Effect of dietary substitution of maize with banana pseudostem on performance and economics of crossbred grower pigs

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1597153/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Effect of dietary substitution of maize with banana pseudostem on performance and economics of crossbred grower pigs

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1597153/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Forty eight (48) Hampshire crossbred grower pigs (24 females and 24 males) with 75% inheritance were randomly divided into four (4) groups for the experiment. The pigs were allotted to 4 compounded dietary treatments, replacing maize with dried banana pseudostem powder by 0% (T₀), 10% (T₁), 20% (T₂) and 30% (T₃) in the ration. By modifying the amounts of maize with banana pseudostem, all compounded diets were rendered isonitrogenous and isocalorie. Results indicated significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the total body weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) in both male and female crossbred pigs, fed with ration replacing 20% maize with banana pseudostem in comparison to the other groups. The performances of the both female and male pigs were significantly (p < 0.05) lower when dietary levels of banana pseudostem were increased up to 30% in place of maize in the ration. The feed cost/kg live weight gain in 20% replacement group was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the control group in both the sexes. Blood biochemical parameters in both the sexes did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), irrespective of different dietary treatments. In conclusion, crossbred pigs can tolerate up to 20% dietary substitution of maize with banana pseudostem in the ration without compromising their growth, blood biochemical parameters, reproductive performances and carcass quality.

banana pseudostem

carcass trait

reproductive performance

crossbred pigs

Pigs are valuable asset for smallholders in the subsistence agriculture system because they provide revenue that can be used to meet household financial requirements. The primary constraints to efficient pig production include a lack of feed supplies, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as well as the high cost of feed ingredients. The high cost of feed is a key limitation to the growth of local pig production, especially when local pork competes with inexpensive imported meat, since feed accounts for 60 to 70% of total cost of production in the pig business. The majority of animal nutrition research has been devoted to address the nutritional crisis caused by a lack of feed supplies for livestock and poultry. The use of non-conventional feed resources in livestock diets with appropriate and full feed technology that can utilize the feed sources with optimum efficiency might be a potential and perhaps the most practical option. The stem of the banana plant, which is also called pseudostem produces a single bunch of bananas before dying and is replaced by a new pseudostem (Anhwange et al., 2009). Due to the fact that each plant only produces one bunch of bananas, this crop creates a lot of waste. Following the harvest, the naked pseudo-stem is chopped and either left on the plantation or burnt, which may cause environmental difficulties (Cordeiro et al., 2004). As a result, in recent years, the use of banana waste pseudostems has gotten increased attention. Furthermore, these banana waste components are said to be high in vitamins and nutrients, particularly dietary fibre (Aziz et al., 2011). However, nothing is known about the pseudostem's composition. The banana pseudostem might be employed more in the food industry than in other fields. The conversion of discarded banana pseudostems into products might have a considerable environmental and economic advantage. However, this immense potential, which has the potential to change the pig farming industry, has gone mostly untapped. There appears to be a scarcity of knowledge about its use and its impacts on pig production system. As a result, there is a strong and pressing need to conduct a comprehensive investigation in this area. This would widen the possibilities of banana pseudostem in pig feeding systems. The present study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the effect of dietary substitution of maize with banana pseudostem on performances of crossbred piglets.

The approval of Institute Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) was obtained to carry out the experiment.

Study site

The experiment was carried out in the Livestock Farm, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India which is located at 21.5° N to 29.5° N latitude and 85.5° E to 97.5° E longitude, at an elevation of 1010m above mean sea level. The annual rainfall is between 2500 and 3000 mm, while the yearly sunlight ranges between 3.4 and 8.8 hours each day. During the summer, the maximum temperature varies from 28.00 to 29.30 °C, while the lowest temperature goes from 18.40 to 21.40 °C (May, June, July and August). During the winter season, the maximum temperature varies from 22.10 to 24.80°C and the lowest temperature goes from 5.50 to 12.30°C (November, December, January and February). The humidity ranges from 61 to 90.50 percent, and the average wind speed is 1.65 kilometres per hour.

