Effects of AOS on the spike number of different wheat cultivars
The effects of different AOS treatments on spike number of wheat were shown in Table 1. The experimental results showed that alginate oligosaccharides had certain influence on the number of panicles in wheat, and the effect was related to the time, concentration and wheat variety of alginate oligosaccharides.
In the returning greening stage,the effects of spraying alginate oligosaccharide on the leaf surface of the three wheat varieties were different in the three concentrations. At AOS 25 mg/L treatment, the number of spikes increase rates of the three cultivars ranged from 0.58% to 6.69%, and the number of spikes increase rates of TM6 in two years were 6.69% and 2.83%, respectively. AOS 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L treatments had irregular effects on the number of spikes of the three varieties, including increasing and decreasing the number of spikes. Through variance analysis, the effect of AOS 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L treatments on the number of spikes of the three varieties was not significantly different from that of the control.
The effect of AOS treatment at jointing stage on the number of ears was similar to that at returning greening stage. Under the treatment of AOS 25 mg/L, the increase rate of the number of ears of the three varieties ranged from -1.58% to 8.08%. AOS 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L had irregular effects on the number of spikes of the three cultivars. Through variance analysis, the effect of AOS 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L on the number of spikes of the three cultivars was not significantly different from that of the control.
In the booting stage, 25mg/L alginate oligosaccharide treatment increased the number of panicles, the increase rate of the number of ears of the three varieties ranged from 0.22% to 7.36%. The effects was not significant at P﹤0.01. AOS 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L had irregular effects on the number of spikes of the three cultivars.
Overall results showed that 25mg/L alginate oligosaccharide treatment could increase the number of panicles in the returning green and booting stages, the effects was not significant at P﹤0.01 in most treatments.
Table 1
Effects of AOS on the spike number of different wheat cultivars
stage
|
Treatments
|
CH1. spike number (Ten thousand/ha)
|
TM6. spike number (Ten thousand/ha)
|
ZM175. spike number (Ten thousand/ha)
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
Tf1
|
1
|
505.95 bA
|
5.51
|
467.70 aA
|
1.54
|
612.45 bA
|
6.69
|
526.95 aA
|
2.83
|
568.05 aA
|
5.11
|
523.50 aA
|
0.58
|
2
|
502.05 bB
|
4.69
|
449.70 aA
|
-2.63
|
641.55 aA
|
11.76
|
526.50 aA
|
2.73
|
571.05 aA
|
5.66
|
512.55 aA
|
-1.54
|
3
|
513.45 aA
|
7.07
|
445.5 aA
|
-3.29
|
612.00 bA
|
6.61
|
503.55 aA
|
-1.76
|
566.55aA
|
4.80
|
513.00 aA
|
-1.44
|
4
|
479.55 cB
|
|
460.65 aA
|
|
574.05 cB
|
|
512.55 aA
|
|
540.45 bA
|
|
520.50 aA
|
|
Tf2
|
1
|
500.55 aA
|
1.64
|
465.75 aA
|
1.12
|
536.55aA
|
7.51
|
548.55
aA
|
8.08
|
531.45bA
|
-1.58
|
523.50aA
|
0.67
|
2
|
490.50 aA
|
-0.40
|
461.70 aA
|
0.24
|
499.05 bA
|
0.00
|
522.45bB
|
2.96
|
556.05aA
|
2.97
|
520.05 aA
|
0.0
|
3
|
458.55 bA
|
-6.88
|
449.55 aA
|
-2.41
|
507.00 aA
|
1.59
|
496.05 bB
|
-2.27
|
556.05 aA
|
2.97
|
519.00 aA
|
-0.19
|
4
|
492.45 aA
|
|
460.65 aA
|
|
499.05bA
|
|
507.45bB
|
|
540.00 bA
|
|
520.05aA
|
|
Tf3
|
1
|
503.55 aA
|
7.36
|
456.60 aA
|
0.22
|
523.95 aA
|
4.80
|
544.05 aA
|
6.15
|
573.45aA
|
5.99
|
524.55aA
|
3.96
|
2
|
508.95 aA
|
8.51
|
443.10 aA
|
-2.73
|
516.00 aA
|
3.21
|
506.55 bB
|
-1.17
|
546.00 aA
|
0.92
|
516.45 aA
|
2.38
|
3
|
492.45 aA
|
4.99
|
437.85 aA
|
-3.90
|
514.95 aA
|
3.00
|
502.95
bB
|
-1.85
|
564.45 aA
|
4.32
|
516.00aA
|
2.28
|
4
|
469.05 bA
|
|
455.55 aA
|
|
499.95aA
|
|
512.55 bB
|
|
541.05 aA
|
|
504.45 aA
|
|
- Note: Lower case letters in the table indicate significant at p<0.05, upper case letters indicate significant at p<0.01.
