Intracellular reactive oxygen-derived intermediates' levels and their impacts on structural molecules are summarized in Table1.
Reactive nitrogen radicals:
Lung tissues' nitric oxide levels increased significantly under E field exposure (Group IV; 143±1,22) compared to the sham-exposed group (Group I; 129±2,51). This increment showed a decreasing tendency in groups treated with external supplements [EGCG treated Group V (140 ± 1,67), and NAC treated Group VI; (138± 2,32)].
Reactive oxygen-derived radicals and lipid oxidation,
Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the E field exposed group (Group IV; 0,72±0,009) compared to the sham-exposed group (Group I; 0,62±0,020) groups (p=0.0001).
Long-term exposure to 50 Hz, 24kV/m vertical E field contributes to increased lipid oxidation product level.
Moreover, this adverse effect of the E field exposure might be reduced by the treatment of external dietary supplements.
There were significant differences in the groups treated with antioxidant supplements [Epigallocatechin gallate treated Group V; 0,70 ± 0,007] and [N-acetyl cysteine treated Group VI; 0,71± 0,007] (p=0.0001).
The external supplements effectively removed E-Field-dependent excess produced oxygen-derived molecules
ROS or RNS-dependent protein oxidation;
ROS/RNS-dependent carbonylated proteins [Protein carbonyl (PC) content and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP)] levels were analyzed.
Although PC content increased under E field exposed Group IV (0,55±0,011), the significant decreases were determined by the antioxidant effects of external supplements [EGCG treated Group V; 0,54 ± 0,012 and NAC treated Group VI; 0,53± 0,010] (p=0.0001).
However, lung tissues' AOPP levels did not change in both the E field exposed Group IV (1,41±0,023), and the external supplements treated groups [EGCG treated Group V (1,41 ± 0,016), and NAC treated Group VI; (1,41± 0,016)].
ROS/RNS-dependent structural integrity;
Biochemically changed hydroxyproline levels were used to evaluate the structural integrity of lung tissues (Song, Fu et al. 2021).
Significant decreases were determined in both the E field exposed Group IV (0,22±0,005), and the external supplements treated groups [EGCG treated Group V (0,22±0,010), and NAC treated Group VI; (0,22±0,010)] compared to Group I (0,29±0,020) (p=0.0001).
There were also significant differences in the intergroup's comparisons [Group V- Group IV; Group VI- Group IV] (p=0.0001).
Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Anti-Oxidant Enzymes' Levels
Decreased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels were obtained from both the E field exposed Group IV (1,30±0,01) and the external supplements treated groups [EGCG treated Group V (1,29±0,02), and NAC treated Group VI; (1,27±0,02)] compared to Group I (1,38±0,03) (p=0.0001).
ROS- dependent pulmonary Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme levels decreased under E field exposure Group IV (2,32±0,06), but this level increased using the external supplements [EGCG treated Group V (2,33±0,07), and NAC treated Group VI; (2,34±0,06)] compared to Group I (3,00±0,13) (p=0.0001).
Pulmonary ROS-dependent antioxidant enzymes levels were given in Table 2.
Reactive Nitrogen Species-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory Enzymes' Levels
Decreased Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were obtained from both the E field exposed Group IV (2,41±0,040) and the external supplements treated groups [EGCG treated Group V (2,40±0,030), and NAC treated Group VI; (2,38±0,012)] compared to Group I (2,63±0,060) (p=0.0001).
RNS- dependent pulmonary Heme oxygenase (HO-1) enzyme levels increased in both the E field exposed Group IV (75,39±3,29) and the external supplements treated groups [EGCG treated Group V (72,96±2,96), and NAC treated Group VI; (72,77±2,79)] compared to Group I (55,72±3,43) (p=0.0001).
However, there were significant decreases in the intergroup's comparisons [Group V- Group IV; Group VI- Group IV] (p=0.0001).
Pulmonary RNS-dependent anti-inflammatory enzymes levels were given in Table 2.