Experimental animals and design of the study

A total of forty eight (48) 75% Hampshire crossbred grower piglets (24 females and 24 males), aged two months old with average body weight of 10.58±0.37kg were randomly divided into four (4) groups. The pigs were allotted to 4 compounded dietary treatment replacing maize with dried powder banana pseudostem by 0% (T₀), 10% (T₁), 20% (T₂) and 30% (T₃) in the ration. The banana pseudostem was cut into small pieces, sundried and grounded prior to its incorporation in the compounded ration. The feeding trial was carried out for 210 days. The pigs were fed 3.5% of their average live body weight while water was given to the pigs ad libitum throughout the study period i.e. upto 9^th months of their age.

Chemical analysis

Proximate analysis and gross energy (GE) of banana pseudostem was determined (Table 1) according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Procedures (AOAC, 2007). All rations were made isonitrogenous and isocalorie by adjusting the levels of banana pseudostem against maize per NRC, (1998) recommendation. All analyses were performed in duplicate for 12 samples and were presented on DM basis.

Growth and reproductive performances of female crossbred grower piglets fed banana pseudostem replacing maize

The body weight at the beginning and completion of the feeding trial was measured at 60 and 270 days, respectively. Total weight gain was calculated by subtracting the final body weight at the conclusion of the experiment from the initial body weight at the beginning of the trial. The average daily weight gain (ADG) (g/day) during the trial period was calculated by dividing the body weight gain by the number of days in that time. The female crossbred pigs were then artificially inseminated with liquid sperm from the farm's superior boars, and the reproductive performances, including age at puberty, age at first mating, age at first farrowing, and subsequent litter size at birth, were recorded. Pregnancy was confirmed at 25 days by using portable USG machine.

Growth and carcass characteristics of male crossbred grower piglets fed banana pseudostem replacing maize

Male growth performances were monitored at the same intervals as females. At the end of the trial, three representative male pigs from each treatment were chosen at random and slaughtered for carcass quality measurement. After 12 hours of fasting, the pigs were killed by ex-sanguination. The following data were recorded: weight at slaughter (kg), carcass weight (kg), carcass length (cm), dressing percentage (percent), and back fat thickness (cm). A digital electronic balance was used to measure the slaughter and carcass weights. Back fat thickness (BFT) was measured at the 10^th rib at the middle line. Dressing percentage was estimated by dividing the carcass weight by the weight of the live animal and expressing it as a percentage.

Economics of feeding banana pseudostem as a substitute for maize in both male and female pigs

The economics in feeding banana pseudostem replacing maize in the different treatment groups were calculated and analysed. For economic analysis parameters such as average feed intake (g/day), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed cost/kg ration (Rs.) and feed cost/kg live weight gain (Rs.) in both sexes were assessed.

Serum metabolite profile

Blood sample was collected aseptically from the anterior vena cava using 10 ml syringe at the onset of the feeding trial and once in every fortnightly interval and serum samples were separated for estimation of different biochemical parameters namely Total proteins (g/100 ml), glucose (mg/100 ml), cholesterol (mg/100 ml), Urea (mg/100 ml) and Creatinine (mg/100 ml) using commercially available kits (Bioline Diagnostics, Delhi, India)

Statistical analysis

Experimental data were expressed as Mean± S.E and analysed using ANOVA (Snedecor & Cochran, 1994) followed by post hoc comparison test, employing Statistical package for social sciences programme version 23 (IBM SPSS). Tukey’s test was used to compare the means of the treatment with probability of 5% (p<0.05).

Chemical composition of banana pseudostem

The result on the chemical composition of banana pseudostem (n=12) is shown in Table 1. The proximate principles (% DM basis) i.e. dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), total ash (TA) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) was 7.45±0.78, 5.09±0.63, 28.90±2.46, 3.50±0.61, 15.40±1.26 and 45.46±2.28 respectively. The GE (Kcal/kg) content was 3284±4.16.

