Groundwater data was collected from Kadiri watershed, located in the south-eastern part of Ananthapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The watershed geographically located between 78° 00′ to 78° 20′ E longitudes and 13° 55′ to 14°10′ N latitudes with a total areal extent of 517.28 square kilometers. The samples were selected by taking longitude as a reference. A total number of 77 Ground Water Samples (GWS) were collected in bore wells distributed in the study area by noting the GPS location, samples were systematically analyzed in the laboratory for various physico-chemical parameters. However, for the present study, only pH, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride, and Potassium were considered. Graphs were drawn considering the first sample at zero distance and all others samples distance were measured from the first sample. In Table 2 and Table 3, the first row indicates the sample Id, the second row indicates the respective sample distance from the first sample, all other rows indicate the concentration of the physico-chemical parameters for respective samples.
Table 2
Physico-chemical parameters and distance values at sample points for set 1.
| GWS – 51 | GWS-9 | GWS-34 | GWS-21 | GWS-22 | GWS-39 |
Distance (Km) | 0 | 4 | 5.5 | 7 | 7.5 | 11.5 |
pH value | 8.8 | 7.59 | 7.8 | 7 | 7.2 | 7.4 |
Table 3
Physico-chemical parameters and distance values at sample points for set 2.
| GWS-14 | GWS-11 | GWS-71 | GWS-70 | GWS-7 | GWS-26 | GWS-49 |
Distance (Km) | 0 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 6 | 7.5 | 9 |
Sulphate as SO4 (mg/L) | 92 | 45 | 47 | 45 | 40 | 98 | 20 |
Nitrate as NO3 (mg/L) | 18 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 17 | 15 |
Fluoride (mg/L) | 4.7 | 4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 3.9 | 3 |
Potassium (mg/L) | 2.5 | 1 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
Table 4
Input values for the figures
| Distance (Km) | 0 | 4 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 11.5 | |
Figure 2 | Concentration (mg/L) | 8.2 | 7.59 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.4 | |
| Distance (Km) | 0 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 6 | 7.5 | 9 |
Figure 3 | Concentration (mg/L) | 92 | 45 | 45 | 40 | 98 | 20 |
Figure 4 | Concentration (mg/L) | 18 | 21 | 16 | 12 | 17 | 15 |
Figure 5 | Concentration (mg/L) | 4.7 | 4 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 3.9 | 3 |
Figure 6 | Concentration (mg/L) | 2.5 | 1 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
In Fig. 2, the graph for the pH values with respect to distance was plotted.
The pH value observed at a distance 7 km was 7.43 and the original value at that point was 7 for the sample. The error was found to be approximately 6%.
In Fig. 3, the sulphate concentration with respect to distance was plotted.
The sulphate concentration at a distance 2 km was 45.64 mg/L (Fig. 3) and the value obtained from physico-chemical analysis was 47 mg/L for the sample GWS-71. The error was found to be approximately 3%.
In Fig. 4, the nitrate concentration with respect to distance was plotted.
The nitrate concentration at a distance 2 km was 18.37 mg/L (Fig. 4) and the value obtained from physico-chemical analysis was 17 mg/L for the sample GWS-71. The error was found to be approximately 8%.
In Fig. 5, the fluoride concentration with respect to distance was plotted
The fluoride concentration at a distance 2 Km was 3.88 mg/L (Fig. 5) and the value obtained from physico-chemical analysis was 3.5 mg/L for the sample GWS-71. The error was found to be approximately 10%.
In Fig. 6, the potassium concentration with respect to distance was plotted.
The potassium concentration at a distance 7 Km was 1.8 mg/L (Fig. 6) and the value obtained from physico-chemical analysis was 2.4 mg/L for the sample GWS-71. The error was found to be approximately 25%.