± 28.58 | 106.44 ± 28.56 | 0.001* |
Fat(g/day) | 69.87 ± 27.29 | 76.74 ± 27.33 | 86.28 ± 28.49 | 0.011* | 66.58 ± 25.38 | 78.37 ± 26.47 | 83.31 ± 29.52 | 0.006* | 68.56 ± 30.15 | 76.82 ± 20.47 | 85.44 ± 28.72 | 0.0001* | 71.21 ± 24.52 | 71.34 ± 27.44 | 90.25 ± 29.25 | 0.349 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 360.95 ± 130.44 | 350.62 ± 120.36 | 416.83 ± 97.87 | 0.017* | 348.42 ± 102.32 | 358.78 ± 127 | 419.62 ± 117.81 | 0.012* | 334.50 ± 128.59 | 406.62 ± 74.18 | 394.07 ± 124.78 | 0.030* | 349.62 ± 116.57 | 353.65 ± 121.934 | 425.99 ± 107.21 | 0.691 |
Dietary fiber(g/day) | 6.12 ± 2.89 | 6.27 ± 2.61 | 7.69 ± 2.67 | 0.051 | 5.89 ± 2.82 | 6.95 ± 3.06 | 7.20 ± 2.39 | 0.051 | 6.22 ± 2.94 | 6.40 ± 1.88 | 7.24 ± 3.04 | 0.025* | 6.10 ± 2.58 | 6.09 ± 2.44 | 7.88 ± 3 | 0.021* |
SFA(mg/day) | 20.65 ± 9.44 | 24.39 ± 8.20 | 28.70 ± 10.25 | 0.0001* | 20.99 ± 9.01 | 23.96 ± 8.92 | 28.54 ± 10.20 | 0.020* | 20.22 ± 9.98 | 24.09 ± 7.60 | 28.38 ± 9.46 | 0.0001* | 22.54 ± 9.16 | 22.42 ± 8.80 | 28.74 ± 10.34 | 0.256 |
VitaminB12(µg/day) | 3.20 ± 2.19 | 3.86 ± 1.47 | 5.25 ± 1.84 | 0.0001* | 3.02 ± 1.65 | 4.15 ± 1.94 | 5.08 ± 1.99 | 0.0001* | 3.88 ± 2.11 | 3.66 ± 1.61 | 4.53 ± 2.14 | 0.0001* | 3.59 ± 1.78 | 3.89 ± 1.82 | 4.56 ± 2.28 | 0.111 |
VitaminB6(µg/day) | 1.84 ± 0.84 | 1.95 ± 0.88 | 2.16 ± 0.72 | 0.143 | 1.72 ± 0.78 | 2.04 ± 0.83 | 2.18 ± 0.79 | 0.010* | 1.79 ± 0.85 | 1.95 ± 0.65 | 2.17 ± 0.85 | 0.009* | 1.75 ± 0.62 | 1.82 ± 0.88 | 2.38 ± 0.81 | 0.008* |
Folate(mg/day) | 327.74 ± 178.80 | 323.23 ± 165.74 | 384.42 ± 123.53 | 0.791 | 294.79 ± 156.34 | 351.95 ± 156.50 | 386.67 ± 153.75 | 0.101 | 311.01 ± 164.81 | 339.26 ± 112.06 | 376.70 ± 171.80 | 0.054 | 300.28 ± 112.17 | 326.09 ± 160.31 | 411.05 ± 180.23 | 0.067 |
VitaminA(RAE/day) | 10.06 ± 7.25 | 11.77 ± 8.37 | 11.48 ± 5.57 | 0.011* | 9.01 ± 5.33 | 12.38 ± 8.06 | 11.83 ± 7.34 | 0.001* | 9.22 ± 6.68 | 12.71 ± 8.38 | 11.72 ± 6.48 | 0.197 | 9.22 ± 4.92 | 11.71 ± 9.76 | 12.52 ± 5.85 | 0.008* |
VitaminE(mg/day) | 12.42 ± 6.12 | 13.05 ± 7.71 | 13.70 ± 6.78 | 0.184 | 11.96 ± 7.85 | 13.53 ± 6.70 | 13.63 ± 6 | 0.059 | 12.95 ± 7.85 | 11.93 ± 5.63 | 13.75 ± 6.65 | 0.001* | 12.46 ± 6.44 | 11.71 ± 6.39 | 14.93 ± 7.44 | 0.456 |
