Table 1. Characteristics of participants according to the measurement of CIMT in 2010.
|
Total participants
|
normal CIMT
(<1.0mm)
|
abnormal CIMT
(≥1.0mm)
|
P value
|
n (%)
|
2348
|
2036(86.71)
|
312(13.29)
|
|
Age, years
|
52.82 ± 10.70
|
50.88 ± 9.11
|
65.51 ± 11.65
|
<0.01
|
Male, n (%)
|
1519 (64.69)
|
1242 (61.00)
|
277 (88.78)
|
<0.01
|
Average income ≥ ¥1000/month, n (%)
|
1759 (74.95)
|
1501 (73.76)
|
258 (82.70)
|
<0.01
|
High school or above, n (%)
|
937 (39.91)
|
806 (39.59)
|
131 (41.99)
|
<0.01
|
Behavioral history, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Current smoker
|
813 (34.63)
|
672 (33.01)
|
141 (45.19)
|
<0.01
|
Current alcoholic
|
387 (16.48)
|
342 (16.80)
|
45 (14.42)
|
0.33
|
Salt intake ≥ 12 g/day
|
412 (17.55)
|
340 (16.70)
|
72 (23.08)
|
0.01
|
Physical activity ≥ 3 times/week
|
744 (31.69)
|
605 (29.72)
|
139 (44.55)
|
<0.01
|
Medical history, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Hypertension
|
1190 (50.68)
|
961 (47.20)
|
229 (73.40)
|
<0.01
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
269 (11.46)
|
197 (9.68)
|
72 (23.08)
|
<0.01
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
983 (41.87)
|
839 (41.21)
|
144 (46.15)
|
0.11
|
Medication History, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Antihypertensive drugs
|
392 (16.70)
|
298 (14.64)
|
94 (30.13)
|
<0.01
|
Antidiabetic drugs
|
126 (5.37)
|
81 (3.98)
|
45 (14.42)
|
<0.011
|
Lipid-lowering drugs
|
21 (0.89)
|
19 (0.93)
|
2 (0.64)
|
1.00
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
130.00 (120.00, 142.00)
|
130.00 (120.00, 140.00)
|
140.00 (130.00, 153.33)
|
<0.01
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
82.00 (80.00, 90.00)
|
82.00 (80.00, 90.00)
|
83.33 (80.00, 90.67)
|
0.45
|
Heart rate, bmp
|
70.00 (63.00, 76.00)
|
70.00 (63.00, .7600)
|
70.00 (62.00, 77.00)
|
0.90
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.77 (22.86, 27.06)
|
24.77 (22.86, 27.06)
|
24.77 (23.04, 27.14)
|
0.95
|
Mean CIMT, mm
|
0.70 (0.70, 0.90)
|
0.70 (0.70, 0.80)
|
1.05 (1.00, 1.15)
|
<0.01
|
Carotid plaque, n (%)
|
1235 (52.60)
|
954 (46.86)
|
281 (90.06)
|
<0.01
|
Fasting glucose, mmol/L
|
5.30 (4.87, 5.90)
|
5.27 (4.86, 5.84)
|
5.41 (4.96, 6.40)
|
<0.01
|
hsCRP, mg/L
|
0.90 (0.42, 2.05)
|
0.90 (0.40, 1.95)
|
1.29 (0.51, 2.98)
|
<0.01
|
Lipid results
|
|
|
|
|
TG
|
|
|
|
|
TG2006, mmol/L
|
1.26 (0.92, 1.91)
|
1.25 (0.91, 1.90)
|
1.35 (1.02, 1.95)
|
0.08
|
TG2008, mmol/L
|
1.34 (0.94, 1.81)
|
1.34 (0.94, 1.79)
|
1.38 (0.98, 1.97)
|
0.10
|
TG2010, mmol/L
|
1.28 (0.96, 1.83)
|
1.29 (0.95, 1.85)
|
1.26 (0.96, 1.71)
|
0.44
|
TG burden, (mmol/L)*year
|
-2.15 (-4.23, 1.25)
|
-2.12 (-4.28, 1.22)
|
-2.39 (-3.80, 1.39)
|
0.84
|
TC
|
|
|
|
|
TC2006, mmol/L
|
4.89 (4.24, 5.53)
|
4.88 (4.22, 5.51)
|
5.00 (4.36, 5.60)
|
0.03
|
TC2008, mmol/L