Table 1 : Chemical composition of banana pseudostem (% DM basis)

Parameters	Banana pseudostem (n=12)
Dry matter (DM)	7.45±.0.78
Crude protein (CP)	5.09±0.63
Crude fibre (CF)	28.90±2.46
Ether extract (EE)	3.50±0.61
Total Ash (TA)	15.40±1.26
Nitrogen free extracts (NFE)	45.46±2.28
Gross energy (Kcal/kg)	3284±4.16

*n=number of observation

Ingredient and nutrient composition in grower pig ration (% DM basis)

The estimated CP% of the grower pig ration in the treatments replacing 0, 10, 20 and 30% banana pseudostem were 17.96, 17.88, 17.78 and 17.80. The Metabolisable Energy (ME) (kcal/kg) in the above mentioned treatment groups were 3288, 3370, 3316 and 3188 as depicted in Table 2.

Table 2: Ingredient and nutrient composition of grower pig ration (% on DM basis)

Ingredient composition (%)	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃
Maize	55.00	45.00	35.00	25.00
Banana psedeostem	0.00	10.00	20.00	30.00
Wheat bran	19.00	16.00	14.00	12.00
Ground nut Cake	13.50	16.50	18.50	20.50
Soybean meal	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
Mineral mixture	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
Salt	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
	100	100	100	100
Calculated
CP (%)	18.15	18.02	18.08	18.14
ME (kcal/kg	3209	3217	3074	2988
Estimated
CP (%)	17.96	17.88	17.78	17.80
ME (kcal/kg)	3288	3370	3316	3188

All rations are prepared considering protein – energy requirement as per BIS Standard

Performances of growing female crossbred pigs fed ration replacing maize with different inclusion levels of banana pseudostem

The results of the effect of feeding banana pseudo-stem (0-30 % DM basis) replacing maize on growth, reproductive performances and production economics of female crossbred pigs are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Performance of growing crossbred female pigs fed ration replacing maize with banana pseudostem

Parameters	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃
Growth performances
Initial body weight (kg) at 60 days	10.53±0.58	10.63±0.56	10.68±0.47	10.57±0.60
Final body weight (kg) at 270 days	76.43^a±0.22	75.83^a±0.59	78.78^b±0.42	64.00^c±0.47
Total body weight gain (kg)	65.90^a±0.38	65.20^a±0.63	68.15^b±0.53	53.43^c±0.30
ADG (g/d)	310^a±1.30	310^a±3.05	320^b±2.70	250.00^c±2.11
Reproductive performances
Age at puberty (days)	257.17^a±2.46	261.50^ac±1.09	237.00^b±3.92	264.17^c±1.58
Age at first mating (days)	278.67^a±2.50	282.83^a±1.00	258.33^b±4.00	285.33^a±1.50
Age at first farrowing (days)	393.00^a± 2.60	397.33^a±1.10	372.50^b±3.90	399.83^a±1.50
Litter size at birth (No.)	8.00±0.60	7.67±0.40	8.33±0.40	7.67±0.40

^a,b,c,d Means for different groups in the same row having different superscript differ significantly( p<0.05)

Results indicated that there was significant (p<0.05) improvement in the final body weight gain, ADG and reproductive performances of crossbred female pigs in T2 in comparison to the other groups. The performances of the female pigs were significantly (p<0.05) lower when dietary levels of banana pseudostem were increased up to 30 % (T3) in place of maize in the ration. The animals fed ration T2 attained early puberty (237.00±3.92 days) than the animals fed T1 (261.50±1.09 days) and T3 (264.17±1.58 days).

