According to Udaya Wave 1 (2015-16), a total of 20594 adolescents aged 10–19 years were successfully interviewed. Among those approximately 49.34% (N = 10161) adolescents belonging to Uttar Pradesh and remaining 50.66% (N = 10433) adolescents belonging to Bihar. These two states contribute to one-fourth of the country population and approximately three out of 10 adolescents belonging to these states combinedly (Santhya et al., 2017). Uttar Pradesh constitutes 82.3% (N = 8363) of unmarried adolescents, whereas Bihar contributes 67.3% (N = 7025) of unmarried adolescents aged 10–19 years, remaining 17.7% adolescents in Uttar Pradesh and 32.67% adolescents of age 15–19 years in Bihar were married. Among all adolescents, only 25% of females (N = 5206) aged 15–19 were married, the remaining 45.9% females (N = 9419) aged 10-19years and 28.9% males (N = 5969) aged 10–19 years was unmarried at the time of interview. The flow diagram illustrates a summary of how we arrived at the final categories of married and unmarried adolescents (Fig. 1).
The above figure (Fig. 2) depicts the prevalence of depression among adolescents. Out of 20,594 adolescents, around three-fifths (57.6%) do not have any depressive symptoms and two-fifths (38.2%) have minimal to mild depression. among all male adolescents (n = 5969), 35% have minimal to mild depression. However, thirty-eight percent of unmarried female adolescents have minimal to mild depression. Surprisingly, a little more than two-fifths (42%) of the married female adolescents have minimal to mild depression. Likewise, moderate to severe depression is more prevalent among married female adolescents. Around eight percent of the married female adolescents and four percent of unmarried female adolescents have moderate to severe depression, whereas only one percent of the male adolescents have moderate to severe depression. This clearly represents the gender difference in the prevalence of depression among male and female adolescents in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Minimal to mild depression was also highest among married adolescent in reproductive ages whereas it was least prevalent among male adolescents aged 10–19 years. Further distribution of depression among unmarried females was same as overall adolescent depression. Additionally, it was also found that among depressed adolescents, 45.8% were unmarried female adolescents followed by married females (29.6%) and unmarried males (24.6%). Among overall depressed adolescents nearly three fourth of them were adolescent females. Around 87.3% depressed adolescents belonged to the late adolescents age (15–19 years) group.
Table 2 presents adolescents’ socio-demographic, behavioral and other characteristics by gender and marital status. More than half (52.54%) of the adolescent boys belong to UP, and the remaining 47.46% of adolescent boys belong to Bihar. Among Adolescent girls, 55.4% of unmarried girls reside in Uttar Pradesh, and 65.4% of married adolescents resided in Bihar. More than 80% of all adolescents (Unmarried boys, unmarried girls, and married girls) reside in rural areas. In addition, 56.87% adolescent boys, 56.29% unmarried adolescent girls, and 60.47% married adolescent girls belonged to OBC. Majority (more than 80%) of adolescents follow Hinduism. In terms of wealth, the lowest proportion (14.15%) of adolescents fall into the poorest wealth quintile, and the highest percentage of adolescents (23.71%) are from Richest wealth quintile. Approximately three-fourth of the adolescent family member are substance users. In addition, nearly half (49.77%) of the married reproductive-aged adolescents have 0–7 years of schooling and only 2.85% married adolescents, and 4.03% unmarried adolescents have 12 + years of schooling. The majority (79.03%) of currently married adolescents aren’t not currently attending school, whereas the highest proportion (82.47%) of male adolescents are presently attending the school. While going through the parental violence, we see that a greater share (32.15%) of married adolescents face this problem. In contrast to the previous result, nearly 3 out of 5 male adolescents have been physically hurt by their parents. The majority of married adolescents (88%) reported of not being allowed to visit alone. Among adolescent girls (n = 401), 7.71% of married adolescents ever had seriously considered attempting suicide. Pre-marital relationship and substance use by the respondent is higher among adolescent males as compared to female. A major proportion of married adolescents’ face sexual violence (34.53%, N = 1693), followed by emotional (28.55%, N = 1399) and physical violence (25.99%, N = 1274).