|
5.01 (4.38, 5.57)
|
4.99 (4.36, 5.51)
|
5.14 (4.59, 5.79)
|
<0.01
|
TC2010, mmol/L
|
4.86 (4.30, 5.54)
|
4.82 (4.27, 5.50)
|
5.12 (4.54, 5.82)
|
<0.01
|
TC burden, (mmol/L)*year
|
-1.79 (-4.74, 1.79)
|
-1.96 (-4.88, 1.55)
|
-0.60 (-3.70, 3.01)
|
<0.01
|
LDLC
|
|
|
|
|
LDLC2006, mmol/L
|
2.43 (1.98, 2.86)
|
2.42 (1.97, 2.84)
|
2.45 (2.02, 2.92)
|
0.17
|
LDLC2008, mmol/L
|
2.65 (2.20, 3.10)
|
2.60 (2.16, 3.02)
|
2.96 (2.45, 3.51)
|
<0.01
|
LDLC2010, mmol/L
|
2.70 (2.30, 3.10)
|
2.70 (2.30, 3.10)
|
2.70 (2.09, 3.13)
|
0.30
|
LDL-C burden, (mmol/L)*year
|
5.19 (3.32, 7.16)
|
5.13 (3.30, 7.04)
|
5.50 (3.39, 8.20)
|
0.01
|
HDL-C
|
|
|
|
|
HDLC2006, mmol/L
|
1.49 (1.29, 1.74)
|
1.50 (1.30, 1.76)
|
1.46 (1.28, 1.69)
|
0.12
|
HDLC2008, mmol/L
|
1.41 (1.28, 1.70)
|
1.42 (1.29, 1.71)
|
1.38 (1.25, 1.56)
|
<0.01
|
HDLC2010, mmol/L
|
1.58 (1.32, 1.90)
|
1.58 (1.32, 1.91)
|
1.57 (1.31, 1.88)
|
0.41
|
HDLC burden, (mmol/L)*year
|
-3.13 (-4.42, -2.23)
|
-3.16 (-4.46, -2.24)
|
-2.98 (-4.16, -2.10)
|
0.11
|
non-HDLC
|
|
|
|
|
non-HDLC2006, mmol/L
|
3.34 (2.70, 4.00)
|
3.32 (2.68, 3.98)
|
3.51 (2.85, 4.10)
|
0.01
|
non-HDLC2008, mmol/L
|
3.51 (2.94, 3.99)
|
3.47 (2.92, 3.95)
|
3.69 (3.13, 4.26)
|
<0.01
|
non-HDLC2010, mmol/L
|
3.26 (2.72, 3.90)
|
3.23 (2.70, 3.84)
|
3.52 (2.97, 4.22)
|
<0.01
|
non-HDLC burden, (mmol/L)*year
|
21.55 (18.47, 25.35)
|
21.34 (18.36, 25.21)
|
22.83 (19.64, 26.40)
|
<0.01
|
Values are (%) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (IQR) for continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; non-HDLC, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Table 2. Association between various levels of lipid burdens and CIMT in linear regression model (as a continuous variable).
|
Total (n=2348)
|
Sex
|
Age
|
Univariate analysis
|
Model 3
|
Univariate analysis
|
Model 4
|
Univariate analysis
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Men (n=1519)
|
Women
(n=829)
|
Men (n=1519)
|
Women
(n=829)
|
<60y (n=1851)
|
≥60y
(n=497)
|
<60y (n=1851)
|
≥60y
(n=497)
|
TG burden, per 1-unit increase
|
0.0004(-0.0003-0.0012)
|
0.0003(-0.0003-0.0009)
|
-0.0001(-0.0008-0.0005)
|
-0.0007(-0.0016-0.0002)
|
0.0011(-0.0001-0.0023)
|
-0.0001(-0.0008-0.0007)
|
0.0000(-0.0012-0.0012)
|
0.0013(0.0006-0.0020)
|
0.0001(-0.0014-0.0016)
|
-0.0001(-0.0008-0.0007)
|
-0.0000(-0.0015-0.0014)
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
<0.01
|
0.75
|
0.01
|
0.26
|
TC burden, per 1-unit increase
|
0.0036(0.0025-0.0047)
|
0.0023(0.0015-0.0032)
|
0.0028(0.0018-0.0037)
|
0.0020(0.0005-0.0034)
|
0.0042(0.0029-0.0054)
|
0.0028(0.0015-0.0041)
|
0.0033(0.0020-0.0045)
|
0.0036(0.0026-0.0046)
|
0.0015(-0.0012-0.0043)
|
0.0034(0.0024-0.0043)
|
0.0036(0.0005-0.0067)
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
0.84
|
0.29
|
0.62
|
0.91
|
LDLC burden, per 1-unit) increase
