Through the establishment of NK model in Xinglong Town in 2010 and 2019, the type data results of 8 types of fitness feature combinations of 3 factors in each village in the town are measured. The calculation results of comprehensive fitness corresponding to 8 types of adaptation level state combinations from high to low are shown in the tables 2-3, and the numerical results of fitness levels of each village are shown in Figure 8.
In CAS theory, adaptability indicates whether the structure of the subject itself can be coupled and matched with its functions, so as to better support its sustainable development under certain environmental conditions. Meanwhile, a preliminarily judgment of the optimal path for the development of low adaptability villages to the ones at high adaptability level in the corresponding time stage is also made.
Table 2 Comprehensive fitness value of each state combination of Xinglong Town spatial structure in 2010
Type characteristics
|
Adaptive state
|
Traffic network connectivity factor
|
Industrial production initiative factor
|
Public service facilities coverability factor
|
Comprehensive fitness value
|
The three subjects have strong adaptability
|
1-1-1
|
1.771
|
1.338
|
1.301
|
1.470
|
Production initiative is weak, and the other two are strong
|
1-0-1
|
1.771
|
1.081
|
1.301
|
1.384
|
The matching of life function is weak, and the other two are strong
|
1-1-0
|
1.771
|
1.338
|
1.034
|
1.381
|
Regional connectivity is weak, and the other two are strong
|
0-1-1
|
1.320
|
1.338
|
1.301
|
1.320
|
Regional connectivity is strong, and the other two are weak
|
1-0-0
|
1.753
|
1.338
|
1.301
|
1.464
|
The coverage of living facilities is strong, and the other two are weak
|
0-0-1
|
1.296
|
1.081
|
1.301
|
1.226
|
Production initiative is strong, and the other two are weak
|
0-1-0
|
1.296
|
1.338
|
1.034
|
1.223
|
The adaptability of the three subjects is weak
|
0-0-0
|
1.296
|
1.081
|
1.034
|
1.137
|
Table 3 Comprehensive fitness value of each state combination of Xinglong Town spatial structure in 2019
Type characteristics
|
Adaptive state
|
Traffic network connectivity factor
|
Industrial production initiative factor
|
Public service facilities coverability factor
|
Comprehensive fitness value
|
The three subjects have strong adaptability
|
1-1-1
|
1.643
|
1.397
|
1.336
|
1.459
|
Production initiative is weak, and the other two are strong
|
1-1-0
|
1.643
|
1.397
|
1.090
|
1.377
|
The matching of life function is weak, and the other two are strong
|
1-0-1
|
1.643
|
1.138
|
1.336
|
1.372
|
Regional connectivity is weak, and the other two are strong
|
0-1-1
|
1.318
|
1.397
|
1.336
|
1.351
|
Regional connectivity is strong, and the other two are weak
|
1-0-0
|
1.643
|
1.138
|
1.090
|
1.290
|
The coverage of living facilities is strong, and the other two are weak
|
0-1-0
|
1.318
|
1.397
|
1.090
|
1.269
|
Production initiative is strong, and the other two are weak
|
0-0-1
|
1.318
|
1.138
|
1.336
|
1.264
|
The adaptability of the three subjects is weak
|
0-0-0
|
1.318
|
1.138
|
1.090
|
1.182
|
3.1 Adaptability of Spatial Structure of Villages in Xinglong Town in 2010-2019
According to the adaptability state of factors, the 8 types of combined data in the study also show specific adaptability in the framework of NK model. The empirical results show that: (1) In 2019, the two innermost villages in Xinglong Town close to the central market town and Jingzhu community in the northeast as the central village have the highest adaptability to the spatial structure, that is, 1-1-1 villages. These three villages enjoy the traffic location advantage of G242, and the core natural landscape resources close to Tiankeng & Difeng Scenery, accounting for 13.64% of the total number of villages in the whole town. (2) Secondly, there are two villages showing better adaptation to two factors, including two villages near the central town with better adaptation to 1-1-0 traffic and industry- related spatial structure, and the intersection of national and county roads in the west; 5 villages along the national highway are well adapted to the spatial structure related to 1-0-1 transportation and public service, accounting for the highest proportion. The central village Miaowan community and another village in the west are better adapted to the spatial structure of 0-1-1 industry and public service, accounting for 9.09%, 22.73% and 9.09%, respectively. (3) Only one spatial structure factor is well adapted, while the other two are poorly adapted, including 2 villages with better adaptation of 1-0-0 traffic related spatial structure, 3 villages with better adaptation of 0-1-0 industry related spatial structure, and 1 village with better adaptation of 0-0-1 public service related spatial structure, accounting for 9.09%, 13.64% and 4.55%, respectively. (4) The rural settlements with relatively poor adaptation to the three factors, namely 0-0-0 villages, have 4 villages in total, accounting for 19.18%.