Table 3 illustrates the Uttar Pradesh witnesses a significantly higher prevalence of minimal to mild (44.52%) and moderate to severe (8.98%) depression among the adolescent married female while 1.39% of adolescent’s male reported severe depression. Variation of depression symptoms within different strata of some background variables such as residence, caste, religion wealth index, respondent current school attendance was not observed. Respondent's level of education is negatively related to depressive symptoms in unmarried male adolescents. Higher the use of the substance in the family is associated with more depression among unmarried female adolescents. Prevalence of minimum to mild and moderate to severe depression is higher among male adolescents with 12 + years of schooling followed by adolescents having 11–12 years of schooling among unmarried male while prevalence of moderate to severe depression increased with increasing in the years of education among unmarried female adolescents. Minimal to mild depression is more among those adolescents who were physically hurt by their parents in unmarried male while depression among adolescents is higher among those where her mother has ever been beaten by parents (40.4 minimum to mild, 6.33 moderate to severe) or respondent herself have been hurt by parents (41.9% minimal to mild) in unmarried female. Furthermore, the use of the substance is significantly associated with depression. For instance, 42.06% of male adolescents face minimal to mild depression among substance users, whereas 33.5% of adolescents who are non-substance users have the same level of depression among unmarried male respectively. Estimates show that 64.14% of unmarried adolescent girls have minimal to mild depression, and 24.97% have moderate to severe depression who ever seriously consider attempting suicide among unmarried female adolescents. Among married and unmarried adolescent’s female, depression is more (52.07% for minimal to mild, 9.17% for moderate to severe) where the respondent was allowed to visit alone. Depression is found to be higher among those respondents who reported facing violence or if they reported of her mother had ever facing the physical violence. Depression is more (52.07% for minimal to mild, 9.17% for moderate to severe) where the respondent was allowed to visit alone among married adolescent’s female respectively.
Table 4 presents the Multinomial logistic regression estimates of type of depression among unmarried adolescent’s male, female aged 10–19 years and married adolescent’s female aged 15–19 year. ‘No depression’ is taken as a reference category in the dependent variable and the first category of independent variables are taken as a reference category.
The unmarried women living in Bihar are 30% more likely to have moderate to severe depression than women living in Uttar Pradesh while married women living in the Bihar are 26% (RR: 0.74, CI: 0.63–0.88) less likely to have minimal to mild depression and 31% (RR: 0.69, CI: 0.51–0.95) less likely to have moderate to severe depression than unmarried women living in Uttar Pradesh. Unmarried male from rural area are 1.21 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression whereas 2.08 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression in comparison to their counterparts from urban area while married women living in rural areas are 26% (RR: 0.74, CI: 0.55-1.0) less likely to have moderate to severe depression than unmarried women living in urban areas. Respondents who reported of Mother being beaten ever by father are 1.23 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression in unmarried male while 1.6 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression in unmarried female in comparison to respondents who didn’t report of mother being beaten by father.
Respondent who are not allow to visit alone are 16% (RR: 0.84, CI: 0.75–0.94) less likely to have minimal to mild depression in unmarried female, 1.23 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression in unmarried male and 23% (RR: 0.77, CI: 0.6–0.97) less likely to have minimal to mild depression among married female. Respondents whoever seriously considered attempting suicide are 8.44 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression and 22.74 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression in unmarried male, 13.6 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression and 56.8 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression in married female as compared to not attempt suicide. Surprisingly, respondents who do not play any game are 24% (RR: 0.76, CI: 0.68–0.84) less likely to have minimal to mild depression in unmarried female and 45% (RR: 0.55, CI: 0.44–0.68) less likely to have minimal to mild depression in married women as compared to playing game.