Performance of grower male pigs fed banana pseudostem replacing maize with different inclusion levels of banana pseudostem

The results of the effect of feeding banana pseudo-stem (0-30% DM basis) in place of maize on growth, carcass characteristics and production economics of male crossbred pigs are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Performance of growing crossbred male pigs fed ration ration replacing maize with banana pseudostem

Parameters	Control	T₁	T₂	T₃
Growth performance
Initial body weight (kg) at 60 days	10.32±0.19	10.48±0.30	10.50±0.32	10.57±0.32
Final body weight (kg) at 298 days	82.33^a±0.56	83.07^a±0.73	86.93^b±0.59	68.13^c±0.54
Total body weight gain (kg)	72.02^a±0.73	72.58^a±0.67	76.43^b±0.86	57.57^c±0.74
ADG (g/d)	312^a±1.38	316^a±2.16	328^b±2.48	242^c±3.02
Carcass traits
Weight at slaughter (kg)	83.00±0.58^bd	83.07 ±0.35^b	85.97 ±0.42^a	69.13 ±0.41^c
Carcass weight (kg)	55.32 ±0.36	55.93 ±0.93	56.16 ±0.26	45.17±0.36
Carcass length (cm)	80.00 ±1.15	79.80 ±0.58	82.33 ±1.15	79.00 ± 0.68
Dressing percentage (%)	66.67 ± 0.88	65.33 ±0.33	67.33 ±1.20	65.30 ±0.34
BFT (cm)	2.66± 0.05^c	2.53± 0.06^ac	2.48± 0.05^a	2.42± 0.07^b

^a,b,c,d Means for different groups in the same row having different superscript differ significantly( p<0.05)

Results indicated that there was significant (p<0.05) improvement in the final body weight gain, ADG, feed cost/kg live weight gain of male crossbred pigs fed ration T₂ in comparison to the other groups. The performances of the crossbred pigs were significantly (p<0.05) lower when dietary levels of banana pseudostem were increased up to 30 % (T₃) against maize in the ration. The average daily weight gain, FCR, the feed cost/kg live weight gain was comparable across the treatment groups.

Serum biochemical

The serum metabolite profile viz., Total protein (g/100ml), Glucose (mg/100ml), Cholesterol (mg/100ml), Urea (mg/100ml) and Creatinine (mg/100ml) levels ranged from 6.57 to 6.90, 112.11 to 118.60, 121.86 to 130.12, 12.29 to 13.10 and 0.78 to 0.92 respectively across different groups. The values did not vary significantly (p>0.05) during the sampling period, irrespective of different dietary treatments and were within the physiological range of pigs

Production economics

The production economics in terms of average feed intake (g/day), FCR, feed cost/kg ration (₹) and cost of production on feed basis (₹) has been depicted in Table 4.

Table 4. Production economics of growing crossbred pig fed ration replacing maize with banana pseudo stem in both the sexes

Parameters	Male				Female
Parameters	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₀	T₁	T₂	T₃
Average feed intake (g/d)	1210.40± 51.40	1129.80± 45.32	1244.60± 51.60	1199.82± 45.22	1280.20± 51.70	1112.78± 45.11	1180.70± 50.90	1210.86± 45.38
FCR	3.87^a± 0.04	3.64^a± 0.04	3.93^a± 0.03	3.87^c± 0.04	3.91^a± 0.03	3.48^b± 0.03	4.88^b± 0.06	4.84^d± 0.04
Feed cost/kg ration (₹)	30.26	30.26	29.31	29.31	29.85	29.85	28.78	28.78
Cost of production on feed basis (FCR x cost of feed/kg ₹)	117.10	110.14	115.18	113.42	116.71	103.87	140.44	139.29

^a,b,c,d Means for different groups in the same row having different superscript differ significantly( p<0.05)

Chemical composition of banana pseudostem

The CP (%) and CF (%) content in banana pseudostem is comparable to the reports of Sokchea et al., (2018) who reported a CP (%) and CF (%) content of 6.42 and 32.64 in fresh banana pseudostem. In contrast, the CP value in the current study is much lower than the values reported by Poyyamozhi et al., (1986) and Viswanathan et al., (1989). Reasons for this inconsistency are unclear. However, several differences existed between the two studies. Firstly, the forages were grown in two different locations and stage of maturity, fertilization and environmental conditions may also reason for change of CP. The reported DM (%) values were in close association with the reports of Sokchea et al., (2018) and Wang et al., (2016) who reported it to be 7.02 and 9.77 respectively. The EE (%) are inconsistent with the reported values of Wang et al., (2016). Such differences might due to the harvest time, because the relative proportion of the cell wall components of a plant rises with increased maturity, as the comparative proportion of the cell contents declines.