Compared with the data of 2010: (1) There are 2 1-1-1 villages with high adaptability, accounting for 9.09%. (2) The villages with good adaptation to the two factors include 3 villages of type 1-0-1, 2 villages of type 1-1-0, and the villages of type 0-1-1 are excluded, accounting for 13.64% and 9.09%, respectively. (3) One is better adapted to the spatial structure, while the other two are poorly adapted to the spatial structure, including 5 villages of 1-0-0 type, 3 villages of 0-0-1 type and 2 villages of 0-1-0 type, accounting for 22.73%, 13.64% and 9.09%, respectively. (4) There are 5 villages of 0-0-0 type, accounting for 22.73%. Seen from the numerical changes of the overall adaptation degree and the relationship between spatial structure, the spatial structure and organizational adaptability of Xinglong Town has undergone three main transformation trends: (1) the number of villages at high comprehensive adaptation level has increased over time, and the comprehensive adaptation level of adaptation type villages dominated by traffic and Industry-related main factors has a higher increase rate. Besides, the proportion is the largest, and the results are significantly and positively correlated with the construction of transportation network and the performance of structural adsorption. (1) In 2010, the village and town system of Xinglong Town mainly showed the spatial distribution structure characteristics of weak industrial nodes - traffic single branch connection - public service decentralized coverage, while in 2019, it illustrated the structural characteristics of stable industrial agglomeration, traffic expansion and extension - public service continuous coverage. (Figure 9) (3) In 2010 and 2019, the adaptability performance of traffic elements in the spatial structure has the highest contribution to the comprehensive adaptability. Secondly, in 2010, the contribution rate of public-service-related adaptability is higher than that of industry-related adaptability, while in 2019, the contribution rate of industry-related adaptability is higher than that of public-service-related adaptability. The above changes are mainly due to the planning and construction of relevant poverty alleviation strategies and Rural Revitalization strategies in the western region of Xinglong Town. The construction benefits of transportation system elements have been steadily improved in the evolution of the spatial structure of Xinglong Town, while the construction of industrial and public service system elements has a greater impact on the reconstruction and differentiation of the spatial structure of each village. Based on the change structure and influencing factors of each adaptive subject factor, the details are as follows:
3.1.1 Spatial structure adaptability in transportation
From the perspective of the spatial structure of the main factor of traffic network connectivity, the traffic adaptability advantages of each village gradually radiate from the original central community to the central town, national highway and special traffic roads, in another word, the adaptability changes from single branch connecting traffic to outward expansion and extension. It is difficult for the transportation of rural settlements in the western mountainous areas to get a large span. However, taking the advantages of the implementation of poverty alleviation and other projects, Xinglong Town has realized the hardening of 205 kilometers of roads and the upgrading of national highway G242. In the meantime, it has formed a characteristic tourism transformation ring connecting the nodes of scenic spots, such as Tiankeng & Difeng Scenery and Heiwan Maocaoba, focusing on ecotourism resources. The internal and external circulation of life service commuting forms a multidimensional and extended traffic skeleton.