Married women who having premarital-relationship are 1.7 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression and 1.8 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression than women who did not have pre-marital relationships. Violence among married women is found to be significantly associated with both minimal to mild depression and moderate to severe depression. adolescent brides facing emotional violence are 1.3 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression and 1.9 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression than adolescent brides who did not face emotional violence. Similarly, minimal to mild depression is 1.4 times higher among married adolescent women than married women who didn’t face physical violence. Married women experiencing dowry-related abuse are 1.5 times more likely to have minimal to mild depression and 3.3 times more likely to have moderate to severe depression than married women not experiencing dowry abuse.
Table 2
Socio-demographic & Behavioral Characteristics of Indian adolescents aged 10–19 years.
Background Characteristics
|
Adolescent boys
|
Adolescent girls
|
Total Percentage
|
(Unmarried 10–19 Years)
|
Unmarried (10–19 years)
|
Married (15–19 years)
|
Sample
|
Percentage
|
Sample
|
Percentage
|
Sample
|
Percentage
|
State
|
|
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
3,136
|
52.54
|
5,227
|
55.49
|
1,798
|
34.54
|
10161 (49.34)
|
Bihar
|
2,833
|
47.46
|
4,192
|
44.51
|
3,408
|
65.46
|
10433 (50.66)
|
Place of Residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
1,030
|
17.26
|
1,625
|
17.26
|
730
|
14.03
|
3386 (16.44)
|
Rural
|
4,939
|
82.74
|
7,794
|
82.74
|
4476
|
85.97
|
17208 (83.56)
|
Caste
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SC/ST
|
1,535
|
25.71
|
2,185
|
23.2
|
1,505
|
28.91
|
5225 (25.37)
|
OBC
|
3,394
|
56.87
|
5,302
|
56.29
|
3,148
|
60.47
|
11844 (57.51)
|
Others
|
1,040
|
17.42
|
1,932
|
20.51
|
553
|
10.62
|
3525 (17.12)
|
Religion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hindu
|
5,013
|
83.98
|
7,319
|
77.7
|
4,417
|
84.84
|
16748 (81.33)
|
Others
|
956
|
16.02
|
2,100
|
22.3
|
789
|
15.16
|
3846 (18.67)
|
Wealth Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest
|
747
|
12.51
|
1,276
|
13.54
|
892
|
17.13
|
2914 (14.15)
|
Poorer
|
1234
|
20.67
|
1,692
|
17.96
|
1135
|
21.81
|
4061 (19.72)
|
Middle
|
1405
|
23.54
|
2,047
|
21.74
|
1278
|
24.54
|
4730 (22.97)
|
Richer
|
1376
|
23.05
|
2,308
|
24.5
|
1198
|
23.02
|
4882 (23.71)
|
Richest
|
1208
|
20.24
|
2,096
|
22.26
|
703
|
13.51
|
4007 (19.46)
|
Substance use in family
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
1,625
|
27.22
|
2,560
|
27.18
|
1,271
|
24.42
|
5456 (26.49)
|
Yes
|
4,344
|
72.78
|
6,859
|
72.82
|
3,935
|
75.58
|
15138 (73.51)
|
Respondent level of education
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0-7year of schooling
|
2,662
|
44.6
|
3,438
|
36.5
|
2,591
|
49.77
|
8691 (42.20)
|
8-10year of schooling
|
2,362
|
39.58
|
3,907
|
41.48
|
1,827
|
35.09
|
8096 (39.31)
|
11-12year of schooling
|
800
|
13.4
|
1,694
|
17.98
|
640
|
12.3
|
3134 (15.22)
|
12 + year of schooling
|
145
|
2.43
|
380
|
4.03
|
148
|
2.85
|
673 (3.27)
|
Respondent currently attending school