Effects of AOS on the grains per spike of different wheat cultivars
The effect of alginate oligosaccharides on grain number per spike of different varieties was shown in Table 2. The results showed that alginate oligosaccharides had certain effect on grain number per spike of the three varieties tested, but the application effect was closely related to the AOS concentration, application period and variety.
In the returning greening stage, 25 mg/LAOS treatment increased the number of grains per spike of the three cultivars in the range of 4.48%-16.05%. Among them, treatment to TM6 had the most obvious effect on the increase of grain number per panicle, with the rate of increase of grain number per panicle being 16.05% and 15.45%, respectively. The second was to ZM175, with an increase rate of 7.71% and 12.07%, respectively. The grain number per panicle of CH1 was increased, but the difference was not obvious. The grain number per panicle of three varieties treated with 50mg/L AOS showed an increasing trend, but the effect was different for different varieties. The grain number per panicle of TM6 treated with 50mg/L AOS showed the most obvious increase, and the increase rates of grain number per panicle in two years were 11.32% and 14.88%, respectively. The second was CH1, with the increase rates of 4.85% and 9.11%, respectively. In the treatment of ZM175 with AOS 50mg/L, the number of grains per panicle decreased in one year, but there was no significant difference in the number of grains per panicle between treatment and control. In the other year, the number of grains per panicle of ZM175 increased significantly, with an increase rate of 11.87%. AOS 100mg/L treatment to the three tested varieties, the effect on the number of grains per panicle is not consistent, one year result showed that the effect of AOS 100mg/ml to tested varieties is not significantly different in reducing grain number per spike compared with the control. Another year effect significantly increased the number of grains per panicle, The grain number per spike increased by 3.46%, 9.87% and 9.10% for CH1, TM6 and ZM175, respectively.
At elongation stage, alginate oligosaccharide treatment of 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L increased the number of grains per panicle of the three cultivars to a certain extent, and 25 mg/L treatment increased the number of grains per panicle of the three cultivars in the range of 3.56-28.22%. The effect of increasing the number of grains per panicle of CH1 and TM6 was obvious, and the number of grains per panicle of ZM175 was increased, but the difference was not significant. The effect of AOS50 mg/L treatment on the number of grains per ear of the three varieties was similar to that of AOS 25 mg/L treatment, and the increase range of the number of grains per ear of the three varieties was 2.92% to 22.17%. AOS 100 mg/L significantly increased the number of grains per panicle of CH1 and TM6 cultivars, and the increase rate ranged from 5.09 to 11.17%, while the decrease of grain per panicle of ZM175 was not significant.
Table 2
Effects of AOS on the grains per spike of different wheat cultivars
stage
|
Treatments
|
CH1. grains per spike
|
TM6. grains per spike
|
ZM175. grains per spike
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
Tf1
|
1
|
33.15aA
|
4.48
|
37.40
aA
|
13.57
|
32.82aA
|
16.05
|
34.00
aA
|
15.45
|
33.52aA
|
7.71
|
37.77
aA
|
12.07
|
2
|
33.27aA
|
4.85
|
35.93
aA
|
9.11
|
31.48bA
|
11.32
|
33.83
aA
|
14.88
|
31.02
bB
|
-0.32
|
37.70
aA
|
11.87
|
3
|
31.30aA
|
-1.36
|
34.07bA
|
3.46
|
31.07bB
|
9.87
|
29.30
bB
|
-0.51
|
30.70
bB
|
-1.35
|
36.77
bB
|
9.10
|
4
|
31.73aA
|
|
32.93
bA
|
|
28.28
cC
|
|
29.45
bB
|
|
31.12
bB
|
|
33.70
cC
|
|
Tf2
|
1
|
32.67 aA
|
28.22
|
38.60
aA
|
16.15
|
29.63aA
|
7.08
|
32.82
aA
|
15.15
|
33.73aA
|
3.56
|
34.85
aB
|
4.72
|
2
|
31.13 bA
|
22.17
|
35.13
bA
|
5.72
|
29.18aA
|
5.46
|
30.33
bB
|
6.43
|
33.52aA
|
2.92
|
36.67
aA
|
10.18
|
3
|
28.18 cC
|
10.60
|
35.33
bA
|
6.32
|
29.08aA
|
5.09
|
31.68
aA
|
11.17
|
31.90bA
|
-2.06
|
33.05
bB
|
-0.69
|
4
|
25.48dD
|
|
33.23
bB
|
|
27.67bB
|
|
28.50
cB
|
|
32.57aA
|
|
33.28 bB
|
|
Tf3
|
1
|
37.25aA
|
6.89
|
36.43
aA
|
9.50
|
32.77aA
|
10.15
|
34.08
aA
|
15.54
|
33.67aA
|
9.60
|
39.17
aA
|
16.05
|
2
|
32.77bA
|
-5.97
|
36.20aA
|
8.81
|
27.42bB
|
-7.83
|
33.88
aA
|
14.86
|
32.67aA
|
6.35
|
38.05
aA
|
12.74
|
3
|
33.78bA
|
-3.07
|
36.40
aA
|
9.41
|
28.10bB
|
-5.55
|
31.27
bB
|
5.99
|
32.17aA
|
4.72
|
34.90
bB
|
3.41
|
4
|
34.85bA
|
|
33.27
bB
|
|
29.75bB
|
|
29.50
bB
|
|
30.72bA
|
|
33.75bB
|
|
abbreviations:IRCC- The increasing rate compared with the control.
