Causes of Sea level Rise:
The sea level raises both for natural and human activities are responsible. Due to change in the Earth’s orbit causes for solar radiation that increase the warm, ice melting. However the modern global warming due to human cause. Concentrate CO2 and other greenhouse gases are added t o the Earth’s atmosphere lead to warm up (Muhit, Islam 2013).
There are different causes of the sea level rises like Temperature mainly in the CO2 dioxide and greenhouse gases are the main sources in the atmosphere in the earth are the main accumulation of the climate change. Rising temperature and it causes the expand of the ocean volume then it actually affected to the coastal bail in our country. R.A. warrick, Q.K. Ahmed (1996) states that the contribution of the thermal expansion and melting the ice is the causes to sea level rise. J. Hansan, R.Ruedy and R.Miller (2007) states that 75% of the human caused emissions of CO2 since 1980 are due to fossil fuel burning and the remainder is the deforestation, agriculture and land issues. According to the National adaptation Programs of Action (NAPA, 2009) states that per capital CO2 emission in Bangladesh is 0.2 ton per year.
It is interesting the fact that the developing countries, world industries and USA are the different to emissions of this CO2 and that are 1.6, 4 and 20 tons respectively. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED) countries total population are 15% in the world but these countries are the account for 44% of the total emission and USA alone solely responsible for the 23% of the total yearly fossil-fuel carbon emission in the world whereas Bangladesh is contributing 0.06% (Warrick at el 1993) whereas the Bangladesh is the affected much.
World Sea level increase: in 2020- global sea level set a new record high 91.3 mm above from 1993 levels. The rate of sea level is accelerating and it has record 3.6 millimeters per year from 2006-2015( Rebecca Lindsey, Climate Change global sea level 2020). The International Panel Climate Change (IPCC) estimated a 3.30C rise in the global temperature and range will be 4.90C 21th Century but it rises the faster rate of 2-6 times than the present increasing rate (Kausher 1993).
In Bangladesh sea level rise and it possible impact will be like 10cm rise in 2020 and it will be lost 2% of Bangladeshi land means 2,500km2 if 25 cm 4% of land like 6300 km2 in 2050 and 1m high then it will be 17.5% of land (25,000km2) and coastal areas will be most affected (Sarwar Mahabub Golam Md, Wallman Patrik, 2005), The world bank (2000) 17 million will be affected if the sea level rises in 1.5 m.
Linkage between Environment and Sustainability and impact on Dhaka City:
There is a close link between environment and sustainable development which is used in the board perspective. The UN reports defined that sustainable development as a developmentthat meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 2002 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development participated 170 countries and after the summits, the sustainable development has become a universal theme to describe the amalgamation of environmental opportunities and human wisdom. The different dimensions of the sustainable development like social dimension, economic dimension, Environmental Dimension must have to address. To achieve the sustainable development few things are important like, women, children, youth, indigenous people and their communities, non- government organization, local authorities, workers and trade union, business and industry, farmers and scientific and technological organizations. The Environmentalists all over the world has emphasized the need for maintaining environmental quality through sustainable use of resources. All human activities designed and implemented for the economic growth of a country and the social needs would have directly or indirectly impact on environment.
On the other hands due to environmental pollution causes the global worming that might lead to increase the sea level, loss of opportunity in the rural, climate will change, rural urban migration will increase that will be added climate change refugees to the Dhaka city. Moreover, due to Covid pandemic period of time this queue will be more. In Bangladesh there are 4 million climate change refugees those who are staying in the slums areas in the Dhaka city. For this reasons Dhaka City anticipates generating 4,600-5,110 tons of waste/day by 2015 (Dhaka Tribune) and it has 50% more in municipal waste from its 2004 baseline of 3,340 tons/day. Climate change refugees has been facing the environment pollution from the human, medical, chemical, plastic, construction, electronic and industrial wastes create different problems in the life and livelihood of them in urban slums that are underserved in all respect. Covid pandemic has been accelerating and due to high density of the low-income climate change refugees particularly children, senior citizens, women and persons with disabilities in slum areas cause multiplied climate crisis and obstacles for the sustainable development in the Dhaka city.
Table 01
Year wise Min Max and Mean Temperature of Bangladesh
Year
|
Min Temperature
|
Max Temperature
|
Mean Temperature
|
1900-1910
|
16.78
|
28.57
|
24.53
|
1910-1920
|
17.04
|
29.24
|
24.72
|
1920-1930
|
16.62
|
29.23
|
24.86
|
1930-1940
|
16.46
|
29.27
|
24.97
|
1940-1950
|
17.49
|
29.58
|
25.01
|
1950-1960
|
17.27
|
29.45
|
26.26
|
1960-1970
|
17.16
|
29.64
|
25.14
|
1970-1980
|
17.06
|
29.59
|
25.16
|
1980-1990
|
17.39
|
29.79
|
25.29
|
1990-2000
|
17.13
|
29.37
|
25.26
|
2000-2010
|
17.23
|
29.71
|
25.53
|
2010-2020
|
17.28
|
29.87
|
25.61
|
Table 02
Carbon Emissions, Annual Temperature and Average Sea Level Rise
Year
|
CO2 Emission
|
Temperature (Mean 0C)
|
Sea Level
|
2001
|
0.20
|
33.01
|
131
|
2002
|
0.21
|
34.1
|
163
|
2003
|
0.21
|
36.12
|
164
|
2004
|
0.22
|
33
|
191
|
2005
|
0.24
|
37.7
|
127
|
2006
|
0.26
|
36.6
|
167
|
2007
|
0.27
|
36.7
|
146
|
2008
|
0.29
|
33
|
147
|
2009
|
0.31
|
35.14
|
135
|
2010
|
0.34
|
37.78
|
246
|
2011
|
0.37
|
36.3
|
178
|
2012
|
0.38
|
36.34
|
218
|
2013
|
0.40
|
36.12
|
253
|
2014
|
0.41
|
36.34
|
215
|
2015
|
0.46
|
36.67
|
195
|
2016
|
0.47
|
36.11
|
278
|
2017
|
0.49
|
36.12
|
291
|
2018
|
0.51
|
35.6
|
304
|
2019
|
0.53
|
40
|
318
|
2020
|
0.57
|
41.2
|
331
|
|
0.96
|
41.3
|
334.3
|