VitaminD(µg/day) | 1.14 ± 1.05 | 1.50 ± 1.19 | 2.35 ± 1.71 | 0.0001* | 1.19 ± 1.13 | 1.65 ± 1.42 | 2.13 ± 1.58 | 0.015* | 1.28 ± 1.35 | 1.58 ± 1.21 | 2.01 ± 1.55 | 0.014* | 1.14 ± 0.96 | 1.69 ± 1.28 | 2.20 ± 1.78 | 0.0001* |
VitaminK( µg /day) | 140.85 ± 100.03 | 144.27 ± 85.56 | 175.93 ± 75.43 | 0.331 | 143.36 ± 90.91 | 154.77 ± 90.34 | 162.80 ± 84.86 | 0.554 | 136.97 ± 93.84 | 158.12 ± 70.47 | 165.15 ± 91.93 | 0.709 | 151.77 ± 81.58 | 125.94 ± 71.37 | 181.56 ± 101.75 | 0.005* |
Calcium(mg/day) | 783.44 ± 308.89 | 957.39 ± 311.32 | 1379.43 ± 385.09 | 0.0001* | 753.95 ± 267.12 | 982.79 ± 299.09 | 1366.29 ± 416.45 | 0.0001* | 856.81 ± 390.09 | 1059.48 ± 327.75 | 1174.38 ± 439.79 | 0.0001* | 910.06 ± 368.62 | 979.61 ± 391.21 | 1238.57 ± 428.78 | 0.004* |
Magnesium(mg/day) | 3.84 ± 1.61 | 3.52 ± 1.43 | 4.05 ± 1.40 | 0.005* | 3.44 ± 1.41 | 3.82 ± 1.42 | 4.14 ± 1.58 | 0.370 | 3.49 ± 1.57 | 3.81 ± 0.99 | 4.06 ± 1.62 | 0.216 | 3.24 ± 1.08 | 3.72 ± 1.35 | 4.49 ± 1.72 | 0.0001* |
Potassium(mg/day) | 2982.31 ± 1207.55 | 3259.44 ± 1138.98 | 4234.47 ± 1208.72 | 0.0001* | 2945.73 ± 1118.18 | 3423.13 ± 1251.47 | 4080.27 ± 1271.41 | 0.0001* | 3181.03 ± 1249.93 | 3411.53 ± 1001.01 | 3796.9 ± 1420.31 | 0.008* | 3203.55 ± 1242.95 | 3129.38 ± 1212.17 | 4142.78 ± 1201.16 | 0.002* |
Phosphorus(mg/day) | 1153.37 ± 480.24 | 1274.94 ± 430.20 | 1678.91 ± 429.11 | 0.0001* | 1102.45 ± 454.32 | 1314.85 ± 396.36 | 1674.43 ± 468.75 | 0.0001* | 1222.97 ± 516.33 | 1420.76 ± 396.05 | 1463.31 ± 513.17 | 0.672 | 1229.26 ± 425.31 | 1292.71 ± 495.84 | 1592.61 ± 505.17 | 0.079 |
Zinc(mg/day) | 8.70 ± 3.78 | 9.66 ± 3.32 | 11.99 ± 3.69 | 0.0001* | 8.34 ± 3.29 | 9.96 ± 3.40 | 11.95 ± 3.95 | 0.0001* | 9.21 ± 3.51 | 10.01 ± 3.26 | 10.92 ± 4.24 | 0.064 | 9.29 ± 3.49 | 9.67 ± 3.60 | 11.62 ± 14.03 | 0.410 |
Iron(mg/day) | 18.6 ± 7.12 | 18.34 ± 7.20 | 20.04 ± 4.53 | 0.0001* | 17.89 ± 6.59 | 19.21 ± 7.16 | 19.87 ± 5.31 | 0.0001* | 17.61 ± 7.18 | 20.89 ± 4.40 | 19.13 ± 6.45 | 0.0001 | 17.45 ± 5.54 | 17.66 ± 6.65 | 21.91 ± 6.10 | 0.451 |
Abbreviations: SFA, Saturated Fatty Acid |
ªmeans ± SE (standard error) |
* p-value result from the analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA) adjusted for energy |
Table 4
Dietary intakes of participants in different tertiles of low Fat dairy, high Fat dairy, and total dairy consumption among Tehranian women.