Note: Lower case letters in the table indicate significant at p<0.05, upper case letters indicate significant at p<0.01.
At booting stage, 25 mg/L alginate oligosaccharide treatment significantly increased the number of grains per spike of the three varieties tested, and the increase range was 6.89%-16.05%. The effects of 50 mg/L alginate oligosaccharides on the number of grains per spike of CH1 and TM6 were not consistent in two years. In one year, the number of grains per spike was decreased, but the difference was not obvious. In the other year, the number of grains per spike was increased significantly. 50 mg/L alginate oligosaccharide treatment of wheat ZM175 significantly increased the number of grains per spike. The treatment of 100 mg/L alginate oligosaccharide to ZM175 increased the number of grains per spike of wheat. For CH1 and TM6, the number of grains per spike was inconsistent in two years. One year resulted in a decrease in grain number per spike, but the difference was not significant, and the other year resulted in a significant increase in number of grains per spike. The results showed that AOS 25mg/L, 50 mg/L alginate oligosaccharides could significantly increase the number of grains per spike in wheat at the returning greening stage, jointing stage and booting stage.
Effects of AOS on the 1000-grain weight of different wheat cultivars
The effects of different AOS treatments on the 1000-grain weight of wheat were shown in Table 3. The results showed that 25mg/L and 50mg/L AOS applied on the leaves of the CH1 and TM6 cultivars in the returning greening stage could improve the grain weight of the two cultivars. But 25mg/L AOS applied on ZM175, 1000-grain weight was inconsistent in two years. One year resulted in a decrease in 1000-grain weight, but the difference was not significant, and the other year resulted in a significant increase in 1000-grain weight. The effect of 50mg/L alginate oligosaccharides to 1000-grain weight of ZM175 was not significant. 100 mg/L alginate oligosaccharides could reduce the 1000-grain weight of the three cultivars, but the difference was not significant.
Leaf spraying of alginate oligosaccharide at jointing stage could significantly increase the 1000-grain weight of wheat. The 1000-grain weight of wheat was increased by 6.32% to 12.94% by 25mg/L treatment, and the 1000-kernel weight of ZM175 had the most obvious effect, and the 1000-kernel weight increased by 12.94% and 10.26% in two years, respectively. The 1000-kernel weight of the three cultivars was increased from 1.92% to 8.40% by 50mg/L treatment, and the 1000-kernel weight of TM6 was increased by 5.63% and 8.40%, respectively. The effect of 100mg/L treatment on 1000-grain weight of three wheat varieties was different. The 1000-kernel weight of wheat was significantly increased by 4.58% and 8.33% for TM6 bienniums. The results of two years for CH1 and ZM175 were inconsistent. One year, 1000 grain weight was decreased and one-year 1000 grain weight was increased insignificantly.
At booting stage, 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L AOS treatment significantly increased 1000-grain weight of wheat of the three tested varieties. The increase ranges were 3.61%-14.22% with 25 mg/L AOS, and 2.21%-8.73% with 50mg/L AOS. AOS 100mg/L treatment to the CH1 and TM6 varieties, the effect on the 1000-grain weight is not consistent, one year result showed reducing 1000-grain weight compared with the control. Another year effect significantly increased 1000-grain weight, AOS 100mg/L treatment to the ZM175, it reduced 1000-grain weight compared with the control for two years.
The results showed that the 1000-grain weight of wheat could be increased by AOS treatment of 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L.