|
0.0044(0.0027-0.0062)
|
0.0033(0.0019-0.0046)
|
0.0033(0.0019-0.0047)
|
0.0032(0.0008-0.0056)
|
0.0030(0.0011-0.0050)
|
0.0049(0.0029-0.0069)
|
0.0019(-0.0000-0.0038)
|
0.0043(0.0027-0.0060)
|
0.0049(0.0013-0.0085)
|
0.0029(0.0014-0.0045)
|
0.0067(0.0031-0.0103)
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
0.03
|
0.14
|
0.05
|
0.60
|
HDLC burden, per 1-unit increase
|
0.0025(-0.0010-0.0060)
|
-0.0006(-0.0033-0.0021)
|
-0.0023(-0.0050-0.0005)
|
0.0031(-0.0011-0.0073)
|
0.0002(-0.0046-0.0050)
|
-0.0033(-0.0068-0.0001)
|
-0.0006(-0.0051-0.0039)
|
-0.0015(-0.0047-0.0016)
|
0.0028(-0.0057-0.0112)
|
-0.0032
(-0.0061- -0.0002)
|
-0.0002(-0.0086-0.0083)
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
0.02
|
0.07
|
0.41
|
0.37
|
non-HDLC burden, per 1-unit increase
|
0.0031(0.0021-0.0042)
|
0.0013(0.0004-0.0021)
|
0.0013(0.0004-0.0022)
|
0.0005(-0.0010-0.0019)
|
0.0040(0.0028-0.0053)
|
0.0012(-0.0001-0.0025)
|
0.0025(0.0012-0.0038)
|
0.0032(0.0023-0.0041)
|
-0.0006(-0.0034-0.0023)
|
0.0023(0.0013-0.0032)
|
0.0015(-0.0017-0.0047)
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
0.26
|
0.11
|
0.01
|
0.50
|
Data are β - coefficients (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, average income, and education level.
Model 2 adjusted for variables in model 1 plus BMI (<25.0 or ≥25.0 kg/m2), smoking status, drinking status, salt intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hs-CRP, use of antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive medication, and lipid-lowering medications.
Model 3 adjusted for age, average income, education level, BMI (<25.0 or ≥25.0 kg/m2), smoking status, drinking status, salt intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hs-CRP, use of antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive medication, and lipid-lowering medications.
Model 4 adjusted for sex, average income, education level, BMI (<25.0 or ≥25.0 kg/m2), smoking status, drinking status, salt intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hs-CRP, use of antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive medication, and lipid-lowering medications.
Table 3. Association between various levels of lipid burdens and CIMT in logistic regression model (as a dichotomous variable).
|
Total
(n=2348)
|
Sex
|
Age
|
|
Univariate analysis
|
Model 3
|
Univariate analysis
|
Model 4
|
|
Events,
n (%)
|
Univariate analysis
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Men (n=1519)
|
Women
(n=829)
|
Men (n=1519)
|
Women
(n=829)
|
<60y (n=1851)
|
≥60y
(n=497)
|
<60y (n=1851)
|
≥60y
(n=497)
|
TG burden
|
Q1
|
68
(11.60)
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
92
(15.70)
|
1.42
(1.01, 1.99)
|
1.97
(1.32, 2.96)
|
1.81
(1.19, 2.76)
|
1.38
(0.95, 2.00)
|
1.91
(0.69, 5.24)
|
1.80
(1.14, 2.85)
|
2.06