Growth and reproductive performances in females

Optimal growth performance was reported in female crossbred pigs with 20% banana pseudostem replacement against maize. Final body weight, Total body weight gain and ADG showed a positive response to inclusion of banana pseudostem in the diet with the optimal level of 20%. These responses are in close proximation with the reports of Tien et al., (2013) who observed significant improvement in live weight gain when banana stem taro silage replaced rice bran upto 30-40% level in the diet of growing common ducks in Vietnam. Pigs lack fiber-degrading enzymes, which are required to digest complex carbohydrates found in fibrous diets such as rice bran and banana stems (Swain et al., 2014). However, some fibre is advantageous at an ideal rate of 7–10%; otherwise, the passage of nutrients through the digestive tract is too rapid, resulting in more faecal nutrient loss and less absorption (Kass et al., 1980). Antinutritive properties of dietary fiber had also a negative effect on the digestibility and absorption of dietary energy and protein (Blank et al., 2012). Higher fiber in the diet may reduce palatability, thereby reducing ADG and increasing FCR (Avelar et al., 2010; Ngoc et al., 2013). Our results indicated that the inclusion level at 20% had higher ADG and lower FCR. Furthermore, it is more economical to feed female crossbred pigs to a ration upto 20% banana pseudostem without hampering the reproductive performances.

Increasing the level of incorporation of banana pseudostem upto 30% had a significant negative effect on ADG and FCR. This means that up to 20% of banana pseudostem can be fed to growing/ finishing pigs without any adverse effects on growth performance and FCR. Our reports are consistent with other works performed in Equator (Oliva, 1970), in Colombia (Celleri et al., 1971) and in Cameroon (Fomunyam, 1991) in growing finishing pigs that reported a gradual decrease in both ADG and FCR when incorporation level of banana pseudostem increases in the ration. Substituting maize on an equal weight basis with banana stem leads to an overestimation of energy value of banana meal with negative effects on growth performance. Thus, the major part of digestible amino acids was provided by soybean meal. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that the linear decline in growth performance found in the literature with increasing amount of banana pseudostem might also be attributed to a dietary amino acid deficit. It may be argued that the 30% banana pseudostem diet was less appealing when compared to the other three diets.. Solà-Oriol et al., (2009) suggested that feed characteristics such as texture, taste or odor may be responsible for the change in feed preference in pigs. Unwanted chemical reactions and/or physical changes are thought to have happened during the preparation of a 30% banana pseudostem diet, affecting its palatability. This hypothesis is purely speculative and remains to be confirmed by further works.

Growth and carcass quality in males

The growth performances in males were optimal with 20% banana pseudostem (T₂) incorporation in the ration. Results were similar with that of female crossbred pigs. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in all the carcass parameters studied except the fat parameters such as back fat thickness. This shows that pigs used a large portion of their meal calories to build muscular tissue rather than fat. The BFT was inversely proportional to the levels of banana pseudostem in the ration. Huy et al., (2021) reported that there was no correlation between the inclusion level of fermented banana stem and the percentages of hanging carcass, dressing carcass, pH, color score, marbling score of the meat and water holding capacity (WHC) (p > 0.05), which was in contrast to previous research which reported that increasing fibrous dietary coproducts reduced carcass weight (Jha et al., 2013) and the percentage of dressing carcass (Len et al., 2008 and Seneviratne et al., 2010).

Production economics

The feed cost/kg live weight gain increased with increased incorporation of banana pseudostem (lowest in T₂) in the conventional ration for feeding crossbred pigs in both sexes. Furthermore, the inclusion of banana pseudostem at 20% (T2) also resulted in lower feed cost/kg ration (Rs.) and FCR than control, T1 and T3. As per our literature search, there are no published reports regarding the economics of feeding banana pseudostem in crossbred pigs. But there are sufficient reports on effects of other non-conventional feeds on production economics in pigs. Rijal et al., (2009) reported a reduction of feed cost when up to 20% brewers spent grain (BSG) substitution was used for crossbred weaner pigs without any adverse effect on performance. Amaefule et al., (2006) observed that inclusion of brewers spent grain (dry) up to 35% had the highest profit but above 35% BSG reduced the net profit (p < 0.05).

