Acknowledgments
We thank all the members of the ISN AKF 0by25 China Consortium, which includes Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (Li Yang, MD, Yafang Wang, MD, Jinwei Wang, PhD, M. Zhao, MD, and Haiyan Wang, MD); The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (G. Xing, MD, and Z. Liu, MD); Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China (L. Wang, MD, and F. Wang, MD); The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China (Y. Wu, MD, and D. Huang, MD); The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China (Suhua Li, MD, and S. Wang, MD); Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (G. Xu, MD, and S. Ge, MD); Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China (Q. He, MD, and Q. Shen, MD); The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (J. Chen, MD, and P. Zhang, MD); General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China (M. Chen, MD, and L. Wu, MD); Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China (X. Liu, MD, and M. Pan, MD); Meishan City People’s Hospital, Meishan, China (Z. Zhu, MD, and X. Zou, MD); The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China (Lin Yang, MD, and P. Zhu, MD); The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China (X. Lian, MD, and J. Zhao, MD); Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China (F. Ding, MD, and M. Zhou, MD); Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hos- pital, Nanchang, China (Y. Li, MD, and Lin Yang, MD); The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (Huamin Wang, MD, and W. Hu, MD); Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China (Jianqin Wang, MD, and Jing Wang, MD); Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China (R. Wang, MD, and Bing Liu, MD); Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (C. Mei, MD, and T. Zhang, MD); Renshou County People’s Hospital, Renshou, China (Jixian Xu, MD, and J. Han, MD); The Affiliated Provincial People’s Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China (R. Li, MD, and T. Wen, MD); Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing, China (J. Cao, MD); Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China (L. Zhang, MD); Xinganmeng People’s Hospital, Wulanhaote, Inner Mongolia, China (Yan Wang, MD); Fuyang City People’s Hospital, Fuyang, Zhejiang, China (Jinhua Xu, MD); Ningbo Yinzhou Second Hospital, Ningbo, China (B. Bao, MD); Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China (Bicheng Liu, MD); Hang- zhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China (H. Chen, MD); The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Shaomei Li, MD); Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China (Y. Zha, MD); Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (Q. Luo, MD); Hengxian People’s Hospital, Hengxian, China (D. Chen, MD); Miyun County Hospital, Beijing, China (Y. Shen, MD); The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China (Y. Liao, MD); Puer City People’s Hospital, Puer, China (Z. Zhang, MD); Zoucheng City People’s Hospital, Zoucheng, China (X. Wang, MD); Taihe Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe, China (K. Zhang, MD); Shenzhen Longhua New District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China (L. Liu, MD); Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong Uni- versity School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (P. Mao, MD); Zhongwei City People’s Hospital, Zhongwei, China (C. Guo, MD); Huaxian People’s Hospital, Huaxian, China (J. Li, MD); Suihua City First Hospital, Suihua, China (Z. Wang, MD); Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (S. Bai, MD); and Qingxuxian City People’s Hospital, Qingxu, China (S. Shi, MD).
Availability of data and materials
All datasets used and/or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’ Contributions
LiShan Tan, Li Yang and Zuying Xiong conceptualized and designed the study. Li Yang, Li Chen, Lingyan Li, Qiong Luo and ISN AKF 0by25 China Consortium members collected data. Lishan Tan and Jinwei Wang analyzed and settled data. Lishan Tan, Li Yang, Zuying Xiong and Xiaoyan Huang wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors commented, read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
L.S.T was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2018M643138). Z.Y.X. was supported by the fund of “San-ming” Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (No.SZSM201812097). L.Y. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.91742205 and No.81625004), the Beijing Young Scientist Program (BJJWZYJH01201910001006), and Peking University Clinical Scientist Program by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the ethic committees of Peking University First Hospital and the enrolled study hospitals. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, the need of consent was waived by the Ethics Committee at Peking University First Hospital.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing Interests
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Author details
1 Renal Division, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China. 2 Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.