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
1,013
|
17.53
|
2,340
|
26.75
|
3,021
|
79.03
|
6373 (34.74)
|
Yes
|
4,765
|
82.47
|
6,406
|
73.25
|
802
|
20.97
|
11972 (65.26)
|
Father ever beaten mother
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
4,302
|
79.27
|
6,578
|
74.07
|
3,330
|
67.85
|
14210 (73.95)
|
Yes
|
1,125
|
20.73
|
2,303
|
25.93
|
1,578
|
32.15
|
5006 (26.05)
|
Respondent physically hurt by parents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
2,307
|
40.05
|
5,808
|
63.97
|
3,471
|
68.24
|
11587 (58.14)
|
Yes
|
3,454
|
59.95
|
3,272
|
36.03
|
1,616
|
31.76
|
8341 (41.86)
|
Allowed to visit alone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
4,181
|
70.05
|
2,088
|
22.17
|
625
|
12
|
6894 (33.48)
|
No
|
1,788
|
29.95
|
7,331
|
77.83
|
4,581
|
88
|
13700 (66.52)
|
Ever seriously consider attempting suicide
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
4,508
|
98.01
|
8,118
|
96.06
|
4,792
|
92.29
|
17418 (95.48)
|
Yes
|
91
|
1.99
|
333
|
3.94
|
401
|
7.71
|
825 (4.52)
|
Play Games
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
5,080
|
85.11
|
4,717
|
50.08
|
782
|
15.01
|
10579 (51.37)
|
No
|
889
|
14.89
|
4,702
|
49.92
|
4,424
|
84.99
|
10015 (48.63)
|
Pri-marital relationship
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
3,003
|
77.31
|
6,624
|
85.29
|
4,418
|
84.86
|
14045 (83.32)
|
Yes
|
882
|
22.69
|
1,142
|
14.71
|
788
|
15.14
|
2812 (16.68)
|
Substance Use (Respondent)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
4,996
|
83.7
|
9,268
|
98.4
|
5,051
|
97.03
|
19315 (93.79)
|
Yes
|
973
|
16.3
|
151
|
1.6
|
155
|
2.97
|
1279 (6.21)
|
Violence among married women
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emotional Violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
3,500
|
71.45
|
3500 (71.45)
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1,399
|
28.55
|
1399 (28.55)
|
Physical Violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
3,627
|
74.01
|
3627 (74.01)
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1,274
|
25.99
|
1274 (25.99)
|
Sexual violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
3,212
|
65.47
|
3212 (65.47)
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1,693
|
34.53
|
1693 (34.53)
|
Dowry related abuse
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
3,893
|
74.78
|
3893 (74.78)
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1,313
|
25.22
|
1313 (25.22)
|
Table 3
Association of Socio-demographic and Behavioral characteristic with depression among Indian adolescents aged 10–19 years.
Background Characteristics
|
Unmarried Adolescent Male
|
Unmarried Adolescent Female
|
Married Adolescent Female
|
No depression
|
Minimal to Mild depression
|
Moderate to severe depression
|
No depression
|
Minimal to Mild depression
|
Moderate to severe depression
|
No depression
|
Minimal to Mild depression
|
Moderate to severe depression
|
State a, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
63.83
|
34.79
|
1.39
|
57.18
|
38.63
|
4.19
|
46.5
|
44.52
|
8.98
|
Bihar
|
64.13
|
35.18
|
0.69
|
58.01
|
37.67
|
4.32
|
52.36
|
40.7
|
6.94
|
Place of Residence b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
65.09