| Tertiles of low fat dairy consumption | | Tertiles of high fat dairy consumption | | Tertiles of total dairy consumption | |
| T1 < 227.49 | 227.49 < T2 < 362.34 | T3 > 362.34 | | T1 < 15.10 | 15.10 < T2 < 68.71 | T3 > 68.71 | | T1 < 280.6 | 280.6 < T2 < 446.07 | T3 > 446.07 | |
Number | 121 | 123 | 125 | P value* | 121 | 123 | 125 | P value* | 121 | 123 | 125 | P value* |
Energy(g/day) | 2240.58 ± 740.26ᵃ | 2374.53 ± 729.070 | 2904.67 ± 632.50 | 0.0001* | 2263.82 ± 666.85 | 2427.45 ± 720.17 | 2828.95 ± 771.45 | 0.0001* | 2078.53 ± 653.01 | 2622.84 ± 747.92 | 2847.52 ± 653.03 | 0.0001* |
Protein(g/day) | 75.23 ± 26.80 | 91.22 ± 29.74 | 105.13 ± 26.66 | 0.0001* | 84.31 ± 27.67 | 85.16 ± 26.70 | 102.08 ± 32.91 | 0.075 | 71.34 ± 24.41 | 98.26 ± 27.79 | 103.49 ± 28.03 | 0.0001* |
Fat(g/day) | 68.37 ± 25.63 | 74.76 ± 27.29 | 89.84 ± 28.22 | 0.494 | 67.11 ± 24.89 | 75.54 ± 26.03 | 90.33 ± 29.45 | 0.016* | 63.05 ± 22.87 | 80.77 ± 27.52 | 90.05 ± 27.97 | 0.314 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 342.22 ± 120.75 | 348.41 ± 115.63 | 438.91 ± 98.61 | 0.022* | 344.73 ± 112.14 | 364.54 ± 116.08 | 420.40 ± 120.10 | 0.269 | 316.49 ± 108.98 | 393.22 ± 121.55 | 424.02 ± 103.72 | 0.361 |
Dietary fiber(g/day) | 5.32 ± 2.27 | 6.91 ± 2.87 | 7.87 ± 2.68 | 0.0001* | 6.48 ± 2.75 | 6.61 ± 3.13 | 7 ± 2.53 | 0.041* | 5.13 ± 2.12 | 7.39 ± 2.87 | 7.70 ± 2.70 | 0.0001* |
SFA(mg/day) | 21.26 ± 9.43 | 23.40 ± 2.87 | 29.10 ± 9.82 | 0.233 | 20.15 ± 8.73 | 23.56 ± 8.36 | 30.05 ± 9.90 | 0.0001* | 19.73 ± 8.66 | 24.19 ± 8.23 | 30 ± 9.74 | 0.0001* |
VitaminB12(µg/day) | 2.86 ± 1.65 | 4.34 ± 1.85 | 5.13 ± 1.97 | 0.0001* | 3.68 ± 2 | 3.61 ± 6.49 | 5.04 ± 2.26 | 0.001* | 2.85 ± 1.52 | 4.33 ± 1.89 | 5.22 ± 1.96 | 0.0001* |
VitaminB6(µg/day) | 1.67 ± 0.72 | 1.93 ± 0.74 | 2.37 ± 0.84 | 0.016* | 1.87 ± 0.81 | 1.93 ± 0.79 | 2.16 ± 0.84 | 0.007* | 1.51 ± 0.61 | 2.19 ± 0.84 | 2.30 ± 0.77 | 0.001* |
Folate(mg/day) | 273.56 ± 121.72 | 356.15 ± 164.14 | 406.98 ± 116.20 | 0.0001* | 328.57 ± 147.89 | 327.14 ± 165.28 | 380.73 ± 160.70 | 0.059 | 256.49 ± 110.06 | 385.80 ± 173.29 | 401.67 ± 150.80 | 0.001* |
VitaminA(RAE/day) | 9.89 ± 7.08 | 10.44 ± 7.25 | 12.95 ± 6.81 | 0.960 | 10.15 ± 7.36 | 10.63 ± 5.72 | 12.50 ± 8.01 | 0.832 | 8.18 ± 5.23 | 12.98 ± 8.04 | 12.42 ± 6.70 | 0.015* |
VitaminE(mg/day) | 11.85 ± 6.20 | 12.93 ± 7.92 | 14.38 ± 6.24 | 0.260 | 11.64 ± 7.70 | 14.01 ± 6.59 | 13.53 ± 6.12 | 0.003* | 10.45 ± 6.16 | 14.98 ± 7.49 | 14.03 ± 6.26 | 0.010* |