Table 3
Effects of AOS on the 1000-grain weight of different wheat cultivars
stage
|
treatments
|
CH1. 1000-grain weight (g)
|
TM6.1000-grain weight (g)
|
ZM175. 1000-grain weight (g)
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
Tf1
|
1
|
38.26aA
|
0.63
|
39.78
aA
|
7.52
|
41.99aA
|
2.46
|
43.30
aA
|
6.99
|
42.13
cB
|
-1.66
|
41.40
aA
|
8.00
|
2
|
38.54aA
|
1.37
|
39.10
aA
|
5.68
|
42.29aA
|
3.20
|
43.73 aA
|
8.08
|
43.52aA
|
1.59
|
38.20
bB
|
-0.35
|
3
|
36.63bB
|
-3.66
|
36.18
bA
|
-2.21
|
40.15bB
|
-2.03
|
43.02
aA
|
6.30
|
42.07
cB
|
-1.80
|
38.02
bB
|
-0.83
|
4
|
38.02aA
|
|
37.00
bA
|
|
40.98aA
|
|
40.47
bB
|
|
42.84bA
|
|
38.33
bB
|
|
Tf2
|
1
|
40.49aA
|
11.19
|
39.37aA
|
6.32
|
40.86aA
|
10.08
|
43.85
aA
|
8.90
|
39.98aA
|
12.94
|
42.27 aA
|
10.26
|
2
|
37.12 bB
|
1.92
|
38.70 aA
|
4.59
|
39.21bB
|
5.63
|
43.26
aA
|
8.40
|
37.04bB
|
4.63
|
39.97
bB
|
4.26
|
3
|
37.08 bB
|
1.81
|
36.90 aA
|
-0.27
|
38.82bB
|
4.58
|
43.22
aA
|
7.33
|
36.16
cB
|
2.15
|
37.63
cC
|
-1.8
|
4
|
36.41 cC
|
|
37.00 aA
|
|
37.12
cC
|
|
40.27
bB
|
|
35.40
cC
|
|
38.33
cC
|
|
Tf3
|
1
|
36.99aA
|
3.61
|
44.97aA
|
11.07
|
42.07 aA
|
8.90
|
43.97aA
|
7.20
|
43.26aA
|
11.44
|
43.78
aA
|
14.22
|
2
|
36.49aA
|
2.21
|
43.80 aA
|
8.19
|
40.88 bB
|
5.82
|
42.93 bA
|
4.67
|
42.21bA
|
8.73
|
40.75
bA
|
6.05
|
3
|
36.94aA
|
3.47
|
38.00
cC
|
-6.13
|
38.49
cC
|
-0.36
|
43.06
aA
|
4.97
|
35.86
cC
|
-7.62
|
35.75
cC
|
-6.73
|
4
|
35.70bA
|
|
40.48 bB
|
|
38.63cC
|
|
41.02 bB
|
|
38.82
bB
|
|
38.33
bB
|
|
abbreviations:IRCC- The increasing rate compared with the control.
Note: Lower case letters in the table indicate significant at p<0.05, upper case letters indicate significant at p<0.01.
Effects of AOS on the grain yield of different wheat cultivars
The results of the effect of alginate oligosaccharide on wheat yield were shown in Table 4. The results showed that the effect of leaf spraying of alginate oligosaccharides on the yield of dryland wheat was greatly related to the spraying period and alginate oligosaccharide concentration, and also to some extent related to the variety. In the returning greening stage, alginate oligosaccharides treated with 2 5 mg/L and 50 mg/L had obvious effect on the yield increase of the three tested varieties in two years. Compared with the control, 25 mg/L alginate oligosaccharide treatment significantly increased the yield of the three varieties. AOS 25 mg/L treatment increased the yield of wheat by 3.21%-17.51%, and the performance of different varieties was different. The yield increase effect of TM6 was good and stable, and the yield increase was more than 10% in two years. The yield increases were 17.51% and 12.08%, respectively. Under AOS 50mg/L treatment, the yield of the three varieties increased by 2.85%-10.97%, among which TM6 and CH1 showed relatively stable performance, with the two-year increase effect of 9.49% and 11.00% on CH1, 10.97% and 15.94% on TM6, respectively. AOS 100mg/L treatment had not obviously increase effect for only one year, or there was a certain reduction, with a reduction range of 2.36%-7.99%.
