The average cotton yield per hectare of the 64 cotton enterprises that took part in the research has been calculated as 5113.65 kg/ ha. Energy balance (EB) in cotton cultivation is given in Table 3. According to Table 2, the inputs in cotton production are electricity energy by 19,948.86 MJ/ha (38.14%), chemical fertilizers energy by 14,163.83 MJ/ ha (27.08%), diesel fuel energy by 13,218.49 MJ/ha (25.27%), irrigation water energy by 2563.79 MJ/ha (4.90%), machinery energy by 1071.14 MJ/ha (2.05%), chemicals energy by 797.96 MJ/ha (1.53%), seed energy by 291.46 MJ/ha (0.56%) and human labour energy by 247.09 MJ/ha (0.47%). Similar results were found in other researches on cotton cultivation. Semerci et al. (2019), Afzalinia (2020) calculated the ratio of electricity as 58.77% among the most used energy inputs. In other researches, Dagistan et al. (2009), Pishgar-Komleh et al. (2012b), Sami and Reyhani (2018) calculated the chemical fertilizers as the most used energy inputs.
Table 3
In this research, EUE, SE, EP and NE were calculated as 1.15, 10.23 MJ/kg, 0.10 kg/MJ and 8038.41 MJ/ha, respectively (Table 4). In other researches relating to cotton cultivation, Pishgar-Komleh et al (2012b) calculated EUE, SE, EP and NE as 1.85, 9.31 MJ/kg, 0.11 kg/ MJ and 27,218 MJ/ha; Zahedi et al. (2014) calculated EUE, SE, EP and NE as 0.7, 19.2 MJ/kg, 0.1 kg/MJ and − 15,625.2 MJ/ha; Dagistan et al. (2009) calculated EUE, SE, EP and NE as 2.36, 4.99 MJ/kg, 0.20 kg/MJ and 26,663 MJ/ha; Sami and Reyhani (2018) calculated EUE, SE and EP as 1.21, 9.8 MJ/kg, 0.1 kg/MJ; Semerci et al. (2019) calculated EUE, SE, EP and NE as 1.11, 10.66 MJ/kg, 0.09 kg/MJ and 6136.29 MJ/ha− 1, respectively.
Table 4
Calculations of EUE in cotton cultivation
Calculations | Unit | Values |
Cotton | kg/ha | 5113.65 |
Energy input | MJ/ha | 52,302.62 |
Energy output | MJ/ha | 60,341.03 |
Energy use efficiency | - | 1.15 |
Specific energy | MJ/kg | 10.23 |
Energy productivity | kg/MJ | 0.10 |
Net energy | MJ/ha | 8038.41 |
Table 4
The consumed total energy input was grouped as 68.79% DE, 31.21% IE, 5.93% RE and 94.07% N-RE (Table 5). Similarly, in other researches relating to cotton cultivation, Zahedi et al. (2014), Kazemi et al. (2018), Semerci et al. (2019), Afzalinia (2020), Baran et al. (2021) calculated DE ratio to be higher than IE. Similarly, N-RE energy ratio was calculated to be higher than RE by Dagistan et al. (2009), Yilmaz et al. (2010), Zahedi et al. (2014), Kazemi et al. (2018), Sami and Reyhani (2018), Semerci et al. (2019), Afzalinia (2020), Baran et al. (2021) in cotton cultivation.
Table 5
Calculations of energy input types in cotton cultivation
Energy groups | Energy input (M ha) | Ratio (%) |
Direct energya | 35,978.23 | 68.79 |
Indirect energyb | 16,324.39 | 31.21 |
Total | 52,302.62 | 100.00 |
Renewable energyc | 3102.34 | 5.93 |
Non-renewable energyd | 49,200.28 | 94.07 |
Total | 52,302.62 | 100.00 |
aIncludes human labour, diesel fuel, irrigation water and electricity, |
bIncludes machinery, chemical fertilizers, chemicals and seed, |
cIncludes human labour, irrigation water and seed, |
dIncludes machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, chemicals and electricity. |
Table 5
The GHG emission values are shown in Table 6. Total GHG emissions were calculated as 3742.59 kgCO2 − eqha−1 for cotton cultivation and GHG ratio as 0.73. GHG emissions have been related to nitrogen by 26.19%, electricity by 24.73%, irrigation water usage by 18.48%, diesel fuel usage by 17.31%, seed usage by 5.04, chemicals usage by 2.93%, phosphorous usage by 2.74%, human labour usage by 2.36%, potassium usage by 0.19% and machinery usage by 0.03%, respectively. A study conducted by Pishgar-Komleh et al (2012b) calculated the total GHG emission of cotton cultivation as 1195.25 kgCO2 − eqha−1, Sami and Reyhani (2018) calculated the total GHG emission of cotton cultivation as 2075.5 kgCO2 − eqha−1, Pishgar-Komleh et al (2012a) calculated the total GHG emission of potato production as 992.88 kgCO2 − eqha−1.
Table 6
Table 6
GHG emissions in cotton cultivation
Inputs | Unit | GHG coefficients (kgCO2 − eq unit− 1) | Input (unit/ha) | GHG emissions (kgCO2 − eq ha− 1) | Ratio (%) |
Human labour | h | 0.700 | 126.07 | 88.25 | 2.36 |
Machinery | MJ | 0.071 | 16.53 | 1.17 | 0.03 |
Chemicals | kg | 13.900 | 7.89 | 109.60 | 2.93 |
Nitrogen | kg | 4.570 | 214.51 | 980.31 | 26.19 |
Phosphorus | kg | 1.180 | 87.02 | 102.68 | 2.74 |
Potassium | kg | 0.640 | 10.93 | 6.99 | 0.19 |
Irrigation water | m3 | 0.170 | 4069.52 | 691.82 | 18.48 |
Electricity | kWh | 0.167 | 5541.35 | 925.41 | 24.73 |
Diesel fuel | l | 2.760 | 234.75 | 647.90 | 17.31 |
Seed | kg | 7.630 | 24.70 | 188.46 | 5.04 |
Total inputs | - | - | - | 3742.59 | 100.00 |
GHG ratio | - | - | - | 0.73 | - |