Serum metabolite profile

Serum metabolites particularly total proteins, glucose, urea and creatinine are good indicators of the state of health of body tissues and organs. These parameters are indicators of protein reserves in the animals and can be specifically influenced by protein shortage (Gouache et al., 1991). The non- significant (p>0.05) difference in the concentration of serum metabolites of experimental animals may be as a result of adequacy of dietary protein and energy offered by banana pseudostem probably limits tissue protein degradation and a consequent rise in serum urea and creatinine levels.

It is concluded that crossbred pigs can tolerate up to 20% dietary substitution of maize with banana pseudostem without compromising their growth, blood biochemical parameters, reproductive performances and carcass quality. The incorporation of banana pseudostem in the compounded rations of crossbred pigs resulted in the reduction of feed cost. Economically, 20% level of banana pseudostem incorporation in the ration of grower crossbred pigs is cost effective and should be encouraged especially in rural tribal communities where banana pseudostems are locally available and affordable.

Acknowledgments

The authors thankfully acknowledge The Director, ICAR Research complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India for providing necessary facilities to conduct the research work.

Author contributions

All the authors have contributed in conceptualization and design of the study. K. K. Baruah, G. Khargharia and S. Deori executed the work. G. Kadirvel and S. Doley helped in collection of data and carried out the statistical analysis. S. N. Abedin wrote the first draft of the paper. A. Baruah and A. Sen carried out the biochemical estimations and did the proximate analysis of feed. K. K. Baruah (Sr) conceptualized the research idea and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

Funding

The study was conducted under in-house projects of the ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Data availability

The data of the study are available from the corresponding author.