Vitamin D(µg/day) | 1.06 ± 0.90 | 1.58 ± 0.99 | 2.35 ± 1.90 | 0.0001* | 1.59 ± 1.53 | 1.27 ± 1.15 | 2.13 ± 1.49 | 0.002* | 1.08 ± 0.87 | 1.58 ± 1.30 | 2.35 ± 1.74 | 0.0001* |
Vitamin K( µg /day) | 117.17 ± 65.47 | 173.23 ± 105.07 | 171.37 ± 80.21 | 0.0001* | 148.52 ± 78.90 | 152.71 ± 95.37 | 160.38 ± 91.60 | 0.215 | 119.01 ± 71.81 | 170.37 ± 99.61 | 175.19 ± 83.79 | 0.028* |
Calcium(mg/day) | 720.34 ± 278.02 | 970.22 ± 229.44 | 1435.20 ± 370.68 | 0.0001* | 954.30 ± 385.84 | 957.16 ± 357.47 | 1214.20 ± 460.18 | 0.026* | 706.04 ± 244.09 | 1013.77 ± 239.23 | 1417.17 ± 386.17 | 0.0001* |
Magnesium(mg/day) | 3.25 ± 1.31 | 3.90 ± 1.49 | 4.27 ± 1.51 | 0.002* | 3.63 ± 1.25 | 3.56 ± 1.24 | 4.24 ± 1.83 | 0.095 | 3.03 ± 1.08 | 4.23 ± 1.50 | 4.25 ± 1.56 | 0.004* |
Potassium(mg/day) | 2678.69 ± 972.78 | 3419.19 ± 1125.94 | 4393.13 ± 1181.88 | 0.0001* | 3317.48 ± 1227.34 | 3371.57 ± 1312.55 | 3801.56 ± 1316.98 | 0.096 | 2579.90 ± 880.50 | 3648.15 ± 1050.48 | 4314.36 ± 1276.82 | 0.0001* |
Phosphorus(mg/day) | 1054.04 ± 394.26 | 1339.02 ± 426.89 | 1720.21 ± 437.61 | 0.0001* | 1264 ± 450.64 | 1288.12 ± 460.88 | 1560.74 ± 533.36 | 0.184 | 1014.73 ± 352.39 | 1411.84 ± 408.91 | 1704.98 ± 462.19 | 0.0001* |
Zinc(mg/day) | 7.99 ± 2.91 | 10.21 ± 3.69 | 12.18 ± 3.73 | 0.0001* | 9.40 ± 3.76 | 9.65 ± 3.37 | 11.33 ± 4.14 | 0.620 | 7.73 ± 2.72 | 10.56 ± 3.48 | 12.23 ± 3.84 | 0.0001* |
Iron(mg/day) | 17.37 ± 6.87 | 18.73 ± 6.66 | 20.95 ± 5.09 | 0.0001* | 17.78 ± 5.63 | 18.45 ± 6.51 | 20.81 ± 6.70 | 0.002 | 15.85 ± 5.99 | 21.22 ± 6.97 | 20.32 ± 4.87 | 0.0001* |
Abbreviations: SFA, Saturated Fatty Acid |
ªmeans ± SE (standard error) |
* p-value result from the analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA) adjusted for energy |
The means and standard deviation (SD) of FRS and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease across dairy consumption tertiles are depicted in Tables 5 and 6. Participants in the highest milk consumption category compared to those in the lowest category had the lowest HDL-C (47.83 ± 0.68 vs. 48.01 ± 0.67 P < 0.001), and the highest TAG (111.8 ± 4.79 vs. 103.1 ± 4.69; p = 0.6), LDL-C (83.34 ± 1.46 vs. 77.07 ± 1.43; <0.001 p), TC / HDL-C (3.92 ± 0.08 vs. 3.82 ± 0.08; P = 0.002), and FBS (90.94 ± 0.74 vs. 87.07 ± 0.72; p = 0.001). HDL-C also decreased significantly across tertiles of yogurt, cheese, doogh, total dairy, high-fat dairy, and low-fat dairy intake (47.83 ± 0.68 vs. 48.01 ± 0.67; p < 0.001), but LDL (83.34 ± 1.46 vs. 77.07 ± 1.43; p < 0.001), TC / HDL-C (3.92 ± 0.08 vs. 3.82 ± 0.08; p = 0.002) and FBS (90.94 ± 0.74 vs. 87.07 ± 0.72; 001 / 0 = p) increased.