|
33.65
|
1.25
|
58.1
|
36.5
|
5.39
|
48.52
|
42.84
|
8.64
|
Rural
|
63.74
|
35.25
|
1.01
|
57.43
|
38.56
|
4.01
|
50.63
|
41.89
|
7.48
|
Caste
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SC/ST
|
63.66
|
35.15
|
1.19
|
56.44
|
38.12
|
5.44
|
48.97
|
43.34
|
7.69
|
OBC
|
65.57
|
33.56
|
0.86
|
58.19
|
38.21
|
3.6
|
50.9
|
41.57
|
7.53
|
Others
|
59.19
|
39.32
|
1.49
|
57.05
|
38.27
|
4.68
|
50.88
|
40.97
|
8.15
|
Religion c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hindu
|
64.68
|
34.32
|
1.00
|
57.55
|
38.41
|
4.05
|
50.81
|
42.11
|
7.09
|
Others
|
60.27
|
38.39
|
1.34
|
57.57
|
37.48
|
4.95
|
47.69
|
41.54
|
10.76
|
Wealth Index b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest
|
66.02
|
33.21
|
0.77
|
61.2
|
34.52
|
4.28
|
54.74
|
38.31
|
6.94
|
Poorer
|
68.44
|
30.83
|
0.74
|
58.82
|
37.91
|
3.27
|
50.14
|
42.25
|
7.6
|
Middle
|
60.87
|
38.2
|
0.93
|
57.54
|
38.61
|
3.85
|
49.38
|
44.17
|
6.46
|
Richer
|
62.94
|
35.63
|
1.44
|
56.46
|
38.26
|
5.29
|
50.12
|
39.97
|
9.91
|
Richest
|
62.92
|
35.81
|
1.27
|
55.52
|
40.22
|
4.26
|
47.18
|
45.94
|
6.89
|
Substance use in family a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
61.87
|
37.02
|
1.11
|
62.03
|
34.47
|
3.5
|
55.44
|
38.71
|
5.84
|
Yes
|
64.76
|
34.21
|
1.04
|
55.88
|
39.59
|
4.53
|
48.69
|
43.09
|
8.22
|
Respondent level of education a, b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0-7year of schooling
|
68.21
|
31.25
|
0.54
|
64.37
|
32.45
|
3.17
|
52.01
|
40.62
|
7.37
|
8-10year of schooling
|
62.24
|
36.53
|
1.23
|
53.23
|
41.83
|
4.94
|
48.03
|
43.87
|
8.1
|
11-12year of schooling
|
57.79
|
40.46
|
1.75
|
53.41
|
42.25
|
4.34
|
50.96
|
41.91
|
7.13
|
12 + year of schooling
|
48.34
|
47.83
|
3.83
|
58.67
|
34.87
|
6.46
|
46.82
|
44.1
|
9.08
|
Respondent currently attending school b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
63.97
|
34.06
|
1.97
|
55.01
|
39.4
|
5.6
|
48.1
|
44.01
|
7.9
|
Yes
|
63.8
|
35.33
|
0.87
|
58.41
|
38.03
|
3.56
|
50.98
|
42.26
|
6.76
|
Father ever beaten
mother a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
65.12
|
33.75
|
1.13
|
59.17
|
37.29
|
3.53
|
54.37
|
38.95
|
6.68
|
Yes
|
59.23
|
39.91
|
0.86
|
53.27
|
40.4
|
6.33
|
41.95
|
48.4
|
9.65
|
Respondent physically hurt by parents a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
67.04
|
31.64
|
1.32
|
59.64
|
36.07
|
4.29
|
52.71
|
40.21
|
7.08
|
Yes
|
62.16
|
36.91
|
0.92
|
54
|
41.9
|
4.1
|
45.21
|
46.08
|
8.71
|
Allowed to visit alone a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
62.53
|
36.06
|
1.41
|
52.28
|
42.69
|
5.03
|
38.76
|
52.07
|
9.17
|
No
|
67.35
|
32.43
|
0.22
|
59.05
|
36.92
|
4.03
|
51.92
|
40.65
|
7.44
|
Ever seriously consider attempting suicide a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
62.66
|
36.03
|
1.31
|
57.39
|
38.79
|
3.81
|
54.02
|
40.7
|
5.28
|
Yes
|
12.16
|
83.53
|
4.31
|
10.88
|
64.14
|
24.97
|
5.46
|
58.34
|
36.2
|
Playing Games a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
63.25
|
35.86
|
0.89
|
55.82
|
40.3
|
3.88
|
34.26
|
56.93
|
8.8
|
No
|
68.08
|
29.93
|
1.99
|
59.28
|
36.1
|
4.62
|
53.18
|
39.39
|
7.44
|
Substance Use
(Respondent) a, b, c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
65.69
