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Background: With the aid of implants, Björk identified two-dimensional mandibular stable structures in cephalograms during facial growth. However, we do not know what the three-dimensional stable structures are with certainty. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable mandibular landmarks in growing patients using three-dimensional images.
Methods: The sample was comprised of two cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken about 4.6 years apart in 20 growing patients between the ages of 12.5 (T1) and 17.1 years (T2). After head orientation, landmarks were located on the chin (Pog), internal symphysis (Points C, D and E), and mandibular canals, which included the mental foramina (MF and MFA) and mandibular foramina (MdF). The linear distance change between Point C and these landmarks was measured on each CBCT to test stability through time. The reliability of the suggested stable landmarks was also evaluated.
Results: The total distance changes between Point C and points D, E, Pog, MF, and MFA were all less than 1.0 mm from T1 to T2. The reliability measures of these landmarks, which were measured by the Cronbach alpha, were above 0.94 in all three dimensions for each landmark. From T1 to T2, the distance changes from Point C to the right and left mandibular foramina were 3.39±3.29 mm and 3.03±2.83 mm, respectively.
Conclusions: During a growth period that averaged 4.6 years, ranging from 11.2 to 19.8 years old, the structures that appeared relatively stable and could be used in mandibular regional superimpositions included Pog, landmarks on the inferior part of the internal symphysis, and the mental foramen. The centers of the mandibular foramina and the starting points of the mandibular canal underwent significant changes in the transverse and sagittal dimensions.
Keywords
Cone-beam CT, Mandibular growth, Stable landmarks, Symphysis, Mandibular canal
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Oral Health.
Version 2
Posted 18 May, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 18 May, 2020
Editor assigned
On 11 May, 2020
Editor invited
On 10 May, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 28 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 06 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 05 Apr, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 05 Apr, 2020
Review #6 received
Received 04 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 04 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #7 agreed
On 02 Apr, 2020
Review #4 received
Received 02 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #6 agreed
On 01 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #5 agreed
On 31 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 29 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 28 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 25 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 05 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 05 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 29 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 28 Feb, 2020
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Oral Health.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Oral Health.
Version 2
Posted 18 May, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 18 May, 2020
Editor assigned
On 11 May, 2020
Editor invited
On 10 May, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 28 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 06 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 05 Apr, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 05 Apr, 2020
Review #6 received
Received 04 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 04 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #7 agreed
On 02 Apr, 2020
Review #4 received
Received 02 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #6 agreed
On 01 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #5 agreed
On 31 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 29 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 28 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 25 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 05 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 05 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 29 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 28 Feb, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Oral Health.
Background: With the aid of implants, Björk identified two-dimensional mandibular stable structures in cephalograms during facial growth. However, we do not know what the three-dimensional stable structures are with certainty. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable mandibular landmarks in growing patients using three-dimensional images.
Methods: The sample was comprised of two cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken about 4.6 years apart in 20 growing patients between the ages of 12.5 (T1) and 17.1 years (T2). After head orientation, landmarks were located on the chin (Pog), internal symphysis (Points C, D and E), and mandibular canals, which included the mental foramina (MF and MFA) and mandibular foramina (MdF). The linear distance change between Point C and these landmarks was measured on each CBCT to test stability through time. The reliability of the suggested stable landmarks was also evaluated.
Results: The total distance changes between Point C and points D, E, Pog, MF, and MFA were all less than 1.0 mm from T1 to T2. The reliability measures of these landmarks, which were measured by the Cronbach alpha, were above 0.94 in all three dimensions for each landmark. From T1 to T2, the distance changes from Point C to the right and left mandibular foramina were 3.39±3.29 mm and 3.03±2.83 mm, respectively.
Conclusions: During a growth period that averaged 4.6 years, ranging from 11.2 to 19.8 years old, the structures that appeared relatively stable and could be used in mandibular regional superimpositions included Pog, landmarks on the inferior part of the internal symphysis, and the mental foramen. The centers of the mandibular foramina and the starting points of the mandibular canal underwent significant changes in the transverse and sagittal dimensions.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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