Table 5
Distribution of Framingham score and its Components among tertiles of milk, yogurt, cheese, and doogh consumption among Tehranin women.
| | Tertiles of milk consumption | | Tertiles of yogurt consumption | | Tertile of cheese consumption | | Tertiles of doogh consumption | |
| | T1 < 40 | 40 < T2 < 171.42 | T3 > 171.42 | | T1 < 67.85 | 67.85 < T2 < 157.5 | T3 > 157.5 | | T1 < 15 | 15 < T2 < 30 | T3 > 30 | | T1 < 20 | 20 < T2 < 102.8 | T3 > 102.8 | |
Number | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | |
CVD risk factors | | | | | P value* | | | | P value* | | | | P value* | | | | P value* |
Framingham score | Crudeᵃ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Model 1ᵇ | -1.63 ± 4.34 | -1.64 ± 4.84 | -0.07 ± 5.10 | 0.01 | -1.17 ± 5.01 | -1.66 ± 4.83 | -0.49 ± 4.55 | 0.16 | -1.85 ± 4.38 | -0.50 ± 5.26 | -1.10 ± 4.54 | 0.06 | -1.09 ± 4.33 | -1.53 ± 4.68 | -0.76 ± 5.40 | 0.47 |
Model 2ʰ | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.30 | -0.26 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.30 | -0.26 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.30 | -0.26 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.3 | -0.26 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
TAG(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 |
Model 1ᵇ | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 |
Model 2ʰ | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 |
TC(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 |
Model 1ᵇ | 174.3 ± 31.56 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 | 174.3 ± 31.5 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 | 174.3 ± 31.56 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 | 174.3 ± 31.56 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 |
Model 2ʰ | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 |
HDL-C(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.6 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.05 | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.6 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.05 | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.60 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.05 | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.6 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.05 |
Model 1ᵇ | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 |
Model 1ᵇ | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.8 ± 16.6 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.8 ± 16.6 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.8 ± 16.6 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.8 ± 16.6 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 |
TAG/HDL-C | Crudeᵃ | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 |
Model 1ᵇ | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 |
Model 2ʰ | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 |
TC/HDL-C | Crudeᵃ | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.007 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 |
Model 1ᵇ | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 |
Model 2ʰ | 3.8 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 | 3.8 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 | 3.80 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 | 3.8 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 |
FBS (mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.5 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.002 | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.5 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.002 | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.50 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.002 | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.5 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.002 |
Model 1ᵇ | 86.3 ± 7.72 | 88.8 ± 9.25 | 91.1 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 | 86.34 ± 7.72 | 88.86 ± 9.25 | 91.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 | 86.34 ± 7.72 | 88.86 ± 9.25 | 91.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 | 86.34 ± 7.72 | 88.86 ± 9.25 | 91.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | 87.17 ± 0.72 | 88.43 ± 0.73 | 90.86 ± 0.73 | 0.002 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular diseases; TAG, Triacylglycerol; TC, Total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; FBS, fasting blood sugar |
ªmeans ± SD (standard deviation) |
ᵇ model 1 is mean ± standard error, adjust for age, sex, body mass index, energy intake, socio-economic status, smoking, drug intake (diabetes, cardiovascular, BP, high blood lipid, antioxidants, multivitamin, omega 3) |
ʰ model 1 is mean ± standard error, adjust for model 1 + physical activity |
*P-value result from ANOVA test for crude model, and the analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA) for adjusted models |
Table 6
Distribution of Framingham score and its Components among tertiles of low Fat dairy, high Fat dairy, and total dairy consumption among Tehranin women.