(0.62, 6.89)
|
1.98
(1.05, 3.74)
|
1.65
(1.02, 2.67)
|
1.82
(0.94, 3.54)
|
1.99
(1.17, 3.38)
|
Q3
|
70
(11.95)
|
1.03
(0.72, 1.47)
|
1.43
(0.94, 2.17)
|
1.29
(0.82, 2.02)
|
0.87 (0.59, 1.28)
|
1.48
(0.49, 4.47)
|
1.23
(0.75, 2.01)
|
1.64
(0.44, 6.20)
|
1.57
(0.82, 3.01)
|
1.22
(0.73, 2.02)
|
1.23
(0.60, 2.49)
|
1.40
(0.78, 2.50)
|
Q4
|
81
(13.82)
|
1.22
(0.87, 1.73)
|
1.93
(1.29, 2.91)
|
1.50
(0.92-2.44)
|
0.87
(0.60, 1.27)
|
3.10
(1.12, 8.58)
|
1.42
(0.83, 2.43)
|
2.82
(0.71,11.21)
|
2.47
(1.34, 4.55)
|
1.25
(0.74, 2.09)
|
1.48
(0.69, 3.14)
|
1.46
(0.77, 2.79)
|
P for trend
|
|
0.64
|
0.01
|
0.26
|
0.12
|
0.05
|
0.41
|
0.20
|
0.01
|
0.57
|
0.63
|
0.32
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
|
0.09
|
1.00
|
0.35
|
0.91
|
TC burden
|
Q1
|
51
(8.70)
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
70
(11.95)
|
1.42
(0.97, 2.08)
|
1.88
(1.21, 2.93)
|
1.77
(1.12, 2.78)
|
1.41
(0.93, 2.14)
|
1.55
(0.54, 4.43)
|
1.92
(1.17, 3.17)
|
1.60
(0.48, 5.34)
|
1.68
(0.90, 3.17)
|
1.66
(0.95, 2.91)
|
1.40
(0.72, 2.69)
|
2.22
(1.20, 4.09)
|
Q3
|
85
(14.51)
|
1.78
(1.23, 2.57)
|
1.72
(1.12, 2.64)
|
1.79
(1.14, 2.79)
|
1.73
(1.16, 2.59)
|
1.70
(0.60, 4.87)
|
1.98
(1.21, 3.23)
|
1.20
(0.36, 4.02)
|
1.86
(0.99, 3.50)
|
1.50
(0.89, 2.53)
|
1.72
(0.89, 3.33)
|
1.94
(1.09, 3.46)
|
Q4
|
105
(17.92)
|
2.29
(1.60, 3.27)
|
2.45
(1.61, 3.71)
|
2.65
(1.63, 4.32)
|
2.14
(1.45, 3.15)
|
2.34
(0.85, 6.45)
|
3.36
(1.95, 5.78)
|
1.06
(0.28, 3.98)
|
2.74
(1.51, 4.97)
|
1.99
(1.18, 3.35)
|
2.67
(1.35, 5.28)
|
2.79
(1.44, 5.39)
|
P for trend
|
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
0.10
|
<0.01
|
0.97
|
<0.01
|
0.02
|
<0.01
|
0.01
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
|
0.99
|
0.31
|
0.80
|
0.79
|
LDLC burden
|
Q1
|
74
(12.63)
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
62
(10.58)
|
0.82
(0.57, 1.17)
|
1.25
(0.82, 1.90)
|
1.17
(0.76, 1.81)
|
0.68
(0.45, 1.01)
|
0.90
(0.36, 2.24)
|
1.29
(0.79, 2.09)
|
1.01
(0.35, 2.94)
|
1.24
(0.69, 2.24)
|
1.03
(0.61, 1.75)
|
0.93
(0.50, 1.74)
|
1.22
(0.68, 2.19)
|
Q3
|
74
(12.63)
|
1.00
(0.71, 1.41)
|
1.64
(1.08, 2.47)
|
1.47
(0.96, 2.24)
|
0.87
(0.60, 1.27)
|
0.49
(0.15, 1.53)
|
1.89
(1.18, 3.03)
|
0.26
(0.07, 0.99)
|
1.33
(0.75, 2.38)
|
1.61
(0.96, 2.71)
|
1.03
(0.56, 1.92)
|
2.02
(1.14, 3.58)
|
Q4
|
101
(17.24)
|
1.44
(1.04, 1.99)
|
1.75
(1.19, 2.58)
|
1.67
(1.10, 2.54)
|
1.30
(0.90, 1.87)
|
1.20
(0.52, 2.77)
|
2.03
(1.28, 3.23)
|
0.74
(0.24, 2.24)
|
1.54
(0.87, 2.75)
|
1.80
(1.14, 2.87)
|
1.36
(0.73, 2.55)
|
2.21
(1.29, 3.77)
|
P for trend
|
|
0.01
|
<0.01
|
0.01
|
0.05
|
0.93
|
<0.01
|
0.30
|
0.14
|
0.01
|
0.28
|
<0.01
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
|
0.61
|
0.04
|
0.77
|
0.46
|
HDLC burden
|
Q1
|
63
(10.75)
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
83
(14.16)
|
1.37
(0.97, 1.94)