At the shooting stage, alginate oligosaccharides treated with 25mg/L and 50mg/L for two years all increased the yield of the three tested cultivars. The effect of 25 mg/L treatment on the yield increase of the three varieties was significantly higher than that of the control, and the yield increase range was 6.17-13.88%, among which TM6 had a larger yield increase, which was 11.69% and 13.88% in two years, respectively. The yield increase rate of 50 mg/L treatment was 2.08-10.10%, and the yield increase effect of the three varieties was different. The yield increase of CH1 in two years was 4.37% and 9.21%, TM 6 was 10.10% and 9.57%, and ZM175 was 6.42% and 2.08%, respectively. The 100 mg/L treatment could increase the yield of CH1 and TM6. The two-year increase effect of CH1 was 4.74% and 6.17%, TM6 was 2.04% and 4.84%, respectively. The two-year decrease rate of ZM175 was 6.4% and 2.96%, respectively. However, the statistical analysis of 100 mg/L treatment on ZM175 showed no significant difference compared with the control yield.
At booting stage, alginate oligosaccharides treated with 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L could increase the yield of three tested varieties, and the yield increase effect was different with different cultivars. The increase rate range was 6.74%-16.14 of 25 mg/L treatment. and 3.35%-15.68% of 50 mg/L treatment. The effect of AOS 100 mg/L treatment on the yield of the three tested cultivars was inconsistent. The most treatment with 100 mg/L AOS decreased the yield. There was no significant difference in the statistical analysis of the effect of AOS 100mg/L on the yield of variety with control.
Table 4
Effects of AOS on the grain yield of different wheat cultivars
stage
|
Treatments
|
CH1. grain yield (kg/ha)
|
TM6. grain yield ( kg/ha)
|
ZM175. grain yield ( kg/ha)
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
2017
|
IRCC ±%
|
2018
|
IRCC ±%
|
Tf1
|
1
|
6933.30
aA
|
3.21
|
6047.85
aA
|
12.17
|
7207.65
aA
|
17.51
|
6056.25
aA
|
12.08
|
7183.95 aA
|
2.63
|
6205.05
aA
|
3.87
|
2
|
7355.10
aA
|
9.49
|
5983.20
aA
|
10.97
|
7111.05
aA
|
15.94
|
5971.95
aA
|
10.52
|
7169.85
aA
|
2.43
|
6144.30
aA
|
2.85
|
3
|
6229.95
cB
|
-7.33
|
5509.65 bA
|
2.19
|
6285.45
bB
|
2.62
|
5628.90
bA
|
4.17
|
6772.20
aA
|
-3.25
|
5496.45
cC
|
-7.99
|
4
|
6717.30
bA
|
|
5391.60
bA
|
_
|
6133.65bB
|
|
5403.60
bA
|
|
6999.75
aA
|
|
5974.05
bA
|
|
Tf2
|
1
|
6599.40
aA
|
6.17
|
6032.70 aA
|
12.59
|
6687.45
aA
|
11.69
|
6125.40
aA
|
13.88
|
6704.70
aA
|
2.90
|
6279.40
aA
|
5.55
|
2
|
6487.65
bB
|
4.37
|
5851.50 aA
|
9.21
|
6592.05
aA
|
10.10
|
5893.65
aA
|
9.57
|
6577.20
aA
|
0.94
|
6072.75
bA
|
2.08
|
3
|
6510.30
bB
|
4.74
|
5688.30
bA
|
6.17
|
6109.50
bB
|
2.04
|
5639.25
bB
|
4.84
|
5841.45
bB
|
-10.35
|
5797.50
bB
|
-2.55
|
4
|
6216.00
bB
|
|
5357.85
bB
|
|
5987.40
bB
|
|
5378.70
bB
|
|
6515.85
aA
|
|
5949.15
bB
|
|
Tf3
|
1
|
5928.90
aA
|
16.14
|
5878.95
aA
|
9.04
|
6559.80
aA
|
6.74
|
6035.85
aA
|
11.18
|
7977.00
aA
|
12.14
|
6609.75
aA
|
10.18
|
2
|
5905.20
aA
|
15.68
|
5572.05
bA
|
3.35
|
6635.4
aA
|
7.97
|
5893.80 aA
|
8.57
|
7295.55
bB
|
2.56
|
6359.55
aA
|
6.01
|
3
|
4970.10
bB
|
-2.64
|
5457.45 bA
|
1.22
|
5918.85
bB
|
-3.69
|
5892.30
aA
|
8.54
|
5872.20
cC
|
-17.45
|
5797.65
bB
|
-3.36
|
4
|
5104.80
bB
|
|
5391.60
bA
|
-
|
6145.65
bB
|
|
5428.80
bB
|
|
6113.20
bB
|
|
5998.95
bA
|
|
abbreviations:IRCC- The increasing rate compared with the control
Note: Lower case letters in the table indicate significant at p<0.05, upper case letters indicate significant at p<0.01.