| | Tertiles of low fat dairy consumption | | Tertiles of high fat dairy consumption | | Tertiles of total dairy consumption | |
| | T1 < 227.49 | 227.49 < T2 < 362.34 | T3 > 362.34 | | T1 < 15.10 | 15.10 < T2 < 68.71 | T3 > 68.71 | | T1 < 280.6 | 280.6 < T2 < 446.07 | T3 > 446.07 | |
Number | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | |
| | | | | P value* | | | | P value* | | | | P value* |
Framingham score | Crudeᵃ | -1.34 ± 5.17 | -1.52 ± 5.16 | -0.49 ± 4.02 | 0.20 | -0.08 ± 5.64 | -1.39 ± 4.42 | -1.87 ± 4.11 | 0.01 | -1.43 ± 4.51 | -1.24 ± 4.86 | -0.67 ± 5.07 | 0.43 |
Model 1ᵇ | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.3 | -0.26 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.30 | -0.26 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 | -1.06 ± 0.29 | -2.04 ± 0.30 | -0.26 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | -1.00 ± 0.29 | -2.06 ± 0.29 | -0.29 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 |
TAG(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 | 100.1 ± 49.22 | 98.73 ± 47.64 | 111.2 ± 68.4 | 0.15 |
Model 1ᵇ | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 | 102.6 ± 4.72 | 95.89 ± 4.79 | 112.1 ± 4.82 | 0.06 |
Model 2ʰ | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 | 103.1 ± 4.69 | 95.69 ± 4.75 | 111.8 ± 4.79 | 0.06 |
TC(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 174.3 ± 31.56 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 | 174.3 ± 31.56 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 | 174.3 ± 31.56 | 177.3 ± 30.46 | 181.7 ± 31.4 | 0.17 |
Model 1ᵇ | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 | 175.8 ± 2.62 | 174.04 ± 2.65 | 183.1 ± 2.67 | 0.04 |
Model 2ʰ | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.6 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.05 | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.6 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.05 | 176.2 ± 2.57 | 173.8 ± 2.60 | 182.9 ± 2.62 | 0.04 |
HDL-C(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 | 48.26 ± 8.42 | 51.35 ± 8.93 | 47.68 ± 6.75 | 0.001 |
Model 1ᵇ | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 | 48.17 ± 0.71 | 51.48 ± 0.72 | 47.74 ± 0.72 | < 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 | 48.01 ± 0.67 | 51.55 ± 0.68 | 47.83 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C(mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.8 ± 16.6 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.8 ± 16.6 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 | 75.65 ± 15.4 | 83.80 ± 16.60 | 85.55 ± 19.41 | < 0.001 |
Model 1ᵇ | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 | 77.24 ± 1.44 | 84.76 ± 1.46 | 83.24 ± 1.47 | 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | 77.07 ± 1.43 | 84.83 ± 1.45 | 83.34 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 |
TAG/HDL-C | Crudeᵃ | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 | 2.19 ± 1.36 | 2.07 ± 1.35 | 2.38 ± 1.49 | 0.22 |
Model 1ᵇ | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.08 |
Model 2ʰ | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.11 | 2.39 ± 0.11 | 0.07 |
TC/HDL-C | Crudeᵃ | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 | 3.76 ± 1.15 | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 0.08 |
Model 1ᵇ | 3.8 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 | 3.8 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 | 3.80 ± 0.09 | 3.51 ± 0.09 | 3.93 ± 0.09 | 0.005 |
Model 2ʰ | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.5 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.002 | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.50 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.002 | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.50 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 0.003 |
FBS (mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | 86.34 ± 7.72 | 88.86 ± 9.25 | 91.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 | 86.34 ± 7.72 | 88.86 ± 9.25 | 91.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 | 86.34 ± 7.72 | 88.86 ± 9.25 | 91.16 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 |
Model 1ᵇ | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 |
Model 2ʰ | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.001 | 87.07 ± 0.72 | 88.44 ± 0.73 | 90.94 ± 0.74 | 0.002 |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular diseases; TAG, Triacylglycerol; TC, Total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; FBS, fasting blood sugar |
ªmeans ± SD (standard deviation) |
ᵇ model 1 is mean ± standard error, adjust for age, sex, body mass index, energy intake, socio-economic status, smoking, drug intake (diabetes, cardiovascular, BP, high blood lipid, antioxidants, multivitamin, omega 3) |
ʰ model 1 is mean ± standard error, adjust for model 1 + physical activity |
*P-value result from ANOVA test for crude model, and the analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA) for adjusted models |
The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cardiovascular risk factors, in the crude and modified models across total dairy consumption and each of its types, are shown in Tables 7–9. Subjects with a greater intake of high-fat dairy had higher serum TG levels (OR: 4.47, 95% CI: 1.75, 11.43; P = 0.999), but no association was observed between high consumption of high fat dairy and LDL-C, TC and HDL (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.01, 3.2; P = 0.999, OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.11, 4.84; P = 0.999 and OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.19, 10.08; P = 0.366, respectively). Participants with the highest tertile of milk, yogurt, cheese, doogh, low-fat dairy, and total dairy consumption compared to those in the lowest tertile, did not show a significant link with lower serum levels of TG (OR: 0.05, 95% CI : 0.003, 1.09; P = 0.999), LDL-C (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.01, 3.2; P = 0.999), TC (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.11, 4.84; P = 0.999), and higher serum levels of HDL-C (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.19, 10.08; P = 0.366).