|
1.29
(0.86, 1.94)
|
1.30
(0.84, 1.99)
|
1.54
(1.05, 2.26)
|
1.24
(0.46, 3.32)
|
1.29
(0.80, 2.07)
|
1.49
(0.45, 4.90)
|
1.10
(0.64, 1.87)
|
1.43
(0.83, 2.47)
|
1.20
(0.68, 2.13)
|
1.46
(0.80, 2.66)
|
Q3
|
78
(13.31)
|
1.27
(0.90, 1.82)
|
1.22
(0.81, 1.83)
|
1.13
(0.73, 1.75)
|
1.25
(0.85, 1.84)
|
1.23
(0.44, 3.46)
|
1.11
(0.69, 1.79)
|
1.38
(0.41, 4.68)
|
1.04
(0.61, 1.78)
|
1.39
(0.80, 2.40)
|
0.97
(0.54, 1.75)
|
1.40
(0.75, 2.60)
|
Q4
|
87
(14.85)
|
1.45
(1.02,2.05)
|
1.04
(0.70, 1.56)
|
1.00
(0.65, 1.54)
|
1.38
(0.94, 2.01)
|
1.62
(0.61, 4.36)
|
0.93
(0.58, 1.49)
|
1.88
(0.56, 6.33)
|
0.96
(0.55, 1.68)
|
1.30
(0.77, 2.19)
|
0.81
(0.44, 1.49)
|
1.41
(0.77, 2.59)
|
P for trend
|
|
0.07
|
1.00
|
0.74
|
0.24
|
0.36
|
0.51
|
0.36
|
0.86
|
0.47
|
0.39
|
0.38
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
|
0.90
|
0.81
|
0.85
|
0.80
|
non-HDLC burden
|
Q1
|
59
(10.07)
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
68
(11.60)
|
1.17
(0.81, 1.70)
|
1.24
(0.80, 1.92)
|
1.12
(0.71, 1.76)
|
0.98
(0.66, 1.47)
|
2.14
(0.71, 6.50)
|
1.11
(0.68, 1.82)
|
1.72
(0.48, 6.19)
|
1.94
(1.04, 3.61)
|
0.79
(0.45, 1.38)
|
1.55
(0.81, 2.96)
|
0.90
(0.50, 1.64)
|
Q3
|
88
(15.02)
|
1.58
(1.11, 2.24)
|
1.43
(0.94, 2.17)
|
1.32
(0.85, 2.05)
|
1.27
(0.86, 1.86)
|
2.96
(1.01, 8.67)
|
1.39
(0.86, 2.24)
|
1.19
(0.32, 4.48)
|
1.82
(0.97, 3.45)
|
1.06
(0.63, 1.76)
|
1.28
(0.65, 2.51)
|
1.46
(0.82, 2.59)
|
Q4
|
96
(16.38)
|
1.75
(1.24, 2.48)
|
1.58
(1.05, 2.38)
|
1.49
(0.93, 2.39)
|
1.30
(0.89, 1.89)
|
3.34
(1.12, 9.96)
|
1.70
(1.01, 2.86)
|
0.93
(0.21, 4.02)
|
2.65
(1.45, 4.84)
|
0.99
(0.59, 1.66)
|
2.04
(1.02, 4.06)
|
1.32
(0.69, 2.52)
|
P for trend
|
|
<0.01
|
0.02
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.72
|
<0.01
|
0.73
|
0.09
|
0.19
|
P for interaction
|
|
|
|
|
0.41
|
0.59
|
0.08
|
0.37
|
Data are OR (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, average income, and education level.
Model 2 adjusted for variables in model 1 plus BMI (<25.0 or ≥25.0 kg/m2), smoking status, drinking status, salt intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hs-CRP, use of antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive medication, and lipid-lowering medications.
Model 3 adjusted for age, average income, education level, BMI (<25.0 or ≥25.0 kg/m2), smoking status, drinking status, salt intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hs-CRP, use of antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive medication, and lipid-lowering medications.
Model 4 adjusted for sex, average income, education level, BMI (<25.0 or ≥25.0 kg/m2), smoking status, drinking status, salt intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hs-CRP, use of antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive medication, and lipid-lowering medications.