3.1.2 Spatial structure adaptability in industry
From the perspective of the spatial structure of the main factors of industrial production initiative, the adaptability spatial distribution of high industrial production initiative originally centered around the town center, central north and northwest central communities in the town has been gradually and comprehensively upgraded and developed in the town, especially the marginal villages in the west of the town. And the relevant villages in the west of the industry around the central village system of Miaowan community have been significantly improved, that is, it has realized the transformation from the distribution of weak industrial nodes to that of stable industrial agglomeration. This is also driven by the industrial poverty alleviation project. Rural enterprises, village collective economy and land circulation condense the local expansion of more productive factors, and rely on more industrial centralized demonstration areas to promote the value of rural land production level, such as traditional Chinese medicine planting demonstration bases, agricultural planting and processing professional cooperatives cultivated by multiple villages, and rural characteristic tourism demonstration belt.
3.1.3 Spatial structure adaptability in public service
Regarding the coverage of public service facilities, the export of post-urbanization in western mountainous rural settlements affected by internal and external influences and region constraints is obvious, during which education and employment have become the core driving forces of population transfer. This is because that more rural families have chosen the mode of life near the city and away from the land. From the perspective of internal changes, the rural public service facilities originally scattered on the edge have not reached the threshold scale, and gradually stopped after the centralization of land policy construction and the networking of road traffic. Consequently, the spatial distribution of the coverage of public service facilities in Xinglong Town has changed from the original decentralized coverage distribution to the agglomeration and contraction close to the town center, central village and characteristic village. It also shows the continuous coverage improvement synchronized with the traffic structure as a whole.
3.2 Adaptive change characteristics before and after the construction of poverty relief village policy and system
Poor villages are an important unit that has long restrained the overall spatial balance and effective development in the western region. Besides, the impact mechanism of its development adaptation is also the key part of the research. The comprehensive adaptability level of the original six poor villages in the rural settlement system of Xinglong Town has been mostly improved. Due to the appreciation of industrial factors, Liuya Village and Gaoping Village have leapt from the third gradient adaptation level to the second one, and Longmen Village has leapt from the fourth gradient adaptation level to the third one. However, the level of Fangdong remains unchanged, and Xiaozhai Village and Meihua Village show a decrease (Fig. 10). The impacts of these spatial transformation paths on the village are illustrated as follows:
(1) Liuya Village and Gaoping Village were originally poor rural settlements at medium and lower adaptation level, but they have leapt to a higher adaptation level through the identification cultivation of leading industries and the comprehensive strengthening of public service supporting coverage. This path includes building industrial concentration demonstration films, focusing on land circulation and developing specialized and large-scale planting bases and industrial park space with the goal of leading industries in villages and income-increasing projects for households, and promoting the upgrading of tourism service space with the help of historical and cultural landscape with its own traffic location advantages.
(2) Longmen Village has upgraded from the most backward adaptation level to the type of poverty-stricken rural settlements with better industries, which is mainly due to its ecological + tourism linkage, promoting its spatial cluster effect. Based on the overall guidance of a series of ecological poverty alleviation measures and the Municipal Tourism Administration, combined with the retention of local architectural elements, and the villagers' autonomy to participate in the transformation, Longmen Village has completed a large-scale Alpine ecological summer resort and characteristic rural tourism home stay. With the feedback of the market, it promotes the agricultural production, urban and rural participation, rural home stay transformation and other model revitalization space development projects, and guides the further clustering of relevant industrial space with the experience of rural home stay lifestyle as the core.
(3) However, Xiaozhai Village, Fangdong Village and Meihua Village show a slight downward trend in the entire evolution of the spatial organization of rural settlements. This trend originates from the contraction of rural settlements space under the control of ecological constraints. The special geographical environment of Xinglong Town also has high restrictions on the function of ecological conservation and protection. In addition, the space for village agricultural production and relevant livelihood activities of farmers will be gradually withdrawn and limited.
In the rural construction of "deagriculturalization", the space development of some villages is compact and contracted.