Table 7
Associations of milk, yogurt, and cheese consumption with Framingham risk score and CVD Risk Factors among Tehranian women.
| | Tertiles of milk consumption | | Tertiles of yogurt consumption | | Tertile of cheese consumption | |
| | T1 < 40 | 40 < T2 < 171.42 | T3 > 171.42 | | T1 < 67.85 | 67.85 < T2 < 157.5 | T3 > 157.5 | | T1 < 15 | 15 < T2 < 30 | T3 > 30 | |
number | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | |
CVD risk factors | Model | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend |
FBS | Crudeᵃ | reference | 0.5 (0.18,1.42) | 1.5 (0.67,3.4) | < 0.001 | reference | 2.27 (0.82,6.27) | 2.87 (1.07,7.66) | < 0.001 | reference | 0.14 (0.04,0.46) | 0.4 (0.18,0.88) | < 0.001 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 0.7 (0.12,4.02) | 4.36 (0.77,24.71) | 0.999 | reference | 1.69 (0.35,8.17) | 2.95 (0.59,14.61) | 0.999 | reference | 0.2 (0.02,2.06) | 0.35 (0.07,1.62) | 0.999 |
TAG(≥ 150 mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | reference | 0.47 (0.19, 1.15) | 1.56 (0.78, 3.13) | < 0.001 | reference | 0.87 (0.42, 1.8) | 0.71 (0.33, 1.53) | < 0.001 | reference | 0.73 (0.36, 1.47) | 0.74 (0.33, 1.64) | < 0.001 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 0.25 (0.04, 1.38) | 0.05 (0.003, 1.09) | 0.999 | reference | 0.25 (0.04, 1.38) | 0.05 (0.003, 1.09) | 0.999 | reference | 0.25 (0.04, 1.38) | 0.05 (0.003, 1.09) | 0.999 |
TC | Crudeᵃ | reference | 1.25 (0.66, 2.36) | 1.31 (0.7, 2.46) | < 0.001 | reference | 0.46 (0.23, 0.9) | 0.99 (0.55, 1.79) | < 0.001 | reference | 1.41 (0.77, 2.56) | 1.19 (0.6, 2.35) | < 0.001 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 |
HDL-C (˂40 mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.659 | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.381 | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.11 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.366 | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.157 | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.350 |
LDL-C (> 100 mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | reference | 2.09 (0.96,4.56) | 1.93 (0.88,4.24) | < 0.001 | reference | 2.09 (0.96, 4.56) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.24) | 0.002 | reference | 2.09 (0.96, 4.56) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.24) | < 0.001 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 |
Abbreviations: OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence intervals; TAG, Triacylglycerol; TC, Total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; |
ªmeans ± SD (standard deviation) |
ᵇ mean ± SE (standard error) adjusted for age, dietary fiber, socio-economic status, smoking, diseases, and drugs (anti-diabetic, multivitamin and antioxidant supplements |
* P values were calculated using logistic regression |
** P values resulted from ordinal regression |
Table 8
Associations of doogh and total dairy consumption with Framingham risk score and CVD Risk Factors among tehranian women.