|
33.59
|
0.72
|
57.91
|
37.93
|
4.16
|
50.88
|
41.54
|
7.58
|
Yes
|
55.17
|
42.06
|
2.78
|
35.61
|
54.8
|
9.58
|
32.76
|
57.51
|
9.74
|
Pre-marital relationship c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52.86
|
40.16
|
6.98
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36.21
|
52.43
|
11.36
|
Violence among married women
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emotional Violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56.83
|
37.44
|
5.72
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32.49
|
54.15
|
13.36
|
Physical Violence c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55.68
|
38.08
|
6.24
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33.43
|
53.94
|
12.63
|
Sexual violence c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54.65
|
38.21
|
7.14
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40.91
|
49.78
|
9.31
|
Dowry related abuse c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56.32
|
38.23
|
5.44
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32.59
|
53.24
|
14.17
|
(a = p-value < 0.05 for unmarried adolescent’s male, b = p-value < 0.05 for unmarried adolescent’s female, c = p-value < 0.05 for married adolescent’s female) |
Table 4
Multinomial logistic regression estimates of type of depression among unmarried adolescent’s male, female aged 10–19 years and married adolescent’s female aged 15–19 year
Background Characteristics
|
Unmarried Adolescent Male
|
Unmarried Adolescent Female
|
Married Adolescent Female
|
Minimal to mild depression
|
Moderate to severe depression
|
Minimal to mild depression
|
Moderate to severe depression
|
Minimal to mild depression
|
Moderate to severe depression
|
RRR (95% CI)
|
RRR (95% CI)
|
RRR (95% CI)
|
RRR (95% CI)
|
RRR (95% CI)
|
RRR (95% CI)
|
State
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uttar Pradesh®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bihar
|
1 .0 (0.87, 1.16)
|
0.64 (0.35, 1.19)
|
0.94 (0.85, 1.05)
|
1.34** (1.05, 1.7)
|
0.74*** (0.63, 0.88)
|
0.69** (0.51, 0.95)
|
Place of Residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
1.21** (1.03, 1.41)
|
2.08** (1.11, 3.9)
|
1.09 (0.97, 1.21)
|
0.84 (0.65, 1.08)
|
0.89 (0.76, 1.05)
|
0.74* (0.55, 1)
|
Caste
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SC/ST®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBC
|
0.87 (0.73, 1.03)
|
0.67 (0.33, 1.36)
|
0.95 (0.83, 1.09)
|
0.8 (0.59, 1.09)
|
0.83** (0.7, 1)
|
0.79 (0.56, 1.11)
|
Others
|
1.01 (0.81, 1.26)
|
0.91 (0.39, 2.09)
|
0.86* (0.73, 1.01)
|
0.83 (0.58, 1.19)
|
1 (0.76, 1.32)
|
1.24 (0.75, 2.03)
|
Religion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hindu®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
1.37*** (1.14, 1.65)
|
1.69 (0.83, 3.47)
|
1.16** (1.02, 1.31)
|
1.52*** (1.16, 2)
|
1.22* (0.97, 1.53)
|
1.93*** (1.31, 2.86)
|
Wealth Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorer
|
0.94 (0.7, 1.27)
|
0.96 (0.23 3.98)
|
1.11 (0.89, 1.39)
|
1.24 (0.71, 2.17)
|
0.89 (0.67, 1.19)
|
1.03 (0.6, 1.79)
|
Middle
|
1.02 (0.76, 1.37)
|
0.97 (0.25, 3.84)
|
1.2* (0.97, 1.47)
|
1.09 (0.63, 1.87)
|
1.06 (0.81, 1.39)
|
0.85 (0.5, 1.46)
|
Richer
|
1.01 (0.76, 1.36)
|
1.75 (0.47, 6.48)
|