Disclosure Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Amaefule, K. U., Onwudike, O. C., Ibe, S. N., & Abasiekong, S. F. 2006. Performance, cost benefit, carcass quality and organ characteristics of pigs fed high graded levels of brewers’ dried grain diets in the humid tropics. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5(3), 242–247.
Anhwange, B.A., Ugye T.J. and Nyiaatargher T.D., 2009. Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (banana) peels, Electronic Journal Of Environmental, Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 8(6), 437–442.
AOAC., 1995.Official Methods of Analysis. 16th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Avelar, E., Jha, R., Beltranena, E., Cervantes, M., Morales, A. and Zijlstra, R.T. 2010. The effect of feeding wheat distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 160, 73–77.
Aziz, N. A. A., Ho, L. H., Azahari, B., Bhat, R., Cheng, L. H. and Ibrahim, M. N. M., 2011. Chemical and functional properties of the native banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana Colla cv. Awak) pseudostem and pseudostem tender core flours, Food Chemistry, 128(3), 748–753.
Blank, B., Schlecht, E. and Susenbeth, A., 2012. Effect of dietary fibre on nitrogen retention and fibre associated threonine losses in growing pigs, Archives of Animal Nutrition, 66, 86–101.
Celleri, H., Oliva, F. and Maner, J. H., 1971. Green banana meal for feeding growingfinishing pigs, Memoria, Associacion Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal 6, 148 (abstract).
Cordeiro, N., Belgacem, M.N., Torres, I.C. and Moura, J.C.V.P., 2004. Chemical composition and pulping of banana pseudostems, Industrial Crops and Products, 19, 147–154.
Fomunyam, R.T., 1991. Economic aspects of banana and plantain use in animal feeding: the Cameroon experience, In Roots, tubers and bananas in animal feeding (ed. D Machin and S Nyvold. CIAT, California, Colombia), pp. 277–289.
Gouache, P., Le Moullac, B., Bleiberg-Daniel, F., Aubert, R. and Flament, C., 1991. Changes in rat plasma apolipoproteins and lipoproteins during moderate protein deficiency: potential use in the assessment of nutritional status, The Journal of Nutrition, 121(5), 653–662.
Huy, S., Khieu, B., Chhay, T., Philp, J. N., Le, N. D. and Tran, H. T. T., 2021. Response in digestibility, growth performance, and carcass quality of local Kandol pigs to incremental levels of fermented banana stems, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(1), 1–6.
Jha, R., Htoo, J.K., Young, M.G., Beltranena, E. and Zijlstra, R.T., 2013. Effects of increasing co-product inclusion and reducing dietary protein on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and jowl fatty acid profile of grower-finisher pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 91, 2178–2191.
Kass, M.L., Van Soest, P.J., Pond, W.G., Lewis, B. and McDowell, R.E., 1980. Utilization of dietary fibre from alfalfa by growing swine. I. Apparent digestibility of diet components in specific segments of the gastrointestinal tract, Journal of Animal Science, 50, 175–181.
Len, N.T., Lindberg, J.E. and Ogle, B., 2008. Effect of dietary fiber level on growth performance and carcass traits of Mong Cai, F1 crossbred (Mong Cai X Yorkshire) and Landrace X Yorkshire pigs, Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21, 245–251
Ngoc, T. T. B., Len, N.T. and Lindberg, J. E., 2013. Impact of fibre intake and fibre source on digestibility, gut development, retention time and growth performance of indigenous and exotic pigs, International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 7, 736–745.
NRC., 1998. Nutrient Requirement of Swine, 10th Edition. National Reseach Council. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Oliva, F., 1970. Evaluacion de la harina de banano verde con cascara, en crecimiento y acabo de cerdos en confinamiento. Thesis PhD, Central University of Equator, Department of Agronomy and Veterinary Medecine, Quito, Equator.
Poyyamozhi, V. S. and Kadirvel, R., 1986. The value of banana stalk as a feed for goats, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 15(2), 95–100.
Rijal, T. B., Nepali, D. B., Sah, R. A., & Sharma, M. P. (2009). Economic use of brewer’s dried grain (BDG) in the diet of swine. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 10, 29–35.
Seneviratne, R.W., Young, M.G., Beltranena, E., Goonewardene, L.A., Newkirk, R.W. and Zijlstra, R.T., 2010. The nutritional value of expeller pressed canola meal for grower finisher pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2073–2083.
Snedecor, G W and Cochran, W G. 1994. Statistical Methods, 9th Edn. Affiliated East-West Press, IOWA State University Press.
Sokchea, H., Hong, T. T. T., Ngoan, L. D., Phung, L. D. and Borin, K., 2018. Nutritive Value of Fermented Banana Pseudo Stem (Musa spp) and Rice Bran by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, International Journal of Agriculture Innovation and Research, 7, 2319–1473.
Solà-Oriol, D., Roura, E. and Torrallardona, D., 2009. Feed preference in pigs: Relationship with feed particle size and texture, Journal of Animal Science, 87, 571–582.
Swain, B.K., Naik, P.K. and Singh, N. P., 2014. Unconventional feed resources for efficient poultry production, Technical Bulletin No. 47, ICAR-ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 – 402, India.
Tien, D. T. M., Tran, N. T. B., Hang, B. P. T. and Preston, T. R., 2013. Silage of banana pseudo-stem and taro foliage as replacement for rice bran fed to common ducks, Growth, 85(14.1), 4–8.
Viswanathan, K., Kadirvel, R. and Chandrasekaran, D., 1989. Nutritive value of banana stalk (Musa cavendishi) as a feed for sheep, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 22, 327–332.
Wang, C. F., Muhammad, A. U. R., Liu, Z., Huang, B.and Cao, B., 2016. Effects of ensiling time on banana pseudo-stem silage chemical composition, fermentation and in sacco rumen degradation, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 26, 339–346.

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Effect of dietary substitution of maize with banana pseudostem on performance and economics of crossbred grower pigs

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results

Discussions

Conclusion And Recommendation

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1