| | Tertiles of doogh consumption | Tertiles of total dairy consumption |
| | T1 < 20 | 20 < T2 < 102.8 | T3 > 102.8 | | T1 < 280.6 | 280.6 < T2 < 446.07 | T3 > 446.07 | |
number | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | |
CVD risk factors | Model | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend |
FBS | Crudeᵃ | reference | 0.86 (0.31,2.37) | 2.12 (0.88,5.13) | < 0.001 | reference | 0.84 (0.34,2.02) | 0.94 (0.39,2.22) | < 0.001 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 0.22 (0.02,2.13) | 14.11 (1.97,101.03) | 0.999 | reference | 0.71 (0.10,4.75) | 2.53 (0.49,13.03) | 0.999 |
TAG(≥ 150 mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | reference | 0.63 (0.25, 1.57) | 2.1 (1.04, 4.27) | < 0.001 | reference | 1.48 (0.65, 3.33) | 1.99 (0.91, 4.36) | < 0.001 |
Adjusted | reference | 0.25 (0.04, 1.38) | 0.05 (0.003, 1.09) | 0.999 | reference | 0.25 (0.04, 1.38) | 0.05 (0.003, 1.09) | 0.999 |
TC | Crude | reference | 1.19 (0.61, 2.32) | 1.89 (1.02, 3.5) | < 0.001 | reference | 1.9 (1.00, 3.62) | 1.58 (0.81, 3.06) | <0.001 |
Adjusted | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 |
HDL-C (˂40 mg/dl) | Crude | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.224 | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.320 |
Adjusted | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.302 | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.334 |
LDL-C (> 100 mg/dl) | Crude | reference | 2.09 (0.96, 4.56) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.24) | 0.044 | reference | 2.09 (0.96, 4.56) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.24) | <0.001 |
Adjusted | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 |
Abbreviations: OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence intervals; TAG, Triacylglycerol; TC, Total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; |
ªmeans ± SD (standard deviation) |
ᵇ mean ± SE (standard error) adjusted for age, dietary fiber, socio-economic status, smoking, diseases, and drugs (anti-diabetic, multivitamin and antioxidant supplements |
* P values were calculated using logistic regression |
** P values resulted from ordinal regression |
Table 9
Associations of low fat dairy and high fat dairy consumption with Framingham risk score and CVD Risk Factors among tehranian women.
| | Tertiles of low fat dairy consumption | Tertiles of high fat dairy consumption |
| | T1 < 227.49 | 227.49 < T2 < 362.34 | T3 > 362.34 | | T1 < 15.10 | 15.10 < T2 < 68.71 | T3 > 68.71 | |
number | | 121 | 123 | 125 | | 121 | 123 | 125 | |
CVD risk factors | Model | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend | | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P trend |
FBS | Crudeᵃ | reference | 0.45 (0.16,1.25) | 1.18 (0.53,2.64) | < 0.001 | reference | 2.32 (0.91,5.91) | 1.62 (0.6,4.34) | 0.001 |
Adjustedᵇ | reference | 0.28 (0.04,1.99) | 2.4 (0.4,14.1) | 0.999 | reference | 1.86 (0.32,10.58) | 0.97 (0.16,5.84) | 0.999 |
TAG(≥ 150 mg/dl) | Crudeᵃ | reference | 0.29 (0.13,0.64) | 0.28 (0.13,0.62) | < 0.001 | reference | 3.37 (1.29,8.81) | 4.47 (1.75,11.43) | 0.006 |
Adjusted | reference | 0.25 (0.04, 1.38) | 0.05 (0.003, 1.09) | 0.999 | reference | 3.37 (1.29, 8.81) | 4.47 (1.75, 11.43) | 0.999 |
TC | Crude | reference | 0.75 (0.31, 1.43) | 0.66 (0.21, 3.52) | < 0.001 | reference | 1.38 (0.75, 2.55) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.79) | <0.001 |
Adjusted | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 | reference | 0.81 (0.25, 2.61) | 0.74 (0.11, 4.84) | 0.999 |
HDL-C (˂40 mg/dl) | Crude | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.390 | reference | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 2.08 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.118 |
Adjusted | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.240 | reference | 2.39 (0.63, 8.99) | 1.39 (0.19, 10.08) | 0.299 |
LDL-C (> 100 mg/dl) | Crude | reference | 2.09 (0.96, 4.56) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.24) | < 0.001 | reference | 2.09 (0.96, 4.56) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.24) | 0.010 |
Adjusted | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 | reference | 1.34 (0.25, 7.24) | 0.19 (0.01, 3.2) | 0.999 |
Abbreviations: OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence intervals; TAG, Triacylglycerol; TC, Total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; |
ªmeans ± SD (standard deviation) |
ᵇ mean ± SE (standard error) adjusted for age, dietary fiber, socio-economic status, smoking, diseases, and drugs (anti-diabetic, multivitamin and antioxidant supplements |
* P values were calculated using logistic regression |
** P values resulted from ordinal regression |