1.21* (0.98, 1.48)
|
1.79** (1.07, 2.98)
|
1 (0.77, 1.31)
|
1.25 (0.75, 2.09)
|
Richest
|
1 .00 (0.74, 1.36)
|
1.97 (0.51, 7.64)
|
1.21* (0.97, 1.5)
|
1.52 (0.89, 2.6)
|
0.93 (0.69, 1.25)
|
0.84 (0.47, 1.51)
|
Substance use in family
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
0.86** (0.74, 0.99)
|
0.65 (0.36, 1.18)
|
1.21*** (1.08, 1.35)
|
1.45*** (1.11, 1.9)
|
1.15 (0.97, 1.37)
|
1.85*** (1.28, 2.67)
|
Respondent level of education
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0-7year of schooling®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8-10year of schooling
|
1.32*** (1.11, 1.58)
|
1.66 (0.72, 3.8)
|
1.31*** (1.15, 1.5)
|
1.43** (1.04, 1.97)
|
1.05 (0.88, 1.26)
|
1.33* (0.96, 1.86)
|
11-12year of schooling
|
1.52*** (1.22, 1.89)
|
2.35* (0.91, 6.07)
|
1.38*** (1.18, 1.63)
|
1.78*** (1.23, 2.58)
|
1.14 (0.89, 1.48)
|
1.1 (0.67, 1.83)
|
12 + year of schooling
|
2.18*** (1.49, 3.2)
|
3.28* (0.87, 12.34)
|
1.09 (0.85, 1.39)
|
2.01** (1.18, 3.41)
|
1.27 (0.82, 1.97)
|
1.59 (0.7, 3.64)
|
Respondent currently attending school
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
0.92 (0.76, 1.12)
|
1.02 (0.47, 2.19)
|
1.09 (0.96, 1.23)
|
1.39** (1.06, 1.83)
|
0.97 (0.77, 1.22)
|
0.93 (0.6, 1.46)
|
Father ever beaten mother
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
1.23** (1.03, 1.47)
|
0.96 (0.45, 2.05)
|
1.11 (0.98, 1.26)
|
1.60*** (1.22, 2.11)
|
1.15 (0.95, 1.4)
|
0.93 (0.66, 1.32)
|
Respondent physically hurt by parents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
1.23*** (1.06, 1.41)
|
1 (0.57, 1.77)
|
1.27*** (1.13, 1.42)
|
1.09 (0.84, 1.42)
|
0.89 (0.74, 1.07)
|
0.86 (0.61, 1.22)
|
Allowed to visit alone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
1.23** (1.03, 1.48)
|
0.74 (0.31, 1.81)
|
0.84*** (0.75, 0.94)
|
0.97 (0.75, 1.26)
|
0.77** (0.6, 0.97)
|
0.93 (0.6, 1.45)
|
Ever seriously consider attempting suicide
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
8.44*** (4.5, 15.81)
|
22.72*** (7.74, 66.7)
|
9.17*** (6, 14.01)
|
42.21*** (26.39, 67.51)
|
13.61*** (6.58, 28.14)
|
56.85*** (26.57, 121.66)
|
Playing Games
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
0.88 (0.73, 1.07)
|
1.57 (0.8, 3.08)
|
0.76*** (0.68, 0.84)
|
0.95 (0.75, 1.2)
|
0.55*** (0.44, 0.68)
|
0.73 (0.49, 1.09)
|
Substance Use (Respondent)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
1.29*** (1.08, 1.56)
|
2.35*** (1.24, 4.43)
|
2.30*** (1.48, 3.58)
|
1.86 (0.83, 4.17)
|
1.41 (0.86, 2.3)
|
0.9 (0.39, 2.1)
|
Pri-marital relationship
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1.66*** (1.34, 2.06)
|
1.78*** (1.25, 2.54)
|
Violence among married women
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emotional Violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1.35*** (1.08, 1.69)
|
1.93*** (1.31, 2.82)
|
Physical Violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1.45*** (1.16, 1.82)
|
1.59** (1.09, 2.34)
|
Sexual violence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1.05 (0.88, 1.25)
|
0.8 (0.58, 1.12)
|
Dowry related abuse
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
|
1.52*** (1.26, 1.84)
|
3.33*** (2.43, 4.57)
|
Note: p -value < 0.01=***, p-value < 0.05 = **, p-value < 0.10= *, |